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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on renoprotective effect of aqueous and alcoholic biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum Calycinum and Solanum Xanthocarpum in Wistar rats(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) PATEL DHAVALKUMAR BHAILALBHAI; Dr. S. K. RavalUrolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and wide spread diseases known to man. The occurrence in some areas is so alarming that they are known as “Stone belts”. A number of plants have been used because of being efficient for curing and correcting urinary stones; for example, Tribulus terrestris (fruit), Bryophyllum calycinum (Leaves), Soalnumn xanthocarpum (fruit) Didymocarpus pedicellata (leaf), Dolichos biflorus (seed), fruits and leaves of Solanum nigrum, and seeds of Cichorium intybus are very common in Traditional Indian System of Medicine.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) CHAVELIKAR PRATIKKUMAR RAMESHCHANDRA; Dr. G.C. MandaliGoat is a versatile animal known as the “Poor man’s cow” in India. Archaeological studies provide sufficient evidence that goat was the earliest ruminant and probably the first animal after dog to be domesticated by man long before 7000 B.C. India has the largest population of goats of the world. Ruminal acidosis is one of the most important clinical emergencies in small ruminants.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOWNER COW SYNDROME(AAU, Anand, 2009) PATEL, BHAVIKA RAMESHBHAI; Patel, P. R.The downer cow syndrome is an emerging problem in high yielding cows. Management of such downer cows becomes a most challenging problem for any veterinarian. Downer cow syndrome is an extensively studied phenomenon all over the world but meager information has been reported in India. The present work on "Clinical Studies on Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Management of Downer Cow Syndrome" was undertaken during the period starting from 1st October 2008 to 15th May 2009 in and around Anand town (Gujarat) to study the epidemiology and clinical management of downer cow syndrome. A total of 2,242 cows were at risk for downer cow syndrome, out of which 48 cows (2.14%) were found to be showing definitive signs of downer syndrome. Out of 48 downer cows, the highest incidence was recorded in more than a week recumbent downer cows (21 cases; 43.8%) followed by five days (11 cases; 22.9%), three days (10 cases; 20.8%) and one day (6 cases; 12.5%)). Out of 48 cases of downer cows syndrome, the incidence was recorded to be highest in Jersey crossbred (25 cases; 52.0%), followed by Holstein Friesian crossbred (15 cases; 31,2%), pure Holstein Friesian (5 cases; 10.4%), non -descript (2 cases; 4.2%) and pure Jersey (1 case; 2.0%). Out of 48 cases of downer cow syndrome, the highest incidences was recorded in high milk producers (23 cases; 48%), followed by average milk producers (22 cases; 46%)) and low milk producers (3 cases; 6%). Out of 48 cases of downer cow syndrome, the incidence was recorded to be highest in third and fourth lactation (22 cases; 46.2%)), followed by second lactation (10 cases; 20.7%), first lactation (9 cases; 18.5%), sixth lactation (5 cases; 10.5%) and fifth lactation (two cases; 4.1%). Type of housing and hygienic condition was not found to be correlated with the incidence of downer cow syndrome. Majority of the cows suffered from downer syndrome around calving or within a month post parturition. However, cases also occurred in late lactation, advance pregnancy and other physiological states. Downer cows were found into two categories clinically alert downers (41 cases; 85.4%) and non alert downers (7 cases; 14.6%). The alert downers were bright and alert with normal or slightly reduced appetite. The body temperature, rumination, urination and defecation were normal. The heart and respiratory rates were normal except few cows which had accelerated heart and respiratory rates (12 cases; 29.2%). Such cows tried to get up from front but were unable to raise their hind quarters. Characteristic crawling was also observed in fourteen (31.1%)) downer cows. The non-alert downers preferred lateral recumbency and they were completely anorectic with accelerated heart and respiratory rates. Haematologically, the downer cows had significantly (p<0.05) decreased Hb (7.90 ± 0.45), PCV (24.65 ± 1.26) and TEC (4.77 ± 0.15). Whereas significant (p<0.05) increased MCV (62.43±1.25), decreased MCHC (27.61 ±1.30), relatively neutropliiiia (44.12±1.97) and lymphopenia (52.83±2.12). The concentration of blood glucose (104.14 ± 6.57), BUN (20.00 ± 1.89) and creatinine (3.62 ± 0.53mg/dl) were significantly higher in downer cows. The activities of serum enzymes like AST (196.95 ± 19.41), ALT (57.41±7.84), CPK (14.93±1.07) and LDH (503.91 ±6.42) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in downer cows. Downer cows had significantly (p<0.05) low calcium (7.58±0.26), phosphorus (3.84±0.13), magnesium (2.82±0.09) and potassium (3.15±0.18) concentration. Majority