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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICOPATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1987) PATEL, PRAFULCHANDRA R.; Dave, M. R.To study the clinicopathology and immunology of dermatophytosis in buffaloes, the study was made at College Hospital and Ambulatory Clinics of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand from January, 1984 to December, 1984. The investigation was carried out in two parts namely (1) Clinical case study in buffaloes and (2) Experimental study in buffalo calves and guinea pigs. A total of 446 buffaloes with skin lesions were examined, out of which 102 (22.87 %) buffaloes were found positive for dermatophytosis on microscopic examination of skin scrapings and only Trichophyton verrucosum was isolated culturally.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PERIPARTURIENT DISEASES IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1999) Mandali, Ghanshyam C.; Patel, P. R.This study was carried out from June, 1997 to May, 1998 on 612 buffaloes in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herds at monthly interval. The epidemiological data on periparturient disorders of these animals in relation to season, meteorological factors, physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing pattern and hygienic condition were analysed. An attempt was also made to study some blood biochemical changes in various peripartiurient disorders of buffaloes and to work out ecomomics ofi these disorders. The incidence of various periparturient disorders observed in descending order was : retention of fetal membranes (8.66%), postpartum metritis (7.84%), subclinical mastitis (6.86%). clinical mastitis (5.56%), postpartum prolapse of genitalia (5.23%), milk fever (4.09%), clinical ketosis (2.29%). dystocia (2.12%) and prepartum prolapse of genitalia (1.14%). The monthly incidence of retention of fetal membranes, postpartum prolapse of genitalia, milk fever and dystocia was highest in August, whereas postpartum metritis, subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis and clinical ketosis was highest in September and prepartum prolapse of genitalia in July. The season had significant effect on the incidence of metritis, mastitis and clinical ketosis being highest in monsoon. Amongst the breeds, the highest incidence of retained fetal membranes, mastitis, genital prolapse and milk fever was recorded in Surti buffaloes, whereas Mehsani buffaloes had highest incidence of clinical ketosis. Postpartum metritis and dystocia was recorded to be the highest in Murrah crosses and Jafarabadi breed, respectively. The breed differences were significant for the incidence of all disorders studied, except retention of fetal membranes, prepartum genital prolapse and milk fever. The lactation order had significant (P<0.05) effect only on the incidence of milk fever. The highest (36.00%) incidence of milk fever was observed in third lactation and that of retention of fetal membranes, mastitis, ketosis and dystocia in fourth lactation. During the fifth and sixth lactation, the highest incidence of genital prolapse and postpartum metritis, respectively, was recorded. The incidence of all these disorders tended to increase with increase in parity. The correlation coefficients (r) of relative humidity with retention of fetal membranes (0.710), pre- and postpartum genital prolapse (0.729 and 0.616) and milk fever (0.608), as well as of average rain-fall with retention of fetal membranes (0.574) were significant,, (P<0.05) and positive, whereas the correlations of bright sunshine hours with retention of fetal membranes (-0.701), milk fever (-0.507) and Prepartum genital prolapse (-0.814) were significantly (P<0.05) negative. Nutritional status and body condition score , had significant effect on the occurrence of all the periparturient disorders studied, except mastitis. The incidence of retained fetal membranes, postpartum metritis, genital prolapse, milk fever, clinical ketosis and dystocia being highest in buffaloes of poor nutritional status and poor body condition score groups as compared to fair or good categories. Housing pattern of buffaloes also had significant (P<0.01) effect on the occurrence of retention of fetal membranes, subclinical mastitis and milk fever. The highest occurrence of metritis, mastitis, milk fever and dystocia was recorded in buffaloes of open yard system, whereas, the incidence of genital prolapse and clinical ketosis was highest in pakka housing system and that of retention of fetal membranes in kachha housing. Hygienic condition of animals showed significant (P<0.01) effect on the occurrence of all periparturient disorders, except for prepartum prolapse of genitalia. The incidence of metritis, mastitis, prepartum prolapse, clinical ketosis and dystocia being highest for buffaloes kept under poor hygienic condition. However retention of fetal membranes, postpartum prolapse and milk fever was highest for buffaloes with fair hygienic condition. The least occurrence of all periparturient disorders was observed for animals kept under good hygienic condition. Amongst the biochemical parameters studied, the level of serum calcium was significantly (P<0.01) lower in cases of retention of fetal membranes, milk fever, and pre- and post- partum prolapse of genitalia than the normal healthy buffaloes. Whereas, blood glucose level was significantly lower for buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes and clinical ketosis compared to healthy ones. Inorganic phosphorus was also significantly lower in milk fever and prer and post-partum prolapse of genitalia. The serum LDH activity was significantly higher in buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes and milk fever as compared to healthy buffaloes. Similarly significantly (P<0.01) higher levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and ketone bodies were observed in milk fever and ketosis, respectively. The levels of magnesium and alkaline phosphatase however did not differ significantly between affected and healthy buffaloes. The per day treatment cost worked out for various periparturient disorders in buffaloes varied from Rs. 96 to 317. The highest per day treatment cost being for postpartum prolapse of genitalia (Rs. 317) and the lowest for postpartum metritis (Rs. 96). The average milk lost per buffalo per day was 1.2, 0.8, 2.86, 5.35, 2.57, 3.57, 2.4 and 1.24 liter for retention of fetal membranes, postpartum metritis, subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, postpartum prolapse, milk fever, clinical ketosis and dystocia, respectively. It amounted to total loss of Rs. 66,776 for various periparturient disorders. There is ample scope to apply the changing pattern towards medicine - production - ecology - extension approach at rural level to increase profitability of farmers to sustain dairy industry.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICO PATHOLOGY. DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FASCIOLIASIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1997) RAVAL, SUNANT KANTILAL; Patel, P. R.The epidemiological surveillance is a urgent need of today. The study was carried out from 1st January to 31st December, 1996 in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herd on a regular basis. In the present study the efforts were made to generate and analyse epidemiological data for fascioliasis from rural buffaloes. The epidemiological data on disease incidence in relation to season, meteorological factors. Physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing and hygienic condition were analysed. The visit of the slaughter house was also made. The incidence of fascioliasis was 11.71 per cent in survey group and 22.26 per cent in slaughter group. The higher incidence was observed in August and September in both the group of buffaloes. A significant correlation was observed between the monthly incidence of fascioliasis in slaughtered and survey group. The lymnea species of snails was present in the nearby area of canals and ponds. Higher incidence was recorded in aged buffaloes (15.52 per cent) than young-esters below one year (3.10 per cent )whereas non-lactating buffaloes have more incidence of fascioliasis than lactating buffaloes. A positive significnat correlation of disease incidence with morning and evening relative humidity, minimum temperature has been noticed. A negative correlation of disease incidence with maximum temperature, pan evaporation and bright sunshine has been recorded. Clinically buffaloes suffering from fascioliasis were found to be weak, anorexic debilated, emaciated and having submandibular edema. On clinical observation respiration rate was increased and ruminal movements decreased in infected animals in compared to healthy animals. The respiration rate was higher in infected animals (26.90/minute) as compared to healthy one ( 16.30/minute) . Ruminal movements were also significantly decreased in infected animals (1.20/5 minutes) as compared to healthy one (3.08/5 minutes). The overall accuracy observed by faecal sample examination was 78.07 per cent. The egg count per gram of faeces was found to be in between 275 to 410. The haematobiochemical changes in blood and serum of infected buffaloes were investigated in comparison to healthy control, in both the groups. Infected buffaloes had low haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. The blood haemoglobin content in control group was 11.42±0.14 g/dl while in infected group it was 9.43±0.07 g/dl in survey group of animals.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICOPATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HELMINTHS IN GOATS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Mehta, Hemant Kumar; Patel, P. R.In present study, systems were structured for surveillance in rural household for epidemiology and techno economic aspect of helminth infection in goats. The present study comprised of examination of each and every individual surveyed using field tests for helmithiasis coupled with detailed inquires of the farmers door step for retrospective and prospective studies on rural goats. Further the data generated was analyzed on surveillance and epidemiology on disease, incidence in relation to physiological status, meteorological factors, housing, nutritional status, body condition score, hygienic condition were analyzed. The pathophysiology of the helminth infection, haematological and biochemical changes, immunodiagnosis, histopathological findings and economic losses were also studied. The epidemiological study was undertaken in and around Anand for the period of one year i.e. from July 2000 to June 2001and a total number of 1783 goats were included in the study . These were divided in three major groups. Group I - survey group (1135 goats), group II - organized farm group (288 goats) and group III included slaughter goats (360 goats). Door to door visit for surveillance programme were made at farmer's doorsteps in each village on a regular basis at monthly interval. Total twelve visits per animal in a year were made. The percent of infection was lowest 50.0% in Farm and highest 96.90 % in Survey group. The highest incidence of helminth infection was observed throughout the year in Survey and Slaughter groups (94.62 and 94.16 % respectively) while in farm group the incidence was comparatively low (53.82 %). No faecal sample