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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on renoprotective effect of aqueous and alcoholic biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum Calycinum and Solanum Xanthocarpum in Wistar rats
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) PATEL DHAVALKUMAR BHAILALBHAI; Dr. S. K. Raval
    Urolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and wide spread diseases known to man. The occurrence in some areas is so alarming that they are known as “Stone belts”. A number of plants have been used because of being efficient for curing and correcting urinary stones; for example, Tribulus terrestris (fruit), Bryophyllum calycinum (Leaves), Soalnumn xanthocarpum (fruit) Didymocarpus pedicellata (leaf), Dolichos biflorus (seed), fruits and leaves of Solanum nigrum, and seeds of Cichorium intybus are very common in Traditional Indian System of Medicine.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS
    (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) CHAVELIKAR PRATIKKUMAR RAMESHCHANDRA; Dr. G.C. Mandali
    Goat is a versatile animal known as the “Poor man’s cow” in India. Archaeological studies provide sufficient evidence that goat was the earliest ruminant and probably the first animal after dog to be domesticated by man long before 7000 B.C. India has the largest population of goats of the world. Ruminal acidosis is one of the most important clinical emergencies in small ruminants.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Therapeutic efficacy of biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats
    (AAU, Anand, 2015) MASHIYAVA, PARIMAL HARESHKUMAR; Raval, S. K.
    Urolithiasis is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is estimated that 12% of world human population experiences renal disease with a recurrence rate of 70-80% in male and 47-60% in female. There is no established treatment for prevention of urolithiasis. So, there is a need to establish a medical treatment for prevention of recurrent stone formation, hidigenous plants have been used as a potential source of medicine since ancient times. Herbal medicines offer conventional treatments, providing safe and well-tolerated remedies for chronic illnesses which typically resulted from the combinations of secondary plant metabolites that are synthesized and deposited in specific parts or in all parts of the plant. The fruits of Tribulus terrestis are recommended for the treatment of urinary disorders and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium is rich in alkaloids, triterpenes. glycosides, flavonoids, cardienolides, steroids, bufadienolides and lipids. They are commonly used as a folk medicine in India to treat renal calculi. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. The present study was conducted on 90 adult (female) healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 12 groups (Group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII). Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VII and IX animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water for 21 days. Group I, Group III, Group X, Group XI and Group XII animals were given normal drinking water. Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extract was prepared from fruits of Tribulus terrestis and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis were studied and percent extractability of extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium was ranging from 19.63- 22.62 while Tribulus terrestis was ranging from 16.08-19.92. Extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood sample was collected twice: first after 21 days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days after dosing period i.e. on the 21st and 49th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected for histopathological examination. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behavior, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. No significant difference was observed in behavior or changes of all groups. After induction of urolithiasis Group II, IV, V, VII, VIII and IX showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to third week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes. After onset of biherbal plant extract treatment group II showed significant (P < 0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I while group IV, VI, VII VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II. It may be due to effect of treatment given by biherbal aqueous, methanolic and chloroform plant extract. Group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II and also other treatment group. That indicates methanoUc biherbal plant extract was more effective against urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first three weeks. After onset of treatment group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compare to group II and also other treatment group. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period; no mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Hematological evaluation reveals that during the period of urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group II. Induction of urolithiasis also reveals decreased in mean value of MCHC in 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups while after treatment with biherbal plant extract Group IV, V, VI, VII and group XI showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of MCHC as compared to group II (Lithiatic control). Other hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, DLC, PCV and MCV did not show any significant variation during induction period of urolithiasis as well as during the treatment with biherbal plant extract. Group II, rV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed non-significant decrease in mean value of serum total protein as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment Group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of total protein as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group I (Normal control). While after treatment with biherbal plant extract group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group I (Normal control) while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group II. Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum BUN as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of BUN as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum uric acid as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups V, VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum uric acid as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant increase in mean value of serum creatinine as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75%) (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum creatinine as compare to group II. No gross and microscopic changes were noted in liver and spleen of rats fi-om different groups while histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. In the groups where 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was given showed pathological alterations like necrotic degeneration; inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group VI and VII showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney it may be due to nephroprotective effect of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis. These may be due to some active components of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis which have protective effect against uroliths and they are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney. This herbal drug could reduce the kidney damage significantly indicating its protective effects against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. The test drug has also beneficial effect on serum calcium, magnesium, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid and urea
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ETIO-DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS OF COWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME MASTITIS MARKERS
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) Langer, Anil; Nauriyal, D. S.
