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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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2000 - 2009452010 - 201833
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Subject: Veterinary Microbiology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY BY PHENOTYPIC AS WELL AS GENOTYPIC METHODS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN PATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2018) Bhargav B. Limbachiya; Dr. R. A. Mathakiya
    The poultry production chain has constant advances in intensive management of animals and operations technology in genetics, nutrition and animal health. Higher quality products and food security ensure the credibility. However, the intensification of the production may cause increase health problems. Among various diseases, colibacillosis is one of the most important disease, which causes heavy economic losses in broilers as well as in layers. It is caused by pathotype APEC belongs to the group ExPEC
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRE AND POST THERAPY MICROBIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF BACTERIA CAUSING CLINICAL MASTITIS IN COWS
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2018) Vatalia Dip J.; Dr. B. B. Bhanderi
    Mastitis is one of the costliest diseases of dairy cattle. Mastitis is classified as subclinical and clinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis is a condition, which is characterized by local symptoms like swelling of the udder, heat and pain or systemic symptoms like fever, anorexia, depression with milk abnormalities like milk clots, flakes, watery secretions, blood in milk. About 150 species of microorganisms have been incriminated as the causal agents of mastitis. Some times in clinical mastitis after treatment there are reoccurrence of clinical mastitis. Looking to the economic important the present study was undertaken with the following objectives viz. cultural isolation, biochemical characterization and PCR based identification of bacterial pathogens, extraction of DNA from clinical mastitic milk and PCR based identification of major bacterial pathogens, post therapy isolation, identification and quantitation of bacteria by Real-Time PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ROTAVIRUS FROM FECAL SAMPLES OF DIARRHEIC CALVES OF CATTLE AND BUFFALOES
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2018) PATEL JAYESHKUMAR VIRABHAI; R. A. Mathakiya
    Among the infectious diseases of calves, neonatal diarrhoea is a matter of major concern and is caused by multiple etiological agents. Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is a multifactorial complex syndrome including infectious as well as non-infectious factors related to the animal viz. immunological and nutritional status, the environment or the management Neonatal calves are at the greatest risk of diarrhea in a first month of their life. Infectious diarrhea is the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal dairy calves throughout the world and it can be caused by many pathogens including Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Rotavirus.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETECTION OF GENES FOR VIRULENCE ASSOCIATED FACTORS, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND PLASMID PROFILE AMONG PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM ANIMALS AND AVIAN SPECIES IN GUJARAT
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) Parmar Rahul A.; Dr. B. B. Bhanderi
    The present study was undertaken with a view of isolation and identification of P. multocida from suspected animal and avian species of Gujarat. These isolates were studied for their biochemical behavior, in vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern, P. multocida species specific PCR (PM-PCR), molecular characterization by PCR assay for capsular typing, detection of various virulence associated genes by PCR, detection of antibiotic resistance gene and plasmid profile.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SERODETECTION OF Brucella ANTIBODIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Brucella ISOLATES FROM REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN AND AROUND ANAND
    (Department of Veterinary Microbiology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2016) Ritesh N. Patel; Dr. Ashish Roy
    Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by gram negative, facultative intracellular bacteria Brucella that are pathogenic for a wide range of animals and human beings. The disease has a considerable impact on human and animal health, as well as socioeconomic impacts, especially in which rural income relies largely on livestock breeding and dairy products. Brucella organisms are coccobacilli or short rods, arranged singly and less frequently in pairs or small groups. The genus Brucella belong to the α- proteobacteria group and consists of six recognized species: Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella ovis, Brucella canis, Brucella neotomae and the strains recently discovered in marine mammals and in common vole (Microtus arvalis) and published under the respective species names of Brucella ceti, Brucella pinnipedialis and Brucella microti. Diagnosis is usually based on serological tests and/or cultivation. Serological evidence suggested that brucellosis is highly endemic in many parts of India.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETECTION OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA LOAD IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MICE AND ITS DETECTION BY DIRECT BLOOD AND TISSUE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) Patel Brijeshkumar Pravinbhai; Dr. B. B. Bhanderi
    The present study was undertaken to ascertain enumeration of P. multocida from blood and tissue at different time interval to experimental inoculation in mice and to confirm by cultural, biochemical, P. multocida PCR (PM-PCR), whole blood PCR and Tissue PCR. The blood and tissue was stored on FTA card at different temperature and PM-PCR was carried out at different time interval.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC IDENTIFICATION AND METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIC PATHOGENS IN COWS
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) BHANDERI, BHARAT BABUBHAI; Jhala, M. K.
    Subclinical mastitis occurs with no visible changes in the appearance of the milk and/or the udder, but milk production decreases which leads to economic losses to the farmers and dairy industry. There are many microbial pathogens involved in causing subclinical mastitis in cows. The present study was undertaken to know incidences of subclinical mastitis in organized farms using Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and bacteriological examination (International Dairy Federation-IDF guidelines), California Mastitis Test (CMT) and impregnated pH strip test followed by characterization and PCR based detection of important mastitic pathogens. Metagenomic analysis of subclinical mastitis milk was also done to determine the complex microbial diversity in udder environment during subclinical mastitis. A total of 349 quarters of 89 lactating cows comprising 31 Triple cross (TP) (Kankrej x Jersey x Holstein Friesian), 29 Kankrej, 17 Gir and 12 Holstein Friesian (HF) affiliated with Anand Agricultural University, Anand were screened for subclinical mastitis. Overall 52.8 per cent (47/89) cows were found to be positive for subclinical mastitis infection in one or more quarters. The highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was found in Triple cross cows (74.19%), followed by Gir cows (58.82%), HF cows (50%) and Kankrej cows (27.58%). Overall quarter wise incidence for subclinical mastitis was found to be 30.66 per cent (107/349). The highest incidence was found in Gir cows (38.80%) followed by Triple cross cows (38.08), HF cows (33.33%) and Kankrej cows (15.04%). The highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was found in fore left quarter (28.03%), followed by hind left quarter (27.1%), fore right quarter (24.29%) and hind right quarter (20.56%). Of the 47/107 cows/quarters positive for subclinical mastitis, 39/47 (82.97%) cows and 82/107 (76.63%) quarters were also positive by CMT and 27/47 (57.44%) cows and 56/107 (52.33%) quarters were positive by impregnated pH strip test. Cultural isolation ft'om 107 subclinically positive quarter milk samples yielded 126 bacterial isolates. Staphylococci was the most predominant bacterial species accounting for 53.97 per cent (68/126) of all the isolates, followed by 21.43 per cent (27/126) CAMP (Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson) test positive Str. agalactiae, 18.25 per cent (23/126) Micrococci, 4.77 per cent (6/126) E. coli and 1.58 per cent (2/126) Bacillus species. Out of 68 Staphylococci isolates, 38 (55.89%) isolates showed fermentation on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), whereas 30 (44.11%) isolates were mannitol non fermentive. Of the total 30 S. aureus identified by PCR, 21 (70%) were mannitol fermentive and 9 (30%) mannitol non fermentive. Thirty one (45.58%)) Staphylococci were found to be positive for pigment production, whereas 37 (54.42%) isolates produced white colonies on nutrient agar. Forty eight (70.58%) isolates were found positive for coagulase reaction, whereas 20 (29.41%) were negative. Thirty one (45.58%)) isolates exhibited P haemolysin production, 4 (5.89%) a haemolysin and 33 (48.53%)) isolates were non-haemolytic on 5 per cent Sheep blood agar. Phage typing at National Staphylococci Phage typing Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, using five phage group sets of International Basic Set of 23 phages revealed maximum number of the Staphylococci isolates lysed by group II 14 (82.35%), followed by groups III, Not alloted (NA), I and V with 12 (70.58%), 9 (52.94%), 5 (29.23%) and, 2 (11.76%) respectively. Maximum 11 (64.7%) isolates were lysed with phage number 47 with strong reaction, followed by 10 (58.82%)) isolates with phage numbers 42E and 81, while less effective phage numbers were 71 and 94, which lysed only one strain (5.89% each) and phage number 95 not giving strong reaction with any of the isolates. The methicillin and oxacillin antibiotic sensitivity pattern by disc diffusion method revealed that, all the 68 (100%)) Staphylococci isolates were sensitive. Serotyping of six E. coli isolates (at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh for 'O' antigen) resulted in identifying 014, O20, 045, 055 and 0112 serotypes, while one isolate was untypeable (UT). Out of 68 Staphylococci isolates tested for identification of 5. aureus by PCR, 30 isolates were identified as S. aureus by obtaining amplification product of 1318bp using S. aureus specific primer for 23S rRNA. Out of 30 PCR positive S. aureus, 18 (60%)) were positive and rest were negative for coagulase test. All the 27 Streptococci isolates were identified as Str. agalactiae by amplifying 586bp product using Str. agalactiae specific primer for the 16S rRNA while, none were amplified for Str. dysgalactiae (401bp) and Str. uteris (94bp) based on primers specific for the 16S rRNA and 23 S rRNA respectively. All the six E. coli isolates yielded 232bp amplified product using E. coli specific primer targeting DNA sequence coding for the 23 S rRNA. Metagenomic analysis (using GS FLX 454 Life Sciences) of DNA of subclinical mastitis milk sample of TP, Kankrej and Gir cows yielded an out put of 274190 bp, 17,727 bp, 42,548 bp and 1,960, 170, 301 contigs respectively. Average fragment length obtained were 139.89, 104.28 and 141.36 bp for TP, Kankrej and Gir cows respectively. The longest sequence length was 560, 327 and 454 bp, while shortest sequence length was 40, 40, and 41 bp for TP, Kankrej and Gir cows respectively. A total of 54 (2.76%), 39 (22.94%) and 12 (3.99%) sequences for TP, Kankrej and Gir cows respectively could be matched to proteins in SEED subsystems of MG-RAST (Meta Genome Rapid Annotation with Subsystem Technology) (using an e-value cut-off of le-5). Metagenomic analysis of the three breeds identified bacterial organisms belonging to phyla (5), class (8), Subclass / order (15), Family (19), Genus (23) and species (28); of these, 19 genera and 26 species, many of which were fastidious/anaerobic organisms, were identified additionally than the cultural methods. Out of five genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus and Escherichia detected in the subclinical mastitis milk samples of TP, Gir and Kankrej breeds by culture based methods, four genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and Escherichia were also identified in the corresponding pyrosequencing data, while Micrococcus identified by culture based methods was not found in the pyrosequencing data. In pyrosequencing, over all 28 bacterial species were identified from all the three breeds of cows viz. Leifsonia xyli, Propionibacterium acnes, Streptomyces coelicolor, Chlamydophila abortus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mitis, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia cepacia, Ralstonia solanacearum, Nitrosomonas europaea, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. Salmonella Dublin, Serratia marcescens, Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas mendocina, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Aster yellows witches'-broom phytoplasma, Pannbaculum lavamentivorans, Thermosipho melanesiensis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Shigella hoydii and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Of these, except S. aureus and E. coli, all were additionally identified than the culture based method but, Str. agalactiae identified by cultural method was not found in the pyrosequencing data. The role of lesser known or less frequently involved organisms as identified by metagenomic analysis may be further explored in future so as to understand the complete etiopathology of subclinical mastitis in cows.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETECTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MAREK'S DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPES BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND CHARACTERIZATION BY DNA SEQUENCING OF THE PCR PRODUCT
    (AAU, Anand, 2006) KALYANI, IRSADULLAKHAN HABIBULLAKHAN; Purohut, J. H.
    Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder of chicken characterized by oncogenic transformation of T cells that infiltrate lymphoid tissues, peripheral nerves and visceral organs, resulting in a complex pathogenesis that usually leads to death of the affected chicken. The causative agent of MD, Marek's disease virus (MDV) a cell associated herpesvirus, is ubiquitous in almost all poultry population raised under commercial conditions. The present study was under taken to assess incidence of MD as per the farm records on the basis of clinical signs and post mortem lesions, detection of MDV from clinical cases exhibiting frank lesions of MD by PCR, comparing the efficacy of different primers in detecting the MDV as well as differentiating the serotypes in tissues and feather follicle and genetic characterization by sequencing of the PCR amplified fragment carrying 132 bp repeats. During June to November 2005 outbreaks of MD were suspected in flocks of egg type birds on farms situated in and around Anand district located of central Gujarat as well as from farms around Mahuva located in Saurastra region of Gujarat state. The strength of individual affected flocks varied from 4500 to 25000 birds with a total population of 4,26,991 birds. Of these, 14110 birds died due to MD (as per the farm records of history, symptoms and postmorterm lesions) with an over all mortality of 3.30 per cent during the months of June to November 2005. During the investigation, a total of thirty six commercial poultry farms and forty nine batches of layer birds suffered from mortality due to MD, in addition to Central Poultry Research Station (CPRS) Veterinary College Anand, where mortality occured in layer birds. Mortality in commercial poultry farms ranged between 0.6 to 7.3 per cent. A total of 34 clinical samples (17 feather follicles and 17 spleen ) from 27 birds suspected of MD were collected by making visits to the various commercial poultry farms and also from CPRS Veterinary College Anand. Suspected clinical samples and four MD vaccine strains, including three HVT (MDV-3) vaccines and one SB-I(MDV-2) vaccine were processed for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from samples of feather follicle using proteinase K mixture, where as DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN Pvt. Ltd) was used for tissue samples. Sample showing acceptable purity and concentration were subjected to PCR amplification using six different primers. Total of six pairs of primers were used, which were selected to amplify different gene segments. The primer pair BamHl/BamH2 specifically amplifying a 434 bp segment from BamHI fragment (of MDV-1) containing 132 bp repeats located in TRL and IRL region of MDV genome, detected 32 samples positive indicating presence of double 132 bp repeats in the amplified segment. All the three HVT vaccines and one SB-1 vaccine failed to produce the amplification as the selected primer is specific for MDV-1 only. Primer pair AGAM1/AGAM2 and P1/P2, both targeting the antigen A gene (UL44) produced 314 bp and 199 bp products respectively in 30 out of 34 clinical samples tested, however, none of the HVT vaccine or SB-1 vaccine yielded positive result, suggesting the specificity of these primers for MDV-1. Primer set M1.1/M1.8 amplified a 318 bp product as against expected 247 bp product in 30 samples. To confirm the result, these primers were subjected to NCBI BLAST, and it was found that the primer specific segment of 318 bp does exist in pubhshed sequence of Md5, and Mdl IBAC. None of the HVT as well as SB-1 vaccine produce any amplification indicating the specificity of primer in detecting MDV-1. Only two field samples produced expected amplicon of 505 bp when tested with MDV-3 specific HVT1/HVT2 to detect the vaccine virus (HVT). All the three HVT vaccines produced the amplicon of 505 bp, whereas SB-1 vaccine was negative, proving specificity of this primer pair for HVT. Out of the six primer pairs, BamHl/ BamH2 and AGA1/AGA2 detected MDV in maximum number (32) of field samples. Primers AGAM1/AGAM2, P1/P2 and Ml.l/M.1.8 detected the same number (30) of samples positive. Primer pair HVTl/ HVT-2 detected MDV-3 in two feather follicle samples indicating possible excretion of the vaccine virus. PCR products (434 bp) of MDV genome amplified by BamHl/BamH2 primers from two field samples (M3, M4) having good quality DNA (i.e. 1.7-1.9 OD at 260/280 nm) as detennined by spectrophotometry were used for sequencing by ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA), using BigDye® Terminator v3.1 Cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). The sequence obtained revealed two 132 bp repeats in the 378 bp stretch indicating virulent nature of the field MDV. The alignment of 378 bp sequence of M3 and M4 with previously published sequences of the MDV isolates Md5, Mdll, HPRS-16 and CDs of tumourogenicity associated m-RNA and CDs published from BamH gene family revealed that the field isolates of present study shared complete homology (100%). Results of sequencing along with history of vaccination in the affected birds and involvement of different organs on postmortem examination indicated about the increase in virulence of MDV circulating in field causing recent outbreaks.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF NOVEL N-GENE TARGET FOR DETECTION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) VIRUS BY RT-PCR AND CHARACTERIZATION BY RFLP PROFILE
    (AAU, Anand, 2006) CHANDRA, VARTIKA; Jhala, M. K.
    Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an economically important viral disease of sheep and goats, characterized by high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, pneumonia, necrosis and ulceration of the mucous membrane and inflammation of gastrointestinal tract leading to severe diarrhea. The disease is caused by a Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is highly contagious causing varying degree of morbidity and mortality in susceptible animals. In India, severity of the disease is more pronounced in goats than in sheep and with a combined susceptible population of about 200 million, it is one of the major threats to the small ruminant population of the country. The present study was aimed to study the incidence of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in goats of selected areas of Gujarat by sandwich ELISA and to derive estimates of overall, locationwise, agewise and sexwise incidence and samplewise positivity rates. In addition, the study also involved standardization and application of novel Nucleocapsid (N) gene based RT-PCR, for diagnosis of PPR. Further, an attempt was also made to access possible genetic variation among the field and vaccine PPRVs by RFLP profile. A total of 46 clinical samples from 31 goats suspected of PPRV from selected areas of Gujarat were tested by sandwich-ELISA, of which 23 animals were found positive yielding an overall incidence rate of 74.19 percent. Out of 18 animals suspected of PPR at Clinical Service Complex, Veterinary College. Anand, 15 (83.33%) were found positive; whereas four (80%) out of five samples from Koth, two (66.67%)) out of three samples from Vasna and two (40%) out of five samples from Harsoli yielded positive results. Out of the 31 animals, 13, 11, 6 and one animals belonged to age groups of 0-12, 12-24, 24-48 and >48 months, respectively, showing the respective incidence of PPRV as 84.61, 63.63, 66.67 and 100 per cent. Incidence rate of PPR by sandwich-ELISA was 80%) and 71.43%) in males and females, respectively. The PPRV antigen could be detected slightly more in blood samples (73.33%) than in nasal swabs (66.67%o), in case where both the sample types were taken from the same animals. All the 46 clinical samples, a reference vaccine virus (Sungri isolate) and a blood sample from apparently healthy goat were processed for RNA extraction using TRI Reagent . RNA samples showing acceptable purity and concentration were reverse transcribed with random hexamers to generate cDNA templates, which were subjected to PCR amplification using in silico designed N-gene specific primer pair N1-N2. Reference vaccine virus as well as fifteen (32.61%) of the 46 clinical samples, including fourteen blood samples and one nasal swab, produced the desired amplion of approximately 463 bp with primer pair N1-N2. The amplicons from all the positive samples and the vaccine virus migrated similarly in the gel. Thirty one (67.39%)) samples including 12 blood samples, 17 nasal swabs and two tissue samples as well as the blood sample taken from apparently healthy goat failed to produce the targeted amplification with the primer pair N1-N2. Out of 46 clinical samples tested for PPRV, 31 and 15 samples were positive by sandwich-ELlSA and RT-PCR, respectively. "None of the samples negative in sandwich- ELISA yielded positive amplification in RT-PCR. Relative to sandwich-ELlSA, sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR was 48.39 and 100.00 per cent, respectively. Overall agreement between the two tests was 65.22 per cent. RT-PCR products (463 bp) amplified with primer pair N1-N2, were further digested with two restriction enzymes viz. Pst-I and Alu-I for RFLP analysis. RT-PCR products of the representative samples from each of the three locations and the reference vaccine virus produced similar RFLP patterns with each of the two REs, indicating absence of genetic variation at the corresponding restriction sites of these two REs. Digestion of RT-PCR products with Alu-l yielded a fragment of 395 bp, whereas the other fragment was not visible. Similarly, digestion with Pst-I yielded a single fragment of405bp.