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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREVALENCE AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF OVINE AMPHISTOMOSIS(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, ANAND, 2021) Kratika Jha; Dr. J. J. HasnaniIn the present study, prevalence of ovine amphistomosis was derived by screening 632 faecal samples and 50 blood samples of infected sheep from in and around Anand district, Gujarat along with the haemato-biochemical parameters. An overall prevalence was recorded to be 23.25% with 147 positive cases out of 632 cases in sheep. A significant difference was observed in the prevalence rate of the disease in sheep. The highest prevalence of ovine amphistomosis was recorded in the month of October (39.62%). The prevalence recorded in the monsoon season (34.43%) was significantly higher than in winter season (21.42%) and summer season (13.80%). The prevalence of amphistomosis in ovine female was 24.76%. In old animals (>2) years of age the prevalence of 25.55% was observed to be non significantly higher than younger animals (<2) years respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREVALENCE, HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF BOVINE BABESIOSIS BY USING BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION(Department of Veterinary Parasitology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University Anand, 2020) Karishma Chauhan; Dr. P. V. PatelOverall prevalence of 5.88% of bovine babesiosis was observed in and around Anand district, Gujarat with 7.69% and 3.33% in cattle and buffaloes respectively. The highest prevalence of bovine babesiosis was recorded in the month of July (12.9%) followed by August (11..76%) and September (8.33%). In cattle and buffaloes highest prevalence was recorded in the month of July (19.05%) and August (10%) respectively. The disease was most prevalent (P<0.05) in monsoon season (10.57), followed by summer (3.06%) and least in winter season (1.47%). Bovines of both sexes were found susceptible. The prevalence of babesiosis recorded in bovine females was 7.98% with 10.42 % and 4.48 % in cattle and buffaloes respectively. A prevalence of 3.17% were recorded in bovine males with 4.1% and 1.89% in cattle and buffaloes respectively. Prevalence of babesiosis was found significantly (P<0.05) lower in bovines with age less than 12 months (1.98%) as compared to bovines with age more than 12 months (7.98%). In cattle and buffaloes with age less than 12 months 1.75 % and 2.72 % whereas in bovines with age more than 12 months, a prevalence of 10.71% and 3.95 % was observed respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HELMINTHIC INFECTION IN HORSE (Equus caballus)(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) Prakriti Singh; Dr. P. V. PatelThe study was carried out to ascertain the monthwise, seasonwise, agewise, sexwise, breedwise, and overall prevalence as well as haematological and biochemical aspects of gastrointestinal helminthosis in horses at Anand District of Gujarat. The study was undertaken for the period of twelve months from March-2016 to February-2017. The faecal samples were collected from the horses brought to the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., AAU, Anand and the surrounding field areas. For recording and findings of prevalence, faecal samples of horses were collected for the detection and identification of eggs of gastrointestinal helminths as per standard method.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREVALENCE, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF Trypanosoma evansi USING ADVANCED MOLECULAR TOOL AND BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) Suchit S. Pandya; Dr. J. J. HasnaniIn the present study, the prevalence of Trypanosomosis in cattle and buffaloes was studied by examination of blood samples collected from Anand and Mahisagar districts, Gujarat during the period from January 2016 to December 2016. Blood smear examination was done using microscope (100x) and stained with giemsa’s. A total of 502 and 495 blood samples of cattle and buffaloes were collected from Anand and Mahisagar districts and of which 66 (13.33%) and 42 (8.16%) samples were found positive for Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. The highest prevalence rate was observed in the month of September 11.94% and lowest in April 0.0% whereas the, highest prevalence was recorded in the month of October 20.63 % and lowest in April 4.76 % for cattle and buffaloes from Anand and Mahisagar districts, Gujarat. It was also observed that, occurrence of infection was increased from June up to the month of February except in November in cattle and buffaloes where it was decreased and from March onwards occurrence of the infection was decreased up to the month of June.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS ON THE IONIC CONCENTRATION, CUTICULAR SECRETION, AND RATE OF MORTALITY IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF TICK, Hyalomma Anatolicum Anatolicum KOCH, 1844(AAU, Anand, 1984) Shah, Vallabh Ochhvolal; Avsatthi, B. L.The normal ionic concentration of haemolymph, cuticular secretion (wax), and rae of mortality in different stages of tick, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, 1844, and the alternations displayed by them to acclimatize the disturbed condition in response to the Silica (as an physical agent); Dimilin (anti-cuticulin substance), Kabat (growth regulator); and Ekalux and Sumiciddin (as an Acaricides) were investigated during present study. Such experiment on different stages of tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with different treatments indicated the potentiality of this tick to attain acclimatization easily by altering its basic homeostasis. In such tick nine biochemical characteristics were studied as a base for normal homeostasis and they were correleated with the rate of mortality in response to various treatments.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL NEMATODIASIS IN SHEEP UNDER FARM AND FIELD CONDITION IN PALANPUR DISTRICT OF NORTH GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1984) MOMIN, R. R.; Avsatthi, B. L.Studies were conducted from February 1983 to January 1984 (12 months). Faecal samples of 20 Patanwadi ewes, 20Patanwadi female lambs, 20 Crossbred ewes, 20 Exotic rams and 20 Marwadi ewes were collected per rectum from individual sheep at 2 week intervals. The degree of infestation was measured by egg counting and subsequent larval differentiation from faecal cultures. The post mortem materials for the study were collected for examination from sheep slaughtered in private slaughter house in Doesa. Four adult sheep of Marwadi breed were examined every month for the purpose, For Haematological study the samples from 3 Patanwadi adult ewes, 3Crossbred adult ewes and 3 Patanwadi female lambs were taken once in a month. Climatological data was collected from the Arid zone Meterological Station in Sardarkrishinagar.ThesisItem Open Access Transcriptome Analysis of Paramphistomum cervi of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using next generation sequencing(AAU, Anand, 2013) CHOURASIA, REETIKA; PATEL, P. V.Rumen flukes are economically important parasites (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Digenea) that attack livestock adversely thereby affecting their productivity. In spite of its economic importance, molecular biology of the Paramphistomum cervi and its interaction with its hosts is still unknown. Advances in transcriptomic and bioinformatics provide biologically relevant insights into parasites, their developmental stages and their relationships with their hosts at the molecular level. The present study elucidates the first transcriptome and gene expression profiling of the adult stage of Paramphistomum cervi using next-generation (high throughput) sequencing and advanced in silico analyses. Expression level for predicted proteins of Paramphistomum cervi of buffalo were determined and classified based on homology, gene ontology and pathway mapping. These findings are expected to provide new insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of Paramphistomum cervi and for the development of improved interventions for disease control. It will also facilitate a more fundamental understanding of Paramphistomes biology, evolution and the host-parasite interplay. Moiphological characteristics of adult fluke were identified as conical shape, elongate, curved ventrally, with evenly curved dorsal and ventral borders. Cuticle is provided with prominent tubercules/papillae on anterior l/3rd to half of the body. Tubercles are more extensive ventrally. Acetabulum is subtemiinal. hitestinal caeca have 7 nearly identical bends with ventrally directed temiinal part. Testes are tandem, oval or angularly oval or spherical and are deeply lobed. Gross examination of affected rumen showed, anaemic rumen with atrophied, degenerated and sloughing tips of villi. Removal of flukes revealed marked knobs at the attachment sites. Histopathology of rumen revealed proliferation of epithelium in the vicinity of flukes, along with villous atrophy and infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils. Transcriptome analysis of adult stage of Paramphistomum ceni was carried out at Department of Animal Biotechnology. Total RNA was extracted from parasites using TRIzol® (Invitrogen, UK)/ RNeasy® mini kit and mRNA isolation from the total RNA was carried out by using mRNA isolation kit. The quality and quantity of RNA and mRNA checked by running the sample on NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer. Concentration of RNA of adult fluke was 2,608 ng/µl and mRNA was 100 ng/µl. The cDNA library was constructed using the Ion Total RNA-Seq Kit v2. According to Qubit®Fluorometer, concentration of cDNA was 1.19 ng/µl and based on Aligent 2100 Bioanalyzer concentration of cDNA is 1.25 ng/µl.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES OF POULTRY IN ANAND DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2012) Gupta, Yogesh Kumar; Hasnani, J. J.Studies on prevalence of GI parasites on commercial poultry farms under deep litter and cage system of housing with it's effect on haemato-biochemical profile and histopathology were imdertaken during July 2011 to June 2012. Studies involved 600 birds dropping, 30 carcasses and 100 blood samples from 30 Commercial layer and broiler farms in 6 talukas of Anand district. The overall prevalence of GI parasites on the farm basis was found 46.67 % m 30 farms of 6 taluka. Out of these overall taluka-wise prevalence was found 20% in layer farms, while 26.67% in broiler farms. However, incidence was lowest overall and among the farm and bird basis in Anand taluka, while it was highest in Umreth and Petlad taluka. Among the layers, lower incidence was observed on birds-basis in Anand and highest in Borsad taluka. The overall prevalence was found higher in deep litter than the cage reared birds/farms and also in broilers as compared to layers. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic eggs/oocyst in chickens in commercial layer as well as broiler was 9.17% on the basis of faecal/litter dropping among 600 samples. Out of these 7.67% prevalence was in layers and 10.67% in broilers. The prevalence of GI parasitic infection was higher in overall poultry birds during monsoon season (12.50%), followed by winter season (8.50%), and summer (6.50%), whereas month-wise prevalence was found to be the highest in the month of July (17.07%), while lowest incidence was found in the month of April (5.66%). A total of 4 species of gastrointestinal parasitic eggs/oocyst were identified. All of these Coccidia were the most predominant parasites followed by nematode and cestodes. The following Parasitic eggs/oocysts were found in layer birds: Eimeria spp. (3.33%), Ascaridia galli (1.33%) and Heterakis gallinarum (0.67%). some cestodes identified were: Raillietina spp. (2.33%). The following Parasitic eggs/oocysts were found in Broiler birds: Eimeria spp. (4.33%), Ascaridia galli (3.33%)), Heterakis gallinarum (1.33%) and Raillietina spp. (1.67%). No significant differences in the intensity of endoparasitic infection was observed between broiler and layer chickens. Among the layer birds the prevalence of GI parasites in the age group of 0-8, 9-20 and 21-72 weeks was 1.33, 4.67 and 1.67 %, respectively on the basis of faecal samples examination. The findings revealed that the incidence was highest in the age group of 9- 20 weeks, lowest in the age group of younger birds of 0-8 weeks and intermediate in the 21-72 weeks age group on the basis of faecal samples examination. Among the broiler birds, the prevalence of GI parasites was found to increase gradually with the advancing age from 1-4 weeks in the range of 4.00% and 5-6 weeks was 6.67 %, respectively. Overall incidence was higher for broiler birds in the age group of 5-6 weeks as compared to those in 1-4 weeks. Haematological studies revealed the haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume significantly lower in GI parasitic infected group compared to the healthy groups of birds (9.02±0.13 vs 10.93±0.20 gm% and 24.83±0.28 vs 31.60±0.31%) irrespective of type of birds or system of rearing; where as total leucocytes count and different leucocytes count were increased significantly. The overall mean total leucocytes count (TLC) for the healthy and infected group of birds was 28.58±0.22 and 31.74±0.32 thousand/mm^, respectively. In overall GI parasitic infected cases, heterophils were significantly (P< 0.05) higher (41.82±0.19%) when compared with that of uninfected (37.13±0.25%) birds. The percentage of lymphocytes (34.03±0.20) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in overall helminths affected birds than uninfected (47.26±0.33) birds. Statistical analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) eosinophilia (13.03±0.21%) in GI parasitic infected birds. The average percentage of eosinophils in uninfected birds was 7.82±0.17. The average monocyte count in birds affected with helminths was 9.60±0.20 % and in uninfected birds was 5.92±0.11 %. Studies on biochemical profile revealed significantly (P< 0.05) lower serum total protein concentration due to GI parasitic infection as compared to healthy birds. The overall mean total serum protein recorded in GI parasitic infected birds was significant (P<0.05) lower as compared to healthy birds (2.64±0.7 and 3.71±0.04 gm %). The overall mean value of AST and ALT in GI parasites infected birds was 72.36±0.25 and 8.51±0.09 U/I, and in healthy birds 68.41±0.42 and 6.71±0.10 U/I, respectively. The overall mean serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity recorded in infected birds was 814.54±4.39 and in healthy birds it was 764.09±1.91 KAU/100 ml. The overall mean serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity recorded in infected birds was 35.22±0.28 KAU/100 ml and in healthy birds it was 23.28±0.30 KAU/100 ml. A non-significant increase in AST, ALT, AKP and ACP activities was noticed in infected birds as compared to healthy birds. The overall means A: G ratio recorded in infected birds was 0.61±0.01 and in healthy birds it was 0.75±0.04. Histopathologically, gross lesions in Raillietina spp. infection was characterized by nodule formation on duodenal mucosa. Necrotic foci, pin point haemorrhages, rough and pale mucosa of duodenimi. Microscopical lesions included villous atrophy, desquamation of epitheliimi, catarrhal enteritis, granuloma formation in duodenum, congestion, cellular infiltration, desquamation of submucosal glands and haemorrhagic exudate were observed. In case of Ascaridia galli infection, lesions were characterized by haemorrhagic enteritis, anaemia, severe diarrhoea, young parasites penetrate the duodenal or jejimal mucosa, inflammation and thickening of intestinal mucosa were found due to continuous penetration done by young larvae. Necrotic foci were seen over the intestinal mucosa whereas the embedded larvae cause haemorrhage and extensive destruction of the glandular epitheliimi. hi case of Heterakis gallinarum, the macroscopical lesions were thickening of caecal wall, hemorrhagic exudate and cheesy core in caecal lumen. Severity grades of microscopical lesions were: severe hyperplasia of tunica muscularis, massive lymphocyte, heterophil and macrophage infiltration with coagulative necrosis. In case of intestinal coccidiosis, the exterior of intestine showed reddish white pinpoint foci on its wall, especially in the initial part of the small intestine. The intestinal contents were liquid and mixed with variable quantity of mucous, while some show streaky haemorrhages. Catarrhal enteritis with blood tinged mucous exudates during moderately heavy infections of coccidia in birds and diffused or localized areas of coagulation, necrosis and sloughing of the mucosa in severe infections. In case of caecal coccidiosis, gross lesions were characterized by distention of caecal pouches with blood clots and reddish brown contents in haemorrhagic type of infection. Caecal walls were thickened, congested, extensive vacuolations in the glandular epithelial cells with increased goblet cells activity were observed. Histopathologically, intense hyperaemia of the caecal mucosa and patchy areas of haemorrhages were observed.ThesisItem Open Access PARASITIC FAUNA OF WILD ANIMALS IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Premdas Vinodbhai; PATEL, A. I.Research work was carried out for twelve months from February, 1997 to January, 1998 to have an insight into the parasitic fauna of wild carnivores and herbivores. Wild animals which are kept in captivity in different zoo as well as those which are free living in the forest/sancturies/ safari parks were examined for the parasitic infection. Faecal samples collected regularly from captive wild animals and occasionally from free living wild animals were examined by qualitative as well as quantitative methods. In felines, the prevalence of parasitic infection in free living animals was higher than the captive animals. However, species of the parasites remained similar in both the groups. The prevalent species were observed as Toxascaris leonina. Toxocara. Ancylostoma. Trichuris. Capillaria aerophila. Paragonimus. Spirpmetya, Taenia, Dipylidium caninum. Isospora and larvae of Filaroides. The prevalence of parasitic infection in lion and tiger has significant difference between the months of the year. In tiger, parasitic infection was significantly higher in winter than summer and monsoon. The prevalence of ascarids was nonsignificantly higher (39.06 %) in lion followed by tiger (34.62 %) and leopard (17.08 % ) . The intensity of ascarids (Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara spp.) was significantly higher in cub than the adult lion, while that of of Ancylostoma spp. was significantly higher in females than the cubs. The intensity of helminths in captive lion was significantly higher during monsoon followed by winter and summer. The prevalence of Spirometra spp. was nonsignificantly higher (30.42 %) in leopard than the lion (5.58 % ) . The mean egg count of Spirometra spp. in male and ascarids in female leopard was significantly higher in monsoon and winter, respectively. The prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was nonsignificantly higher (13.46 %) in tiger followed by leopard (7.92 %) and lion (6.94 % ) . Mean egg count of Ancylostoma spp. in female tiger was significantly higher in winter than other seasons. The mean egg count of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara spp. was significantly higher in winter and monsoon, respectively. Infection of ascarids was significantly higher in male than the female tiger. Prevalence and intensity of helminth infection were higher in free living felines than the captive felines. The prevalence of Trichuris spp. was higher (15.00 %) in jackal than wolf and fox, while Ancvlostoraa spp. was higher (37.50 %) in fox than jackal and wolf. The wolf had higher infection of ascarids (27.08 % ) , Taenia spp. (12.50 %) and Dipylidium caninum (8.33 %) than other canines. In hyaena, the highest infection'was observed for Ancylostoma spp. (33.33 % ) . In felines as well as canines, mixed infection with two or three species of parasites was the most common. The prevalence of parasitic infection in free living herbivores was higher than the captive herbivores. The prevalent species were recorded as trichostrongyles, Trichuris. amphistomes, Fasciola. Strongyloides and Eimeria. The intensity of Trichuris spp. was higher than the trichostrongyles. There was low grade infection of amphistomes, Fasciola and Strongyloides species. When the prevalence of infection due to ascarids, Ancylostoma spp., Spirometra spp. or mixed infection of these parasites were higher (100.00 %) in lion, there were significantVy decrease in AKP (7.96 ± 0.77 U/L), total serum protein (6.14 ±0.22 G/dl), albumin (2.55 ± 0.17 G/dl), calcium (6.41 + 0.19 mg % ) , phosphorus (4.38 ± 0.06 mg % ) , magnesium (1.10 ± 0.03 mg % ) , Hb (9.86 ± 0.31 gm % ) , RBCs (4.66 ± 0.22 X 106/cumm), PCV (29.92 + 0.93 %) and lymphocytic count (18.67 ± 1.15 % ) . But, significant increase were observed in the values of BUN (56.50 ± 1.55 mg/dl), SGPT (25.04 ± 0.41 U/L, SGOT (42.71 ± 0.93 U/L), WBC (19354.17 ± 389.02/cumra) as eosinophils (5.79 ± 0.35 % ) . As there was reduction in percentage prevalence (37.00 %) and intensity of these infections due to anthelmintic treatment, all the biochemical and haematological parameters tended towards physiological values. Internal parasites recorded during post-mortem examination of lion, leopard and tiger were identified as Toxascaris leonina. Toxocara cati. Ancylostoma spp., Gnathostoma spp., Capjllaria aerophila. Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Taenia pisiformis. Dipylidium caninum. larval stages of Filaroides spp. and Mesocestoides lineatus. while external parasites were identified as Ctenocephalides felis. Ctenocephalides canis. Rhipicephalus spp. Linognathus spp. and Trichodectus spp. The larval stages of flies were Chrysomyia bezziana and Musca species. Histopathological section of intestinal nodules revealed the presence of parasites surrounded by heavy infiltration of leucocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. There was fibrosis and necrotic lesions around the parasites with severe destruction of mucosa and submucosa. Section of skin with attached tick revealed severe destruction of dermis and epidermis. Experimental infection of ascarids in mice revealed congestion and haemorrhages with infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the liver, lung, spleen, brain and muscles. The histochemical changes in liver, lung and muscles revealed moderate to intense reaction with PAS staining, indicating the presence of good to moderate amount of mucopolysaccharide in these organs. Albendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole were found to have good effect against ascarids and Ancylostoroa spp. infection in lion, leopard and tiger, while they were at not at all effective against the infection of Spirometra species.