    The dairy sector in India has shown remarkable progress in the recent years and consequently the country has now become the largest milk producer in the world. In spite of this the milk production per animal is substantially less compared to developed countries which is largely attributed to inflammation of mammary gland or mastitis. Mastitis a disease of cows and buffaloes which results in severe economic losses to livestock owners and dairy industry world wide. The present study was conducted during August 2011 to January, 2012 at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with a view to work out the prevalence of subclinical mastitis among cows, to compare the efficacy of six mastitis markers in detecting subclinical mastitis by using bacteriological culture examination as reference test, and to study the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolates recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis. On screening of 69 lactating cows (Kankrej-26, Gir-8, triple cross-35) belonging to the herd maintained at Livestock Research Station, Anand, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed to be 66.67 per cent in one or more quarters. Quarterwise prevalence was recorded at 33.45 per cent. Among infected quarters, fore and right-side quarters exhibited greater involvement. More frequent infection of two quarter was noticed than single and multiple quarters. Cows in their first lactation showed highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Similarly, cows in their late stage of lactation were found to be more frequently associated with insidious subclinical udder infection. Out of 89 infected quarters, 50 quarters yielded monomicrobic isolates whereas remaining 39 quarters harboured mixed infection. On bacteriological culture examination, a total of 190 bacterial isolates were recovered which comprised of 54 isolates of CPS (Staph, aureus-8 Staph, hyicus-40. Staph, intermedius-6), 115 isolates of CNS (Staph, chromogenes-94. Staph. epidermidis-21), 2 isolates of Micrococcous varians, 11 isolates of Str. agalactiae, 8 isolates of coliforms (Enterobacter sp.-3, E. coli and Klebsiella sp.-2 each, Serratia marcescens- one).
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON HEMATOLOGY, BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SENILE CHANGES IN GERIATRIC DOGS
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) JAIN, SANJEETA; PATEL, P. R.
    The "Studies on hematology, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress and senile changes in geriatric dogs" was undertaken from January, 2012 to July, 2012, in canine population which was brought for health check up, vaccination and treatment of various ailments in the hospital. The basic objectives of present study were to know the haematobiochemical, oxidative and senile changes and prevalence of common diseases and disorders in geriatric dogs. In present study, 100 dogs (for haematobiochemical study) and 156 dogs (for diseases and senile changes) were included from hospital cases. These were divided in different groups as per parameters and purpose of study. In haematobiochemical study, 100 dogs were divided in different group i.e. apparently healthy adult dogs (10) as control group, apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30) and diseased geriatric dogs (60). Oxidative stress parameters were studied in 40 dogs which were further divided in to apparently healthy adult dogs (10) and apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30). Haematological study revealed the mean of total leucocyte count in apparently healthy geriatric dog was found lower than apparently healthy adult dog, but difference was statistically non significant. The mean of total leucocyte count in all diseases and disorders of geriatric dogs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than mean of apparently healthy geriatric dogs. The absolute lymphocyte count of healthy geriatric dogs was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of healthy adult dogs. No significant differences were observed in absolute count of other cells in apparently healthy adult and healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher total leucocyte count was observed in all diseased dogs compared to apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) lower absolute lymphocyte count was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significantly higher absolute monocyte count and neutrophil count were observed in neoplasm condition. In differential leucocyte count, significantly lower lymphocyte (%) and significantly (p<0.05) higher monocyte (%) was observed in healthy geriatric dogs. In diseased geriatric dogs, eiosinophil (%) was significantly high in case of wound (6.66±1.86) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (3.38±0.52). Decrease