of downer cows suffered from net deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium while some had combined deficiency. The Cortisol level (151.00±0.48) significantly (p<0.05) elevated in downer cow syndrome. Histopathologically, necrosis of muscle, demyelinization as well as loss of axon of nerves and degenerative changes in heart, liver, and kidney were characteristic features. In order to understand and formulate suitable diagnosis and therapeutic measures; clinical symptoms, haematology, biochemical profile, enzymes, minerals and electrolyte were studied on 48 cows suffering form downer cow syndrome. With combined therapy consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and nervine stimulant at parenteral route with manual change of sides, massage of limbs and lifting of animals manually or with the help of sling on two-three occasions a day, success could be gained in 52 per cent downer cows (25 out of 48). The downer thus treated showed clinical recovery within a period of 3-40 days.ThesisItem Open Access Therapeutic efficacy of biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats(AAU, Anand, 2015) MASHIYAVA, PARIMAL HARESHKUMAR; Raval, S. K.Urolithiasis is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is estimated that 12% of world human population experiences renal disease with a recurrence rate of 70-80% in male and 47-60% in female. There is no established treatment for prevention of urolithiasis. So, there is a need to establish a medical treatment for prevention of recurrent stone formation, hidigenous plants have been used as a potential source of medicine since ancient times. Herbal medicines offer conventional treatments, providing safe and well-tolerated remedies for chronic illnesses which typically resulted from the combinations of secondary plant metabolites that are synthesized and deposited in specific parts or in all parts of the plant. The fruits of Tribulus terrestis are recommended for the treatment of urinary disorders and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium is rich in alkaloids, triterpenes. glycosides, flavonoids, cardienolides, steroids, bufadienolides and lipids. They are commonly used as a folk medicine in India to treat renal calculi. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. The present study was conducted on 90 adult (female) healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 12 groups (Group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII). Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VII and IX animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water for 21 days. Group I, Group III, Group X, Group XI and Group XII animals were given normal drinking water. Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extract was prepared from fruits of Tribulus terrestis and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis were studied and percent extractability of extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium was ranging from 19.63- 22.62 while Tribulus terrestis was ranging from 16.08-19.92. Extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood sample was collected twice: first after 21 days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days after dosing period i.e. on the 21st and 49th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected for histopathological examination. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behavior, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. No significant difference was observed in behavior or changes of all groups. After induction of urolithiasis Group II, IV, V, VII, VIII and IX showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to third week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes. After onset of biherbal plant extract treatment group II showed significant (P < 0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I while group IV, VI, VII VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II. It may be due to effect of treatment given by biherbal aqueous, methanolic and chloroform plant extract. Group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II and also other treatment group. That indicates methanoUc biherbal plant extract was more effective against urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first three weeks. After onset of treatment group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compare to group II and also other treatment group. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period; no mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Hematological evaluation reveals that during the period of urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group II. Induction of urolithiasis also reveals decreased in mean value of MCHC in 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups while after treatment with biherbal plant extract Group IV, V, VI, VII and group XI showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of MCHC as compared to group II (Lithiatic control). Other hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, DLC, PCV and MCV did not show any significant variation during induction period of urolithiasis as well as during the treatment with biherbal plant extract. Group II, rV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed non-significant decrease in mean value of serum total protein as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment Group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of total protein as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group I (Normal control). While after treatment with biherbal plant extract group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group I (Normal control) while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group II. Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum BUN as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of BUN as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum uric acid as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups V, VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum uric acid as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant increase in mean value of serum creatinine as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75%) (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum creatinine as compare to group II. No gross and microscopic changes were noted in liver and spleen of rats fi-om different groups while histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. In the groups where 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was given showed pathological alterations like necrotic degeneration; inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group VI and VII showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney it may be due to nephroprotective effect of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis. These may be due to some active components of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis which have protective effect against uroliths and they are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney. This herbal drug could reduce the kidney damage significantly indicating its protective effects against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. The test drug has also beneficial effect on serum calcium, magnesium, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid and ureaThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PERIPARTURIENT DISEASES IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1999) Mandali, Ghanshyam C.; Patel, P. R.This study was carried out from June, 1997 to May, 1998 on 612 buffaloes in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herds at monthly interval. The epidemiological data on periparturient disorders of these animals in relation to season, meteorological factors, physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing pattern and hygienic condition were analysed. An attempt was also made to study some blood biochemical changes in various peripartiurient disorders of buffaloes and to work out ecomomics ofi these disorders. The incidence of various periparturient disorders observed in descending order was : retention of fetal membranes (8.66%), postpartum metritis (7.84%), subclinical mastitis (6.86%). clinical mastitis (5.56%), postpartum prolapse of genitalia (5.23%), milk fever (4.09%), clinical ketosis (2.29%). dystocia (2.12%) and prepartum prolapse of genitalia (1.14%). The monthly incidence of retention of fetal membranes, postpartum prolapse of genitalia, milk fever and dystocia was highest in August, whereas postpartum metritis, subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis and clinical ketosis was highest in September and prepartum prolapse of genitalia in July. The season had significant effect on the incidence of metritis, mastitis and clinical ketosis being highest in monsoon. Amongst the breeds, the highest incidence of retained fetal membranes, mastitis, genital prolapse and milk fever was recorded in Surti buffaloes, whereas Mehsani buffaloes had highest incidence of clinical ketosis. Postpartum metritis and dystocia was recorded to be the highest in Murrah crosses and Jafarabadi breed, respectively. The breed differences were significant for the incidence of all disorders studied, except retention of fetal membranes, prepartum genital prolapse and milk fever. The lactation order had significant (P<0.05) effect only on the incidence of milk fever. The highest (36.00%) incidence of milk fever was observed in third lactation and that of retention of fetal membranes, mastitis, ketosis and dystocia in fourth lactation. During the fifth and sixth lactation, the highest incidence of genital prolapse and postpartum metritis, respectively, was recorded. The incidence of all these disorders tended to increase with increase in parity. The correlation coefficients (r) of relative humidity with retention of fetal membranes (0.710), pre- and postpartum genital prolapse (0.729 and 0.616) and milk fever (0.608), as well as of average rain-fall with retention of fetal membranes (0.574) were significant,, (P<0.05) and positive, whereas the correlations of bright sunshine hours with retention of fetal membranes (-0.701), milk fever (-0.507) and Prepartum genital prolapse (-0.814) were significantly (P<0.05) negative. Nutritional status and body condition score , had significant effect on the occurrence of all the periparturient disorders studied, except mastitis. The incidence of retained fetal membranes, postpartum metritis, genital prolapse, milk fever, clinical ketosis and dystocia being highest in buffaloes of poor nutritional status and poor body condition score groups as compared to fair or good categories. Housing pattern of buffaloes also had significant (P<0.01) effect on the occurrence of retention of fetal membranes, subclinical mastitis and milk fever. The highest occurrence of metritis, mastitis, milk fever and dystocia was recorded in buffaloes of open yard system, whereas, the incidence of genital prolapse and clinical ketosis was highest in pakka housing system and that of retention of fetal membranes in kachha housing. Hygienic condition of animals showed significant (P<0.01) effect on the occurrence of all periparturient disorders, except for prepartum prolapse of genitalia. The incidence of metritis, mastitis, prepartum prolapse, clinical ketosis and dystocia being highest for buffaloes kept under poor hygienic condition. However retention of fetal membranes, postpartum prolapse and milk fever was highest for buffaloes with fair hygienic condition. The least occurrence of all periparturient disorders was observed for animals kept under good hygienic condition. Amongst the biochemical parameters studied, the level of serum calcium was significantly (P<0.01) lower in cases of retention of fetal membranes, milk fever, and pre- and post- partum prolapse of genitalia than the normal healthy buffaloes. Whereas, blood glucose level was significantly lower for buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes and clinical ketosis compared to healthy ones. Inorganic phosphorus was also significantly lower in milk fever and prer and post-partum prolapse of genitalia. The serum LDH activity was significantly higher in buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes and milk fever as compared to healthy buffaloes. Similarly significantly (P<0.01) higher levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and ketone bodies were observed in milk fever and ketosis, respectively. The levels of magnesium and alkaline phosphatase however did not differ significantly between affected and healthy buffaloes. The per day treatment cost worked out for various periparturient disorders in buffaloes varied from Rs. 96 to 317. The highest per day treatment cost being for postpartum prolapse of genitalia (Rs. 317) and the lowest for postpartum metritis (Rs. 96). The average milk lost per buffalo per day was 1.2, 0.8, 2.86, 5.35, 2.57, 3.57, 2.4 and 1.24 liter for retention of fetal membranes, postpartum metritis, subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, postpartum prolapse, milk fever, clinical ketosis and dystocia, respectively. It amounted to total loss of Rs. 66,776 for various periparturient disorders. There is ample scope to apply the changing pattern towards medicine - production - ecology - extension approach at rural level to increase profitability of farmers to sustain dairy industry.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SHEEP HEALTH SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM INCLUDING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMY RECORDS FOR PRODUCTION(AAU, Anand, 1999) Patel, A. J. Kachhia; Patel, P. R.Sheep plays an important role in our national economy thriving in arid and semi-arid region and providing meat, wool, skin, manure and milk which contributing financial support to the rural people. The present study was carried out from 1st September, 1997 to 31st August, 1998 in one six villages of the Kutch district, which embodies results of endeavours directed towards development of rural sheep health surveillance system for generation of data on production/reproduction performance, disease profile, mortalities and culling patterns among rural sheep and for economic analysis of losses due to diseases. A total of 1,744 sheep screened through surveillance indicated an overall prevalence of disease to the extent of 67.49 per cent. The highest prevalence was recorded due to parasitic diseases (22.13%), majority in Patanwadi breed (69.07%), in the age group of adult sheep (69.72%). The overall high prevalence of disease was recorded in male animals (68.88%), with poor health status (92.06%), in large flock size (71.68%), which were husbanded in poor hygienical condition (79.62%), along with fair plan of nutrition (68.34%). The prevalence indicated significant high peak level during July-August months (25.92%), especially in monsoon season (34.46%), positively correlated with high humidity and rainfall. Amongst the different disease groups, the parasitic diseases (22.13%) ranked high followed by diseases of miscellaneous group (13.99%), digestive disorders (13.02%), bacterial diseases (12.27%), reproductive disorders (3.27%), fungal diseases (1.49%) and viral diseases (1.32%). Amongst these, the predominant disease conditions prevailed in the rural area were gastrointestinal nematode (8.72%), ectoparasite (6.25%), pneumonia (6.02%), enteritis (4.47%) and wound (3.10%). The overall mortality and case fatality rate were recorded as 9-29 and 13.76 per cent respectively. The higher mortality was in miscellaneous disease group (4.93%) followed by bacterial diseases (2.35%), digestive disorders (1.78%), parasitic diseases (0.17%) and viral diseases (0.06%). Of the major causes of mortality, pneumonia (1.20%), debility (1.20%), enteritis (0.80%), toxaemia (0.80%) and predation (0.75%) were found predominantly. Mortality was found higher in Patanwadi breed (9.83%), specifically in lamb group (16.04%), in male animal (13.78%), having poor health status (18.69%) and poor plan of nutrition (11.65%). Also the higher mortality was observed in small size flock (11.89%) and having fair hygienic condition (10.19%), similarly during July-August months (4.01%) and during rainy season (4.76%) compared to lower mortality during November- December months (0.46%) in winter season (1.43%). The projected economical losses due to treatment cost, reduction in wool production and growth rate, reduction in reproductive efficiency, losses due to mortality and culling were also calculated in the present study. The average treatment cost, reduction in wool production, poor growth rate, decline in reproduction efficiency, losses due to mortality and culling were quantified to be Rs.17=65, 1=90, 37=61, 190=44, 57=31 and 32=34 per sheep per year respectively in the present study. The use of computer programme for data recording, its storage, analysis and retrieval in present epidemiological surveillance proved much useful since sizable number of data was handled and analysed in shortest time with high accuracy. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against major sheep diseases by regular health care, deworming, better husbandry and nutrition with good hygienical approach to minimize the losses. Review of literature, modalities of techniques used at a rural level, the achievements, constraints and suggestions for future through the development of rural sheep health surveillance system using epidemiology and economy of records are detailed.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICO PATHOLOGY. DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FASCIOLIASIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1997) RAVAL, SUNANT KANTILAL; Patel, P. R.The epidemiological surveillance is a urgent need of today. The study was carried out from 1st January to 31st December, 1996 in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herd on a regular basis. In the present study the efforts were made to generate and analyse epidemiological data for fascioliasis from rural buffaloes. The epidemiological data on disease incidence in relation to season, meteorological factors. Physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing and hygienic condition were analysed. The visit of the slaughter house was also made. The incidence of fascioliasis was 11.71 per cent in survey group and 22.26 per cent in slaughter group. The higher incidence was observed in August and September in both the group of buffaloes. A significant correlation was observed between the monthly incidence of fascioliasis in slaughtered and survey group. The lymnea species of snails was present in the nearby area of canals and ponds. Higher incidence was recorded in aged buffaloes (15.52 per cent) than young-esters below one year (3.10 per cent )whereas non-lactating buffaloes have more incidence of fascioliasis than lactating buffaloes. A positive significnat correlation of disease incidence with morning and evening relative humidity, minimum temperature has been noticed. A negative correlation of disease incidence with maximum temperature, pan evaporation and bright sunshine has been recorded. Clinically buffaloes suffering from fascioliasis were found to be weak, anorexic debilated, emaciated and having submandibular edema. On clinical observation respiration rate was increased and ruminal movements decreased in infected animals in compared to healthy animals. The respiration rate was higher in infected animals (26.90/minute) as compared to healthy one ( 16.30/minute) . Ruminal movements were also significantly decreased in infected animals (1.20/5 minutes) as compared to healthy one (3.08/5 minutes). The overall accuracy observed by faecal sample examination was 78.07 per cent. The egg count per gram of faeces was found to be in between 275 to 410. The haematobiochemical changes in blood and serum of infected buffaloes were investigated in comparison to healthy control, in both the groups. Infected buffaloes had low haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. The blood haemoglobin content in control group was 11.42±0.14 g/dl while in infected group it was 9.43±0.07 g/dl in survey group of animals.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICO-ETIOPATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS CANINE DERMATOSES(AAU, Anand, 2004) Nair, Sreegeetha Sreedharan; Nauriyal, D. S.On screening of 2618 dogs brought at the Zaveri Clinic affiliated to the College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period January 2001 and December 2001, the overall incidence of dermatitis was observed to be 23.68 per cent (620 cases). Of the various types of dermatitis studied the incidence of tick infestation was found to be maximum (19.19%) whereas that of acanthosis nigricans was minimum (0.32 per cent), Greater number of cases of dermatitis were observed during the rainy season (45.48%) while breedwise GSD (27.90%), Spitz (26.12%) and Mongrel (21.29%) showed higher susceptibility to skin afflictions. More than 50 per cent of the affected dogs were found to be males and 48.06 per cent dogs presented with dermatological afflictions were between 1 to 6 years of age. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings collected from suspected cases of scabies, demodicosis and fungal infection revealed Demodex spp. (10 cases), Sarcoptes scahiei var. cams (13 cases) and fungal hyphae or spores (15 cases). Further, cultural inoculation of scrapings from suspected cases of fungal infection resulted in isolation of 10 fungal isolcates identified as Trichophyton spp. (2), filamentous fungi (4), Aspergilhis spp. (2) and yeast (2 isolates). The bacteriologjcal culture examination of 43 pus swabs collected from pyogenic skin lesions resulted in the growth of 44 bacterial isolates which were obtained either as nionomicrobic or as mixed culture. Similarly bacterial cultural examination of otic exudates also yielded growth of bacterial isolates in pure culture or mixed culture, Among various bacteria cultured, Staphylococcus spp, accounted for the highest number of isolates from cases of pyoderma as well as otitis externa. One of the ear exudates collected from a Cocker Spaniel with seborrhoeic sicca resulted in the isolation of Malassezia pachydcnnatis: In vitro antibacterial susceptibility test performed on all the bacterial isolates obtained from cases of pyoderma and otitis externa exhibited highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin which also proved to be the most effective antibacterial when used in the treatment of clinical cases. Hematological study conducted on dermatitis revealed statistically significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration and total erythrocytic count, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophilia and eosinophilia, Histopathological study of the biopsy specimens collected from cases of dermatological afflictions revealed characteristic changes. The histopathological alterations observed in the biopsy specimens of pyoderma comprised of acute superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and chronic suppurative deimatitis. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stained sections of skin infected with fungi showed fungal spores and hyphae along with other pronounced histological changes such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, presence of scales on the epidermis as well as follicular changes. In case of scabies, predominenl changes noticed included presence of degenerated pieces of mites mixed with exudate in the epidermis or epidermal burrows, in demodicosis, the predominent changes included dilatation of hair follicles with mites, folliculitis and destruction of hair follicles and dermal tissue. Skin biopsies from cases of flea-allergic dermatitis, tick, lice and fly infestations showed body parts of parasites and their excreta mixed with keratin and cellular debris on the superficial epidermis. The cases of allergic dermatitis revealed epidermal and dermal oedema, superficial exudate, necrotic changes and cellular infiltration. The seborrhoeic lesions revealed hyperkeratosis of epidermis, hyperkeratotic projection of papillae and keratin plugging of the hair follicles. In acral lick dermatitis, notable microscopic changes included sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratinization and destruction of collagen fibre. The biopsy from callus lesions revealed subepidermal cyst and keratin pearl and dermal fibrosis. Histological changes in acanthosis nigrican included detachment of keratin layer, epidermal papillae and atrophy of hair follicles. Histopathological investigation of tumourous masses revealed characteristic lesions of lipoma, fibromelanoma, hemangioma and adenocarcinoma. The cases of pyoderma and pyogenic lesions were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and cephalexin and topical antiseptic preparations. The dogs suffering from fungal infections were treated effectively with topical antifungal drugs alone or in combination with griseofulvin. In infestations caused by Sarcoptes and Demodex spp., topical use of amitraz and subcutaneous injection of ivermectin or simultaneous use of both drugs brought about clinical and parasitological cure. In case of scabies, use of other ectoparasiticidal drugs viz. deltamethrin and cypermethrin also proved to be effective. In flea-infested dogs and dogs with other arthropod parasites like ticks, lice and flies, treatment of both the animal and its environment with acaricidal drugs was found to be effective in controlling parasite population. The ectoparasiticidal compounds found effective against fleas were carbaryl and deltamethrin. The insecticides found effective against ticks, lice and flies included deltamethrin, cypermethrin, carbaryl and amitraz. Combination of topical use of these drugs along with subcutaneous injection of invermectin also proved to have appreciable parasiticidal effects on arthropods. The effective management of immune mediated dermatoses (contact dermatitis, atopy, food allergy and drug allergy) was done by identification of the underlying cause, its correction and control of pruritus with topical and systemic antipruritic agents. In cases of seborrhoea, the lesions showed resolution with the use of selenium sulphide containing antiseborrhoeic shampoo for bathing, topical use of keratolytic compound along with dietary supplementation with sunflower or peanut oil. The cases of acral lick dermatitis were treated effectively with combination of drugs comprising of oral administration of corticosteroids and intra-lesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. The callus condition was clinically managed by daily soaking of the affected area in luke-warm water and topical use oremollienl cream on the lesions. The lesions observed in acanthosis nigrican were treated with topical application of compound containing benzoic acid and use of corticosteroid drug. The pruritus associated with various disorders barring demodicosis was controlled with systemic use of prednisolone in tapering dosage. Non-sleroidal antiinflammatory drugs like clemastine and hydroxyzine also showed excellent therapeutic response in most of the cases of pruritus. The treatment protocol found effective in the treatment of ear infection comprised of cleaning of ear debris using a ceruminolytic/ear wax dissolvent and subsequently instillation of ear preparations containing antibacterial drugs (in cases of bacterial infection) or antifungal drugs (in case of mycotic infection). The cases of otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis were treated successfully by systemic use of ketoconazole and instillation with otic preparation containing antifungal agent.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ETIO-DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS OF COWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME MASTITIS MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2012) Langer, Anil; Nauriyal, D. S.The dairy sector in India has shown remarkable progress in the recent years and consequently the country has now become the largest milk producer in the world. In spite of this the milk production per animal is substantially less compared to developed countries which is largely attributed to inflammation of mammary gland or mastitis. Mastitis a disease of cows and buffaloes which results in severe economic losses to livestock owners and dairy industry world wide. The present study was conducted during August 2011 to January, 2012 at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with a view to work out the prevalence of subclinical mastitis among cows, to compare the efficacy of six mastitis markers in detecting subclinical mastitis by using bacteriological culture examination as reference test, and to study the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolates recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis. On screening of 69 lactating cows (Kankrej-26, Gir-8, triple cross-35) belonging to the herd maintained at Livestock Research Station, Anand, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed to be 66.67 per cent in one or more quarters. Quarterwise prevalence was recorded at 33.45 per cent. Among infected quarters, fore and right-side quarters exhibited greater involvement. More frequent infection of two quarter was noticed than single and multiple quarters. Cows in their first lactation showed highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Similarly, cows in their late stage of lactation were found to be more frequently associated with insidious subclinical udder infection. Out of 89 infected quarters, 50 quarters yielded monomicrobic isolates whereas remaining 39 quarters harboured mixed infection. On bacteriological culture examination, a total of 190 bacterial isolates were recovered which comprised of 54 isolates of CPS (Staph, aureus-8 Staph, hyicus-40. Staph, intermedius-6), 115 isolates of CNS (Staph, chromogenes-94. Staph. epidermidis-21), 2 isolates of Micrococcous varians, 11 isolates of Str. agalactiae, 8 isolates of coliforms (Enterobacter sp.-3, E. coli and Klebsiella sp.-2 each, Serratia marcescens- one).