was found positive for the fascioliasis under the study period. The incidence of various parasites observed as Moniezia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Coccidia spp., Trichuris spp. and mixed infection were as 23 (2.02%), 324 (28.54%), 369 (32.51%), 166 (14.62 %) and 192 (16.91%) respectively. The mixed infection of Trichuris + Ampistome, Trichuris spp. + Coccidial oocyst , Trichostrongylus spp. + Coccidia oocyst, Trichostrongylus spp. + Trichuris spp. + Coccidial oocysts and Trichostrongylus spp. + Moniezia spp. , were recorded as ( 0.08%), 46 (4.05%), 59 (5.19%), 52 (4.58%) and 7 ( 0.61%) respectively. While in Farm group the incidence of infection was ranged from 50.0 % to 62.50 %. A total number of 155 goats were found positive for ova of different helminths indicating 53.82 % overall incidence. The incidence of helmith infection with the age of goats has been established under the study. The highest incidence 308 (91.66%) was observed in kids followed by 397(87.44%) and 863 (83.15%) in hogget / doeling and adult respectively, indicating that the kids are more prone to helminth infection. The seasonal incidence of helminth infection was recorded during the period of study. The over all incidence of helminth infection in survey group was 1074 (94.26 %). In monsoon season a total number of 391 faecal samples were examined with highest incidence of 375 (95.90%), followed by 343 (94.23 %) in summer and, the lowest incidence 356 (93.68%) in winter. The correlation between incidence of heminth infection and various meteorological parameters were established group wise. A positive correlation (P<0.05) revealed between the disease incidence and minimum temperature, while a positive but nonsignificant correlation was observed between incidence of helminth infection and maximum and mean temperature morning and evening humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation rate. A negative but nonsignificant correlation was observed between the incidence on helminth infection and bright sunshine. The suffering goats were found to be weak and debilitated. Heavily infected goats showed diarrhoea with marked reduction in body weight and dehydration. Some of goats were emaciated and mostly found in cachetic condition. The visible mucous membranes were pale and the skin of affected goats was rough, dry and doughy. The faecal sample examination is used as a routine examination for the presence of ova of helminth parasites in all species of animals. Under the research study sedimentation technique was used to detect the presence of helminthic eggs and McMaster and StoU's method for the quantitative examination. For Immunodiagnosis tests a total number of 97 infected and 30 non-infected control serum samples were used. For conducting the Agar Gel Diffusion Test (AGPT) the antigen of specific helmiths, viz Trichostronglyus spp and Trichuris spp. were used against the serum of affected goats. The Immunoelectrophoresis test was conducted against the serum of two helminth parasites viz. Trichostronglyus spp and Trichuris spp. In infected goats the average total protein and mean albumin levels were reordered significantly low with values of 5.13±0.03 to3.36±0.03 and 2.89±0.03 to 1.30±0.01 g/dl respectively in noninfected control and infected goats. The mean A:G ratio was also reduced from 1.29±0.05 to 0.63±0.24 in control and infected animals. The mean values of LDH, SGPT and SGOT were observed significantly high with 319.33±0.05 to 468.07±0.16, 73.36±0.07 to 94.35±0.08 and 258.09±0.15 to 322.22±0.09 lU/L respectively in non-infected control and infected goats. Average serum glucose level was found significantly low from 78.85±0.22 to 39.55±0.23 mg/dl in control and infected animals. The mean total bilirubin level was observed nonsignificantly increased from 0.46±0.01 to 0.57±0.02 mg/dl in healthy and infected goats respectively a similar trend of observations were recorded in all the infected goats of three groups. The gross pathological changes observed were congestion, catarrhal enteritis, oedema and few nodules were present in Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris spp. The microscopic changes observed in Trichostrongylus spp. , Trichuris spp. Moniezia spp. and Coccidia were thickness of intestinal wall and oedematus folds, infiltration of eosinophils, moderate, chronic inflammatory cellular reactions with mucoid degeneration , necrosis of tips of villi and desquamation of epithelial lining and cells. The dark brown to black color parasitic excreta was found in the superficial villus mucosa. The quantification of monetary losses was calculated on 434 goats infected with helminth infection. A total loss of Rs. 90321/- was calculated under the study period. These losses were calculated on the basis of losses due to (a) milk loss (Rs. 2538/-), cost of treatment (Rs.31248/-) and culling of goats (Rs. 56535/-). Few villages of the Anand taluka were selected for the present study but the population of goats is distributed all over the Gujarat and hence, similar helminthic problems and its impact may be presented everywhere. The results of the study will be act as guidelines for the veterinarians to control of helminth infection in goats to uplift the socioeconomic status of poor farmers and nomadic tribes.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICOPATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1987) PATEL, PRAFULCHANDRA R.; Dave, M. R.To study the clinicopathology and immunology of dermatophytosis in buffaloes, the study was made at College Hospital and ambulatory Clinics of college of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand from January, 1984 to December, 1984. The investigations was carried out in two parts namely (1) Clinical case study in buffaloes and (2) Experimental study in buffalo calves and guinea pigs.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICOPATHOLOGY, THERAPEUTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CONTROL MEASURES OF Toxocara vitulorum IN BUFFALO CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1998) Jani, Rajeshkumar G.; Patel, P. R.Ascariasis in young buffalo calves is one of the main factors causing variable morbidity and mortality in subtropical countries like India. The present study was carried out from 1st June, 1996 to 31 May, 1997 in the four villages of Anand district, which embodies results of endeavours directed towards development of rural calf health surveillance system for generation of data through epidemiological surveillance in buffalo calves upto six months of age, to investigate clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimes with a view to correlate prevalence rate, prognosis and early diagnosis so that proper control measures can be taken up viewing economic of losses due to ascariasis. A total of 744 buffaloes calves were screened through surveillance, of which 712 were studied as experimental group and remaining 32 buffalo calves as control groups. Out of 712 buffalo calves ascariasis was found in 325 (45.64 per cent) buffalo calves. The prevalence rate of ascariasis was found to be 45.64 per cent in buffalo calves. The extent and magnitude of prevalence indicated, 7.86 per cent mortality and 17.23 per cent case fatality. The significant (P<0.05) high prevalence rate was found in Surti breed (55.37 per cent), in the age group of 21 - 40 days (72.07 per cent) of male buffalo calves (53.68 per cent) with poor body condition (66.97 per cent) which were husbanded with poor hygiene (55.78 per cent) in open yard system (56.81 per cent) by landless labourers (65.66 per cent). The prevalence indicated significant (P<0.05) higher in third parity (63.95 per cent) of dams and in those 'calves which were not fed first colostrum after their birth (50.15 per cent) and in calves which were provided not enough amount (52.3 per cent) especially during monsoon season (70.08 per cent). Most of the affected calves were found voiding greyish white with foul odour faeces (58.5 per cent) with or without gross parasites. On clinical examination, the affected buffalo calves revealed partial to complete anorexia (57.23 per cent) with major digestive disorders (73.27 per cent). Clinical observations indicated subnormal rectal temperature (99.36 + 0.170°F) and slight rise in respirations rate (23.99 + 0.364 per minute). No significant difference in pulse rate was recorded in affected calves when compared with the field and farm control groups. The microscopic examination bf 325 faecal samples revealed 259 (79.69 per cent) samples with T. vitulorum ova, whereas, 66 (20.31 per cent) were with mixed infection of Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count and packed cell volume indicated mild to moderate anaemia in affected group of calves compared to field and farm control groups. Leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia with eosinophilia in affected calves suggested localised infection with migratory tissue parasitic features. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose, total plasma proteins and increase in level of blood urea nitrogen in affected calves were observed to that of field and farm control groups. Detection of larvae in the milk sample may suggest the possibility of transmission of parasites through milk. Significant (P<0:.05) high morbidity and mortality due to ascariasis was observed in hypo-or agammaglobulinaeraic calves. Mean egg per greun was found in the range of 5.4 to 15942. The therapeutic trials of anthelmintics indicated high efficacy of fenbendazole {96 per cent) followed by krumikuthar rasa (88 per cent) while ethnoveterinary medicine of whey and salt revealed 44.86 per cent efficacy on 9 week post therapy. The projected economic losses due to mortality, poor growth rate, reduction in milk yield and treatment cost was found Rs. 302.58 per calf in a population of 100 calves while it was Rs. 658.52 per calf in a population of ascariasis affected calves. The Benefit : Cost ratio;, (B/C) of fenbendazole derived as 13.44 and 29.26 for a population of 100 calves and 100 infected calves, respectively. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against ascariasis by regular deworming at second week after the birth of a calf and implementation of good hygienic approach to control the ascariasis. Review of literature, modalities of techniques and technologies put to use, the achievements, constraints and suggestions for future are detailed.ThesisItem Open Access “Studies on Etio-diagnosis of Urinary Dysfunctions in Dogs with Special Reference to Clinicopathology and Therapeutic Management of Acute Renal Failure(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2016) Chirag M. Bhadesiya; Dr. S. K. RavalThe domestic dog is a carnivorous mammal valued by humans for its companionship. Infectious and non-infectious diseases manifest variable morbidity as well as mortality by different systemic dysfunctions including urinary system. The present study was carried out to evaluate the etiological status, various clinicopathological outcome in urinary dysfunction with special regards to acute renal failure (ARF) as well as therapeutic management of different stages of ARF in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON SURVEILLANCE, RISK FACTOR’S ANALYSIS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS UNDER INTENSIVE SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION(AAU, 2012) Patel, Manishkumar D.; Dr P.R. Patel