in haemoglobin was found in renal and hepatic problems of geriatric dogs. No significant differences were observed in total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in apparently healthy adult and geriatric dogs. Lower mean values of total erythrocyte count were observed in neoplasm, renal problems, hepatic problems and gastrointestinal problems. Decrease in packed cell volume was observed in renal problems and liver problems. Higher mean values of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (pg) were observed in apparently healthy adult dogs (22.37±24.24), neoplasm (30.11±7.04) and gastrointestinal problems (23.85±1.14) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (21.95±0.54). Significantly (p<0.05) higher platelet count (1x10 power 3/µl) was observed in apparently health)' geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Higher platelet count was observed in cases of neoplasm (586±128.32) and renal problems (334±71.46). Among biochemical parameters, significantly (p<0.05) higher cholesterol (mg/dl) was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (219.51± 14.27) than apparently healthy adult dogs (167±14.20). Significantly higher cholesterol was also observed in liver problems (308.68±27.51) than that of healthy geriatric dogs. Higher mean of triglyceride (mg/dl) was found in gastrointestinal (85.28±20.76) and hepatic problems (84±14.20). Mean value of calcium (mg/dl) was higher in healthy geriatric dogs (8.38±0.19) than healthy adult dogs (7.63±0.95). Significantly higher phosphorus was recorded in gastrointestinal problems (7.15±1.58) and hepatic problems (5.59±1.63) of geriatric dogs. In present study, magnesium concentration of healthy dogs was observed lower than normal range in literature. Low magnesium was observed in renal problem (0.55±0.09) of geriatric dogs. The mean values of protein concentration in different groups apparently healthy adult, apparently healthy geriatric, neoplasm, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, hepatic problems and renal problems were 8.02±0.20, 10.83±0.35, 9.4±1.06 , 10.66±0.44, 10.46±0.94, 6.43±0.50 and 10.34±0.30 (g/dl) respectively. Significantly lower values were observed in cases of hepatic problems and neoplasm. Decrease in albumin was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (2.62±0.16) than apparently healthy adult dogs (2.86±0.16). Significantly (p<0.05) higher globuHn was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (8.07±0.34) than healthy adult dogs (6.22±0.22). Decrease in globulin was observed in neoplasm (6.59±1.24) and hepatic problems (4,68±40) of geriatric dogs. In present study, albumin/globulin ratio was observed lower than normal value reported in literature. Significant higher A/G ratio was observed in apparently healthy aduk dogs (0.40±0.02) than healthy geriatric dogs (0.34±0.01). Significantly (p<0.05) higher serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significant higher serum urea nitrogen was observed in healthy geriatric dogs than that of healthy adult dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher creatinine were observed in gastrointestinal problems (3.17±1.73), hepatic problems (2.68±1.86) and renal problems (8.85±1.70) of geriatric dogs. The mean of malondialdehyde in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 0.51±0.09 and 1.72±0.12 (nmol/ml) respectively. The mean of superoxide dismutase in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 11.01±0.93 and 6.47±0.39 (U/mg of haemoglobin) respectively. Significantly (p< 0.05) higher malondialdehyde and lower superoxide dismutase was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Among the various diseases and disorders recorded in geriatric dogs the highest prevalence was observed in gastrointestinal problems (16.66%) followed by eye problems and wound (14.10%), tumor (12.17%), dental problems (7.6%), behavior abnormalities and lameness (7.06%) and skin problem (6.4%). The prevalence of respiratory infection, behavior abnormalities, renal problems, and liver problems was noted 5.12%, 7.06%, 3.84% and 4.48%, respectively. In male dogs, highest prevalence rate of wound (17.07%) and gastrointestinal problems (17.07%) was observed. In female dogs the prevalence of neoplasm, gastrointestinal problems and eye problems were 18.91%, 16.66% and 14.86% respectively. In senile changes study, highest frequency of dental abnormalities (60) followed by vision impairment or ocular changes (50), organ function loss (30), loss of muscle tone and hearing loss (20) and increased grey hair and paraplegia (10) were recorded.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Epidemiology, Hematobiochemistry and Seroprevalence of Piroplasmosis in Horses
    (AAU, Anand, 2015) VIDHYA LAKSHMI, T. M.; Raval, S. K.
    Horses (Equus caballus) belong to the family Equidae. Equine demography of India reveals 41% population distribution of horses and ponies and 59% of mules and donkeys. Total Indian equine population is 1.77 million (NRCE, 2011), which includes defined Indian horse breeds and Non-descript horses. Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important hemoprotozoan disease of horses in tropical and subtropical parts of the worid. In 1976, the equine piroplasmosis was reported in an outbreak form in imported horses and recorded 50.1%) and 49.76% incidence in North-West India by CAT & Dot-ELISA. National serosurveillance analysis at NRCE has revealed 28.58%) of overall seroprevalence of T. equi from India. The latent infection is common in non-descript equids of India. These animals act as nucleus for maintaining as well as spreading the infection through vector ticks. Thus the diagnosis of sub-clinical infection is of more relevance as these animals can remain carriers to the T. equi parasite throughout their life span. These latently infected animals may exhibit low performance following physical, immunological or mental stress due to the flare-up of underlying parasitemia leading to clinical form of the disease condition. In the present study, total 248 horses were studied for T. equi and 182 serum samples of horses were screened for B. caballi. The overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 12.09% as detected by PCR technique. The overall prevalence rate of B. caballi was 0.55% as detected by cELISA. The breed-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed was 23.81% in Nondescript breeds, 15.91%) in Kathiawari breeds and 11.40%) in Marwari breeds. The breed-wise prevalence was found to be statistically non-significant. The age-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed was 33.33%) in foals, 18.52%) in yearlings and 13.42% in adults. The age-wise prevalence was found highly significant. The difference in sex-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed were 22.86%) in males and 10.77% in females. The sex-wise prevalence was found to be highly significant. The health condition-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed in horses were 11.85%) in good health condition, 21.82%) in fair health condition and 20%o in poor health condition%. The difference in health condition-wise prevalence was found be statistically nonsignificant (P>0.05). The diagnosis of piroplasmosis remains a challenge since the parasitemia; was often very low and there was fluctuation in the clinical symptoms shown by the affected horses. The PCR, which is a molecular technique is more sensitive than parasitological method detected an overall prevalence rate of 12.1%. The competitive ELISA, which is a monoclonal antibody based and highly sensitive and specific test detected 0.55% prevalence rate of 5. caballi in horses. Out of 248 thin blood smears examined by using Giemsa staining technique, only 5 were found to be positive indicating a prevalence rate of 2.02% and the same was found to have low sensitivity compared to PCR which detected 12.1% prevalence. Clinical information including vital signs were also recorded. Most of the horses positive for T. equi had anorexia, colic, rhinotaxis, respiratory distress, lameness. abortion, presence of ticks, fever or pyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale or icteric mucous membrane, depression, edema of hind Hmbs, cohc, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, lameness, dyspnoea and previous history of treatment against piroplasms. In the present study, hemato-biochemical analysis of infected as well as healthy horses was performed to find out the severity of disease and probable outcome of diseases. In case of T. equi infection, TLC and Granulocytes were significantly increased (P<0.05) infected horses, while lymphocytes, Hb, MCH and PLT significantly decreased (P<0.01) compared to the healthy group of horses. A significant reduction (P<0.05) in RBC was also observed in infected group indicating anemia. A non-significant reduction (P>0.05) in MCHC and MCV as well as non-significant elevation (P>0.05) in PCV was also observed in infected group when compared to the healthy group. In case of T. equi infection, SGPT, SOOT, GOT, Total protein, Globulin, BUN, Creatinine and LDH were significantly increased (P<0.01) compared to the healthy group of horses. Non-significant elevation (P>0.05) of total bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin and glucose as well as non-significant reduction (P>0.05) of conjugated bilirubin, albumin and A/G ratio was also observed in infected group. There was no significant alteration (P>0.05) in the levels of serum calcium and phosphorus when compared to the healthy group. In case of horses positive for T. equi, there was significant increase (P<0.05) in Cortisol and T4 level. But there was significant reduction (P<0.01) in infected horses when compared to the healthy group. The Cortisol level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Kathiawari breeds compared to Marwari and Non-descript breeds. The Cortisol level of T. equi infected horses revealed significant reduction (P<0.05) in Kathiawari breeds whereas significant elevation (P<0.05) in Non-descript breeds. T3 concentration in Marwari breeds was found to be significantly decreased (P<0.01) whereas T4 level significantly increased in Non-descript breeds. There was no significant alteration in Cortisol, T3 and T4 level of T. equi infected horses of male and female groups when compared to the healthy group. Diagnosis of subclinical infections is important to prevent spread of equine piroplasmosis. Priority should be given for the development and validation of highly sensitive, simple and specific parasitological, serological or nucleic acid based diagnostic tool to distinguish infected and non-infected horses.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Epidemiology, Haematobiochemistry and Therapeutic Management of Polioencephalomalacia in Goats
    (AAU, Anand, 2015) Chavda, Payal Kantibhai; Mandali, G. C.
    Disease is a major impediment against successful goat keeping. Goats are affected by various diseases including those caused by infectious bacteria, virus, fungi as well as by numerous non-infectious and metabolic disorders. Apart from diseases of other systems, very few diseases of nervous system of goats are treatable successfully. It is important to be able to recognize treatable diseases of the nervous system and to differentiate them from untreatable and globally important diseases. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), also known as 'Cerebrocortical Necrosis' (CCN), is an important neiirologic disease of ruminants that is seen worldwide. Thiamine deficiency has been classically described as the cause of ruminant polioencephalomalacia. In the present study, a total of 43 goats were subjected to detailed clinical examinations which were suspected for PEM. A total of 43 whole blood samples and serum samples were collected. Forty three serum samples were screened for level of thiamine in affected goats using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Vitamin B] (VBi) (Cloud - Clone Corp.). Forty three peripheral blood smears were examined as a differential diagnosis from other diseases. Eighteen blood samples were subjected to analyze haematological parameters using Automatic Whole Blood Analyzer. Eightheen serum samples were subjected to analyze biochemical parameters using Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Out of 43 goats included in the study, 23 (53.49%) goats were diagnosed positive for PEM (i.e., serum thiamine level below 50nmol/l) based on EnzymerLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit for Vitamin B1. Retrospective analysis from the Data Bank at TVCC revealed an overall prevalence of 05.87 per cent of PEM in goats during period of one year, i.e., 2013-2014. The age-wise prevalence was higher among goats of 1-2 years of age (47.83%) followed by goats > 2 years of age (30.43%) and goats below 1 years of age (21.74%). Sex-wise prevalence per cent was higher in females (n=15; 65.22%) as compared to male (n=08; 34.78%). Breed-wise prevalence of PEM was high in Marwadi breed (39.13%)) and subsequently it was decrease in order to 30.43 per cent in Siirti breed, 17.39 per cent in Non-descript breed and 13.05 per cent in Ajmeri breed. The prevalence of PEM was recorded highest during the winter season (58.62%)) while it was lowest in summer season (03.45%,). The most significant clinical findings included nystagmus (73.90%), circling movement (52.16%), ataxia (47.83%)), recumbency (30.43%)), head pressing (26.09%), convulsion (21.74%), opisthotonos (17.38%), teeth grinding (17.38%) and star gazing posture (08.70%). Among various haematological parameters evaluated from 18 goats, PEM positive goats showed statistically non-significant differences in mean values of Hb, TEC, platelet count and PCV as compared to control group. Non-significant difference was observed in TLC counts of affected goats as compared to healthy ones. However, significant (P<0.05) neutrophilia and non-significant lyphocytopenia was found in affected goats compared to healthy goats. Among various RBC indices, non-significant differences were observed in values of MCV, MCHC and MCH in PEM positive goats compared to healthy ones. Statistically non-significant differences were observed in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in PEM positive goats compared to healthy goats. However, the mean value of glucose was increased significantly (P<0.01) in goats affected with PEM than healthy ones. Statistically significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in level of thiamine (ELISA test) in PEM postive goats compared to healthy ones. Six clinically healthy goats were considered as control under group-A, while 18 goats with PEM were grouped into 3 groups, viz., Group-B, C and D with 06 goats in each group for evaluation of therapeutic management of PEM. Goats of group-B were treated with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt, IV and IM on next day; group-C affected goats were treated with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., IV and IM on next day with dexamethasone @ 2-4 mg IM while, group-D affected goats with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., IV and IM on next day along with mannitol @ 2 ml/kg BW, IV. Apart from this, goats under each group were received similar supportive therapy. Goats were evaluated for improvement in clinical health status for three consecutive days. Goats under each therapeutic group showed uneventful clinical improvement supported by decreased in glucose levels and increased levels of thiamine on 2nd day post-treatment based on ELISA.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    ETIO-DIAGNOSIS & THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DEMODICOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS & CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN DEMODECTIC DOGS.
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) PATEL, J. KAMLESHBHAI; Nauriyal, D. S.
    On screening of 396 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary CUnical Service Complex, Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand between June 1, 2011 and May 31, 2012, the overall prevalence of canine demodicosis was observed to be 14.40 per cent. The cases of demodicosis were characterized as localized (19.05%) or generalized (80.95%), and juvenile onset (66.67%) or adult onset (33.33%). Season-wise highest prevalence was noticed during the summer (38.57%) which was closely followed by monsoon (36.84%)), and winter (24.59%)) season. The dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years of age group showed greater susceptibility to demodicosis (43.85%)) followed by dogs aged over 3 years (28.08%), those below 6 months (15.79%)), and the least in dogs aged between 6 to 12 months (12.28%o). Purebred dogs showed greater (77.20%o) susceptibility to demodicosis. Breed-wise prevalence indicated higher involvement of Labrador (21. 05%), followed by mongrel and Doben-nan (17.54% each). Pug (14.04%), GSD (12.28%), Great Dane (7.02%), Spitz (5.26%), and Rottweiler, Dalmatian and French Mastiff (1.74% each). Male dogs (64.91%)) showed greater involvement to demodicosis as compared to female dogs (35.09%). Demodicosis in dogs was diagnosed by deep skin scraping examination (DSS), trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy and exudates (E) microscopy. On microscopic examination, Demodex mites were seen in the deep skin scrapings from 14.40 per cent of dogs with dermatitis. On HP microscopy, four (50 %) out of eight cases of localized demodicosis and 31 (91.17%) out of 34 cases of generalized demodicosis were found positive for Demodex mites. On E microscopy, all fifteen cases of pyodemodicosis showed Demodex mites. Deep skin scraping (DSS) examination was found to be the most reliable method of diagnosis. Exudate microscopy and trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy showed 100 and 83.33 per cent sensitivity respectively.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PLANTS SOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM AND ACHYRANTHES ASPERA ON ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN WISTAR RATS
    (AAU, Anand, 2016) RATHVA, ALPESH N.; Raval, S. K.
    Urolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any levels of urinary tract. Stone formation is also documented in the early Sanskrit documents during 3000 and 2000 B.C. The problem of stone formation is considered as a medical challenge due to its multifactorial etiology and high rate of reoccurrence. Indigenous herbs are used as remedies against various diseases in the traditional system of medicine or in ethno medical practices. They are relatively safe, easily available, and affordable to the masses.. Number of medicinal plants shows antiurolthiatic activity and play vital role in prevention of disease Solanum xanthocarpum is commonly known as Yellow berried nightshade found as weed troughout India. The fruits are known for their anthelmintic, antipyretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, diuretic, antiurinary stone activity and aphrodisiac activities. Achyranthes aspera is an important medicinal plant which is found as a weed throughout India up to 900 m. It has been used all the parts in traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Seeds and roots are recommended for treatment of urinary disorders. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. There is no satisfactory method available for complete cure of urolithiasis. The study was conducted on 108 adult healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 18 groups (group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, DC, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII). All groups had six animals each. All the rats were numbered group wise and individually. Group I served as normal control consist of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water as stone inducing agent for 28 days, group I, II, XVI, XVII and XVIII animals were given normal water. Solatium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous and alcoholic extract were prepared from fruits of Solarium xanthocarpum and roots of Achyranthes aspera. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of both the plants were studied. The aqueous extract was yellowish brown of Solanum xanthocarpum and dark brown of Achyranthes aspera while alcoholic extract was dark brown and greenish brown respectively. Percent extractability of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of plant Solanum xanthocarpum was ranging from 31.11 to 21.23 % while Achyranthes aspera was ranging from 21.47 to 16.99 %. Extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1 ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood samples were collected twice: firstly after 28th days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days of dosing period i.e. on the 28th and 56th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected and preserved in 10 % formalin solution for histopathological examination. During the experiment data recorded for behavioral signs, feed consumption, body weight, hematology, serology, kidney homogenate analysis,, ultrasonography and histopathology. Paired T-test and One-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the effects of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera extracts with normal control group, ethylene glycol model group and group given plant extract on different variables like body weight, hematological, serum biochemical, urine biochemical and kidney homogenate parameters by using software SPSS (Version 20). All the data have been presented as mean ± SE. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behaviour, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. Lithiatic control rats showed symptoms like dullness and depression. No significant difference was observed in behavior of other groups. No major significant variation in feed consumption of Wistar rats in different groups during first week of induction was observed. But during study period after induction of urolithiasis. Group III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to fourth week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. After onset extract treatment group III showed significant (P <0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I as it was kept untreated while group VI, VII VIII, DC, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group III. That indicates that alcoholic biherbal plant extract was most effective against urolithiasis in Wistarrats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first four weeks. After onset of treatment group XII and XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compared to group III and also other treatment group. That indicated alcoholic biherbal plant extract have better effect against urolithiasis induction in Wistar rats. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period. No mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Biherbal plant extract didn't show any adverse effect on gross behavior of animals. Non-significant increase in mean value of haemoglobin, MCH and MCHC on 56th day (before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in in mean value of RBC, TLC, Lymphocytes, Granulocyte, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, PCV and MCV on 56th day(before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant difference was observed in serum albumin level before and after treatment in different groups during present study. Increased level of serum calcium, serum phosphorus while decreased level of serum magnesium and serum total protein in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. As compared to a normal control group, the stone inducing regimen caused a significant impairment of renal functions of the untreated group shown by high level of creatinine, uric acid, urea, and BUN in serum. These were dose dependently inhibited in the animals receiving a simultaneous treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased urine excretion of calcium, phosphorus while decreased excretion of magnesium in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased level of calcium, phosphate and oxalate in the kidney homogenate was observed in the lithiatic control group while co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes in dose dependently in the different groups. Ultrasonography of the kidney showed distinct cotico-medullary junction in the normal control. While lithiatic control group shows presence of numerous of hyperechoic foci at the cortico-medullary junction and indistinct cortico-medullary junction. While after treatment by aqueous and alcoholic extract the of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera hyperechoic foci were decreased and the corticomedullary junction become distinct after treatment in group IX, XI, XIII and XV which showed a therapeutic potential of both the plants. No gross and microscopic lesions were noted in liver and spleen of rats from different groups indicated no action of any chemicals and drugs used in this experiment on those organs during experiment. Histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups showed pathological alterations like presence of crystals in the cystic spaces, necrotic degeneration, inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group IX, XI, XIII and XV showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney. Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera consists of many principles having urolithiatic properties including flavonoids. These principles in Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera having protective effect against urolith are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney.