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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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2001 - 200920
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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOWNER COW SYNDROME
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) PATEL, BHAVIKA RAMESHBHAI; Patel, P. R.
    The downer cow syndrome is an emerging problem in high yielding cows. Management of such downer cows becomes a most challenging problem for any veterinarian. Downer cow syndrome is an extensively studied phenomenon all over the world but meager information has been reported in India. The present work on "Clinical Studies on Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Management of Downer Cow Syndrome" was undertaken during the period starting from 1st October 2008 to 15th May 2009 in and around Anand town (Gujarat) to study the epidemiology and clinical management of downer cow syndrome. A total of 2,242 cows were at risk for downer cow syndrome, out of which 48 cows (2.14%) were found to be showing definitive signs of downer syndrome. Out of 48 downer cows, the highest incidence was recorded in more than a week recumbent downer cows (21 cases; 43.8%) followed by five days (11 cases; 22.9%), three days (10 cases; 20.8%) and one day (6 cases; 12.5%)). Out of 48 cases of downer cows syndrome, the incidence was recorded to be highest in Jersey crossbred (25 cases; 52.0%), followed by Holstein Friesian crossbred (15 cases; 31,2%), pure Holstein Friesian (5 cases; 10.4%), non -descript (2 cases; 4.2%) and pure Jersey (1 case; 2.0%). Out of 48 cases of downer cow syndrome, the highest incidences was recorded in high milk producers (23 cases; 48%), followed by average milk producers (22 cases; 46%)) and low milk producers (3 cases; 6%). Out of 48 cases of downer cow syndrome, the incidence was recorded to be highest in third and fourth lactation (22 cases; 46.2%)), followed by second lactation (10 cases; 20.7%), first lactation (9 cases; 18.5%), sixth lactation (5 cases; 10.5%) and fifth lactation (two cases; 4.1%). Type of housing and hygienic condition was not found to be correlated with the incidence of downer cow syndrome. Majority of the cows suffered from downer syndrome around calving or within a month post parturition. However, cases also occurred in late lactation, advance pregnancy and other physiological states. Downer cows were found into two categories clinically alert downers (41 cases; 85.4%) and non alert downers (7 cases; 14.6%). The alert downers were bright and alert with normal or slightly reduced appetite. The body temperature, rumination, urination and defecation were normal. The heart and respiratory rates were normal except few cows which had accelerated heart and respiratory rates (12 cases; 29.2%). Such cows tried to get up from front but were unable to raise their hind quarters. Characteristic crawling was also observed in fourteen (31.1%)) downer cows. The non-alert downers preferred lateral recumbency and they were completely anorectic with accelerated heart and respiratory rates. Haematologically, the downer cows had significantly (p<0.05) decreased Hb (7.90 ± 0.45), PCV (24.65 ± 1.26) and TEC (4.77 ± 0.15). Whereas significant (p<0.05) increased MCV (62.43±1.25), decreased MCHC (27.61 ±1.30), relatively neutropliiiia (44.12±1.97) and lymphopenia (52.83±2.12). The concentration of blood glucose (104.14 ± 6.57), BUN (20.00 ± 1.89) and creatinine (3.62 ± 0.53mg/dl) were significantly higher in downer cows. The activities of serum enzymes like AST (196.95 ± 19.41), ALT (57.41±7.84), CPK (14.93±1.07) and LDH (503.91 ±6.42) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in downer cows. Downer cows had significantly (p<0.05) low calcium (7.58±0.26), phosphorus (3.84±0.13), magnesium (2.82±0.09) and potassium (3.15±0.18) concentration. Majority of downer cows suffered from net deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium while some had combined deficiency. The Cortisol level (151.00±0.48) significantly (p<0.05) elevated in downer cow syndrome. Histopathologically, necrosis of muscle, demyelinization as well as loss of axon of nerves and degenerative changes in heart, liver, and kidney were characteristic features. In order to understand and formulate suitable diagnosis and therapeutic measures; clinical symptoms, haematology, biochemical profile, enzymes, minerals and electrolyte were studied on 48 cows suffering form downer cow syndrome. With combined therapy consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and nervine stimulant at parenteral route with manual change of sides, massage of limbs and lifting of animals manually or with the help of sling on two-three occasions a day, success could be gained in 52 per cent downer cows (25 out of 48). The downer thus treated showed clinical recovery within a period of 3-40 days.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON CLINICO-ETIOPATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS CANINE DERMATOSES
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) Nair, Sreegeetha Sreedharan; Nauriyal, D. S.
    On screening of 2618 dogs brought at the Zaveri Clinic affiliated to the College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period January 2001 and December 2001, the overall incidence of dermatitis was observed to be 23.68 per cent (620 cases). Of the various types of dermatitis studied the incidence of tick infestation was found to be maximum (19.19%) whereas that of acanthosis nigricans was minimum (0.32 per cent), Greater number of cases of dermatitis were observed during the rainy season (45.48%) while breedwise GSD (27.90%), Spitz (26.12%) and Mongrel (21.29%) showed higher susceptibility to skin afflictions. More than 50 per cent of the affected dogs were found to be males and 48.06 per cent dogs presented with dermatological afflictions were between 1 to 6 years of age. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings collected from suspected cases of scabies, demodicosis and fungal infection revealed Demodex spp. (10 cases), Sarcoptes scahiei var. cams (13 cases) and fungal hyphae or spores (15 cases). Further, cultural inoculation of scrapings from suspected cases of fungal infection resulted in isolation of 10 fungal isolcates identified as Trichophyton spp. (2), filamentous fungi (4), Aspergilhis spp. (2) and yeast (2 isolates). The bacteriologjcal culture examination of 43 pus swabs collected from pyogenic skin lesions resulted in the growth of 44 bacterial isolates which were obtained either as nionomicrobic or as mixed culture. Similarly bacterial cultural examination of otic exudates also yielded growth of bacterial isolates in pure culture or mixed culture, Among various bacteria cultured, Staphylococcus spp, accounted for the highest number of isolates from cases of pyoderma as well as otitis externa. One of the ear exudates collected from a Cocker Spaniel with seborrhoeic sicca resulted in the isolation of Malassezia pachydcnnatis: In vitro antibacterial susceptibility test performed on all the bacterial isolates obtained from cases of pyoderma and otitis externa exhibited highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin which also proved to be the most effective antibacterial when used in the treatment of clinical cases. Hematological study conducted on dermatitis revealed statistically significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration and total erythrocytic count, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophilia and eosinophilia, Histopathological study of the biopsy specimens collected from cases of dermatological afflictions revealed characteristic changes. The histopathological alterations observed in the biopsy specimens of pyoderma comprised of acute superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and chronic suppurative deimatitis. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stained sections of skin infected with fungi showed fungal spores and hyphae along with other pronounced histological changes such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, presence of scales on the epidermis as well as follicular changes. In case of scabies, predominenl changes noticed included presence of degenerated pieces of mites mixed with exudate in the epidermis or epidermal burrows, in demodicosis, the predominent changes included dilatation of hair follicles with mites, folliculitis and destruction of hair follicles and dermal tissue. Skin biopsies from cases of flea-allergic dermatitis, tick, lice and fly infestations showed body parts of parasites and their excreta mixed with keratin and cellular debris on the superficial epidermis. The cases of allergic dermatitis revealed epidermal and dermal oedema, superficial exudate, necrotic changes and cellular infiltration. The seborrhoeic lesions revealed hyperkeratosis of epidermis, hyperkeratotic projection of papillae and keratin plugging of the hair follicles. In acral lick dermatitis, notable microscopic changes included sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratinization and destruction of collagen fibre. The biopsy from callus lesions revealed subepidermal cyst and keratin pearl and dermal fibrosis. Histological changes in acanthosis nigrican included detachment of keratin layer, epidermal papillae and atrophy of hair follicles. Histopathological investigation of tumourous masses revealed characteristic lesions of lipoma, fibromelanoma, hemangioma and adenocarcinoma. The cases of pyoderma and pyogenic lesions were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and cephalexin and topical antiseptic preparations. The dogs suffering from fungal infections were treated effectively with topical antifungal drugs alone or in combination with griseofulvin. In infestations caused by Sarcoptes and Demodex spp., topical use of amitraz and subcutaneous injection of ivermectin or simultaneous use of both drugs brought about clinical and parasitological cure. In case of scabies, use of other ectoparasiticidal drugs viz. deltamethrin and cypermethrin also proved to be effective. In flea-infested dogs and dogs with other arthropod parasites like ticks, lice and flies, treatment of both the animal and its environment with acaricidal drugs was found to be effective in controlling parasite population. The ectoparasiticidal compounds found effective against fleas were carbaryl and deltamethrin. The insecticides found effective against ticks, lice and flies included deltamethrin, cypermethrin, carbaryl and amitraz. Combination of topical use of these drugs along with subcutaneous injection of invermectin also proved to have appreciable parasiticidal effects on arthropods. The effective management of immune mediated dermatoses (contact dermatitis, atopy, food allergy and drug allergy) was done by identification of the underlying cause, its correction and control of pruritus with topical and systemic antipruritic agents. In cases of seborrhoea, the lesions showed resolution with the use of selenium sulphide containing antiseborrhoeic shampoo for bathing, topical use of keratolytic compound along with dietary supplementation with sunflower or peanut oil. The cases of acral lick dermatitis were treated effectively with combination of drugs comprising of oral administration of corticosteroids and intra-lesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. The callus condition was clinically managed by daily soaking of the affected area in luke-warm water and topical use oremollienl cream on the lesions. The lesions observed in acanthosis nigrican were treated with topical application of compound containing benzoic acid and use of corticosteroid drug. The pruritus associated with various disorders barring demodicosis was controlled with systemic use of prednisolone in tapering dosage. Non-sleroidal antiinflammatory drugs like clemastine and hydroxyzine also showed excellent therapeutic response in most of the cases of pruritus. The treatment protocol found effective in the treatment of ear infection comprised of cleaning of ear debris using a ceruminolytic/ear wax dissolvent and subsequently instillation of ear preparations containing antibacterial drugs (in cases of bacterial infection) or antifungal drugs (in case of mycotic infection). The cases of otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis were treated successfully by systemic use of ketoconazole and instillation with otic preparation containing antifungal agent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ETIO-PATHOLOGY OF BACTERIAL AND MYCOLOGICAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN AND EAR IN CANINES AND THEIR CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) MHATRE, MILIND DNYANESH; Nauriyal, D. S.
    On screening of 2440 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex. Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period between January, 2004 to December, 2004, the overall incidence of dermatitis was observed to be 15.98 per cent (391 cases). The three conditions studied in the present investigation were pyoderma, fungal skin infections and otitis externa in dogs, and the incidence of these ailments was observed to be 18.97, 2.31 and 9.74 per cent, respectively. The collective incidence of other skin diseases was found to be 69.23 per cent which included the skin diseases other than those studied in the present investigation. Greater number of cases of pyoderma were observed during monsoon season (44.59 %), whereas higher number of cases of otitis externa were recorded in summer season (59.26 %). Cases of fungal infections of skin were observed to be more in summer season. Breed-wise incidence of pyoderma was found to be more in Spitz (23.54 %), followed by Doberman (20.58 %). Out of the four culturally confirmed cases of fungal dermatitis, three dogs belonged to mongrel breed while one was crossbred. Otitis externa was also found to affect Spitz and mongrel breeds of dogs (29.93 % each). Male dogs were found to be more susceptible (52.56 %) to dermatological afflictions than that of female dogs. The involvement of males with fungal dermatoses (75 %) was highest, followed by pyoderma (67.64 %), and otitis externa (62.96 per cent). Age-wise distribution of pyoderma indicated that it occurred more in young dogs belonging to less than 1-year age group. The occurrence of fungal infections and otitis externa was observed to be more in dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years age group. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings collected from suspected cases of secondary folliculitis to demodicosis and fungal infection revealed Demodex spp. in 5 cases, however, fungal hyphae or spores could not be observed on direct microscopy. Furthermore, mycological culture of scrapings from suspected cases of fungal infection resulted in isolation of 4 fungal isolates identified as Microsporum canis. Trichophyton spp., Aspergillus spp. and a filamentous fungi. The bacteriological culture examination of 34 pus swabs collected from pyogenic skin lesions resulted in the growth of 35 bacterial isolates which were obtained either as monomicrobic isolates or as mixed culture. Similarly, bacterial culture examination of 27 swabs of otic exudates yielded growth of 22 bacterial isolates in pure culture, three isolates as mixed culture with bacteria or yeasts and two Malassezia pachydermatis pure isolates. Among various bacteria organisms recovered on culture, Staphylococcus intermedins accounted for the highest number of isolates from cases of pyoderma as well as otitis externa. In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility test performed on all the bacterial isolates obtained from cases of pyoderma and otitis externa exhibited highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin which also proved to be the most effective antibacterial when used in the treatment of clinical cases. Haematological study revealed the values of haemoglobin for otitis externa to be significantly lower. The values of TLC indicated statistically significant increase in case of pyoderma and fungal infections. The difference in neutrophil count for pyoderma and fungal skin infection was found to be statistically significant. The values of lymphocytic count in pyoderma, otitis externa and fungal infections of skin were found to be decreased significantly. The difference in monocyte count observed in dogs suffering from otitis externa was found to be highly significant. The average values of eosinophil count in cases of pyoderma, otitis externa as well as fungal infections of skin were observed to be significantly higher. The values of basophilic count for pyoderma, otitis externa as well as fungal skin infections were also found to be statistically significant in comparison with control group Histopathological study on the skin biopsy specimens collected from cases of dermatological afflictions revealed characteristic changes. The histopathological alterations observed in the biopsy specimens from pyoderma comprised of acute superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and chronic suppurative dermatitis. The biopsy from callus lesions revealed perifolliculitis, hyperkeratosis, rafts of acantholytic cells, subepidermal cyst and dermal fibrosis. Sections of skin infected with fungi showed fungal spores and hyphae along with other pronounced histological changes such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and presence of scales on the epidermis as well as follicular changes. The cases of pyoderma and pyogenic lesions were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics like enrofloxacin, erythromycin, cephadroxil and cephalexin and topical antiseptic preparations. The dogs suffering from fungal infections were treated effectively with topical antifungal drugs alone or in combination with either griseofulvin or ketoconazole. The pruritus associated with pyoderma, fungal skin infection and otitis externa was controlled with systemic use of prednisolone in tapering dosage. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs like clemastine and hydroxyzine also showed good therapeutic response in most of the cases of pruritus. The treatment protocol found effective in the cases of ear infection comprised of cleaning ear debris using a ceruminolytic/ear wax dissolvent and subsequently instillation of ear preparations containing antibacterial drugs (in cases of bacterial. infection) or antifungal drugs (in case of mycotic infection). In those cases not responding to topical medication, systemic antibacterial therapy was instituted by using the antibacterial drug found to be effective on in-vitro testing. Inflamed ears were treated using topical and/or systemic steroid preparations. The cases of otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis were treated successfully by systemic use of ketoconazole and instillation with otic preparation containing antifungal agent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEY STUDY OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISORDERS IN HOSPITAL POPULATION OF DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICO-PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS ASPECTS OF ASCITES
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) MISHRA, BHASKAR; Jani, R. G.
    The present study of epidemiology of gastro-intestinal disorders in dogs with special reference to ascites was carried out from I'" September 2003 to 31st August 2004, in the canine population which were brought for the treatment of various ailments in the hospitals of Gujarat region. The basic objectives of above studies was to know the epidemiology parameters, clinico-pathological changes and therapeutic regimens with the view to correlate prevalence rate, early diagnosis and treatment so that proper and effective control measures can be taken up to prevent the digestive disorders and to control the primary cause which leads to development of ascites in dogs. A total of 267 dogs were screened including ten healthy dogs, which were kept as control groups through surveillance. Out of 267 cases of dogs, the highest prevalence rate among different gastro-intestinal disorders was observed for gastroenteritis (32.2 per cent) followed by enteritis (25.5 per cent). The prevalence rate of ascites was found to be 8.2 per cent. Pomeranian breed was found to be most affected with gastrointestinal disorders with prevalence rate of 29.2 per cent followed by local nondescript breed (22.1 per cent). The prevalence rate of ascites was found to be highest in local non-descript breed (1.9 per cent) followed by Pomeranian breed (1.5 per cent). Most of the dogs affected with gastro-intestinal disorders were in the above 12' months class (39.4 per cent) which declined in 0-3 month's class (20.3 per cent). In above 12 months class, the highest prevalence was observed for enteritis (30.5 per cent) followed by gastritis (23.7 per cent). In case of ascites, highest prevalence rate was observed in above 12 months class age group (12.2 per cent). Male showed the overall disease prevalence of 60.0 per cent. The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders was found to be 54.7 per cent in male and 37.1 per cent in female dogs, while for ascites male showed 5.2 per cent while females showed 2.6 per cent prevalence. Bi-Monthly prevalence of GI disorders was recorded highest during March-April (25.1 per cent) and in summer season (38.6 per cent). For ascites, the higher prevalence rate (3.4 per cent) was observed in May-June and in summer season (5.2 per cent). Most of the dogs affected with gastro-intestinal disorders were presented with the signs of Vomition (64.1), Melena (4.3 per cent), and Diarrhoea (70.2 per cent). For ascites, dogs were showing the clinical signs of Polypnoea (66.7 per cent). Tachycardia (12.1 per cent), and icteric mucosa (57.6 per cent) while abdominal distension was recorded in 66.7 per cent of total dog population. The overall mortality was found to be 72.7 per cent, highest in mongrel/crossbred and Labrador breeds (100 per cent) which was recorded highest in 0-3 month's class followed by 10-12 months class (50.0 per cent). 65.0 per cent mortality was recorded in male ascitic dogs as compared to 25.0 per cent in females. Highest mortality was recorded in September- October (100 per cent) and in summer season (66.7 per cent). Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) change in Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count and liver specific enzymes, suggesting infectious aetiology. Significant (P<0.05) alterations was found in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Total Plasma Protein (TPP) and Glucose (GLU). The mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 43.00 + 2.5298 per cent and 31.1905 ± 1.4320 per cent respectively. The mean Total Leucocytes Count (TLC) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 10400.00 ± 748.3315 per cent and 28142.85 ± 4478.1404 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Total Leucocytes Count (TLC). The mean Neutrophils Count (N) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 67.9000 ± 1.1397 per cent and 59.7143 ± 1.4592 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Neutrophils Count (N). The mean Lymphocyte Count (L) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 21.9000 ± 0.3826 per cent and 27.33 ± 0,796 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Lymphocyte Count (L). The mean Eosinophils Count (E) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 1.7000 ± 0.2134 per cent and 4.1905 ± 0.3282 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Eosinophils Count (E). No statistically significant differences was observed for Monocytes Count (M) when compared with ascites dogs and healthy dogs (P>0.05). The mean Monocytes Count (M) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 4.9000 ± 0.4819 per cent and 5.2857 ± 0.3460 per cent respectively. The mean Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 47.6000 ± 1.9562 per cent and 22.2076 ± 1.536 per cent respectively There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) values and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values were also found to show statistically significant difference with control group dogs. The mean Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 15.7000 ± 0.9074 per cent and 64.0733 ± 2.0315 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) value. The mean and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 6.3000 ± 0.6155 per cent and 4.1162 ± 0.3433 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values. The values for Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Glucose were found to be statistically non-significant (P>0.05). The mean Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) values in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 64.9000 ± 1.6155 per cent and 67.8067 ± 2.5786 per cent respectively. The mean Glucose values in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 87.5000 ± 3.9616 per cent and 98.3238 ± 2.8068 per cent respectively. 80.0 per cent of the ascitic cases were found to be showing response with combined drug therapy with antibiotics, liver extracts, diuretics, corticosteroids, anthelmintics and with certain homeopathic preparations. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against gastro-intestinal disorders and effective measures to check primary causes leading to ascites. Advice was given for regular deworming, vaccination and implementation of good nutrition and hygienic approach. Review of literature, various methods, techniques put to use, the constraints and suggestions for future are detailed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEILLANCE, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF SUBCLINICAL, HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA AND HYPOCALCAEMIA IN DAIRYCOWS OF PADDY CULTIVATED AREA OF KHEDA DISTRICT.
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) PAREKH., RAKESHKUMAR H.; Jani, R. G.
    Amongst the domestic fiwm animals, the metabolic diseases achieve their greatest importance in dairy cows.The variation in input of feed , abnormaility of internal environment and change in intake and secretion reflects as the outcome of subdued subclinical or clinical manifestations of metabolic diseases. In many instances, the existences of such problems reflect the abnormalities in the organic composition of crops and of the soils upon which these crops are cultivated. Animals fed on such deficient fodder and feeds are likely to show deficiency syndromes . Kheda is one of the district of Charotar region where paddy growing is the main and major crops of some talukas .The study was undertaken in 300 non-supplemented indigenous( 60)and mineral mixture supplemented cross bred dairy cows (240) of four talukas. i.e. Matar (81), Petalad (75), Tarapur (70) and Khambhat(74). The cows were classified as heifer( 24), non pregnant- non composition of crops and of the soils upon which these crops are cultivated Animals fed on such deficient fodder and feeds are likely to show deficiency syndromes. Kheda is one of the district of Charotar region where paddy growing is the main and major crops of some talukas .The study was undertaken in 300 nonsupplemented indigenous( 60)and mineral mixture supplemented cross bred dairy cows (240) of four talukas. i.e. Matar (81), Petalad (75), Tarapur (70) and Khambhat(74). The cows were classified as heifer( 24), non pregnant- non milking (66), non pregnant- milking (142), pregnant- non milking(36) and pregnant-milking (32). The mean calcium levels in indigenous cows was observed as 7.405 ± 0.204 mg/dl, whereas, in crossbreed cows the level was 7.233 ± 0.100 mg/dl. The difference between the two groups was found statistically non-significant. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels in indigenous cows was found 7.588 ± 0.303 mg/dl which was significantly(P<0.05) lower than the levels in crossbreed cows, which was 8.584 ± 0.149 mg/dl.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEY OF THE HEALTH STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM FOR CAPTIVE LARGE FELIDS
    (AAU, Anand, 2002) SABAPARA, RAMESH H.; Jani, R. G.
    Zoos serve as an important institution devoted to the conservation of endangered fauna. Major objectives of zoo include conservation, education and scientific research. Asiatic lions, Bengal tigers and Indian leopards are categorised as endangered species of large felids that require proper attention for its future survival. With an objective to study the health status of captive large felids of zoos and to develop a scientific health monitoring system, the present study was undertaken. The animals from Ahmedabad, Baroda, Junagadh and Rajkot zoos were included in the study. The large cats of the zoos were examined clinically for their health statx s and detailed examinations of biological material were carried out. The lions, tigers and leopards revealed clinically healthy with out any manifestation of diseases. The clinical parameters viz., rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were recorded that found within the range Haematological and biochemical parameters were studies from 44 lions, 12 tigers and nine leopards. 12 haematological, 11 biochemical and 16 minerals were studied from each blood sample. No significant variation was observed in most of these parameters while compared between the species of large felids. No significant morphological differences were observed in the blood ceU of large felids. Mean diameter of RBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes in µm were 5.84 ± 0.13, 10.12 ± 0.06, 8.087 ± 0.09, 12.32 ± 0.13 and 13.18±0.15 respectively. The samples for bacteriological study were collected from 12 lions, six tigers and ten leopards. Rectal, oral and nasal swabs were collected and analysed. Major genus of bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (30.77 %), Aeromonas spp. (12.50 %), Shigella spp. (10.58 %), Proteus and Staphylococcus spp. (11.54 %), Citrobacter spp. (9.62 %) and Salmonella spp. (5.77 %). Other less frequent bacterial organisms were Streptococcus spp. (3.85 %), Monococcus spp. (1.92 %), Pseudomonas app. (0.96 %) and Klebseilla spp. (0.96 %). The cultural isolation from meat and water was carried from 10 samples and total 18 bacterial isolates were recorded. E. coli was found in 6 samples. Streptococcus spp. in 4 samples, Staphylococcus spp. in 4 samples, Aeromonas spp. in 2 samples, Monococcus spp. in 2 samples. From ten water samples E. coli was isolated in 60 %, Citrobacter spp. in 20 % and Salmonella spp. in 20 %. Parasitic screening of stool samples from 54 lions, 22 tigers and 32 leopards revealed Ascaria spp. as the most common parasitic ova with overall occurrence as 16.67 %. Other parasitic ova recorded were Ancylostoma spp. (9.26 %), Spirometra spp. (3.7 %) and Isospora spp. (3.7 %). Antibody detection was carried from the sera samples of 27 lions, 3 tigers and 9 leopards, using commercially available ELIZA kits. Antibodies against canine distemper, feline leukaemia and feUne infectious peritonitis virus were detected in 35.90 %, 56.41 % and 58.97 % respectively from the sera of large cats. Antibodies against immunodeficiency, leishmania protozoa and antigen of feline leukaemia were not detected in any of the samples tested. The screening of stool samples (n=108) from seven species of captive carnivores using polymerase chain reaction technique did not reveal parvo viral DNA. Since the existing health monitoring system is not adequate, several recommendations and suggestions have been incorporated to develop uniform health monitoring system for captive large felids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MANGE IN BUFFALOES AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT WITH CYPERMETHRIN AND SOME HERBAL COMPOUNDS
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) THAKAR, FALGUNI S.; Patel, P. R.
    Mange infestation in buffaloes is one of the main factors causing variable morbidity and mortality in subtropical countries like India. The present study was carried out for the period from 1st July 2003 to 31st October 2003 involving buffalo population in three villages of Anand district of Gujarat state. The work embodies results of endeavors directed towards generation of data through epidemiological surveillance in buffaloes, to investigate clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimen with a view to correlate prevalence rate, prognosis and early diagnosis so that proper control measures can be taken up. The study was intended to obtain and analyze epidemiological data for mange in rural buffaloes with special reference to age and sex of animal, nutritional status, hygienic condition, management practices and housing pattern. The confirmed cases of mange were treated using various therapeutic agent/s using cypermethrin (CIS) and other herbal acaricidal compounds to evaluate their efficacy by clinical improvement and hematological parameters. A total of 710 buffaloes were screened through surveillance, of which 70 were found positive for mange. Overall incidence of mange was found to be 9.86% among the surveyed buffaloes. The specieswise distribution of mange comprised of sarcoptic 36 (51.43 per cent), psoroptic in 22 (31.43 per cent) and mixed mange infestations in 12 (17.14 per cent) buffaloes. The overall prevalence was higher in the animals below one year of age (68.57%) as compared to animals above one year of age (31.43%). The incidence of sarcoptic, psoroptic and mixed mange infestation was almost double (66.67%, 68.18%) and 75.00%, respectively) in the animals below one year of age as compared to the animals above one year of age (33.33%), 31.82%) and 25.00%, respectively). The incidence of sarcoptic mange was higher in female animals (55.56%)) as compared to male animals (44.44%)). The incidence of psoroptic mange and mixed infestation was higher in male animals (59.09%o and 66.66%, respectively) as compared to female animals (40.91%) and 33.34%, respectively). The incidence of mange of either type was higher in the buffaloes, which were raised on mixed feeding pattern (64.29%). The incidence of all the types of mange was almost double in 48 buffaloes (68.57%)) kept on poor state of nutrition as compared to 22 buffaloes with fair nutrition (31.43%)). Poor hygienic condition (62.86%) and confinement in stall (77.15%)) were also found to be contributing factors in the higher incidence of mange in buffaloes. Most of the buffaloes affected with sarcoptic mange were found dull and restless. Constant rubbing of the affected part with walls and poles resulted in pruritus (97.14%), alopecia (84.28%) and oozing of blood (74.28%) as common feature. The skin lesions were noticed highest over back (35) followed by neck (31), sacrum (28) and legs (25) in buffaloes affected with sarcoptic mange, whereas highest over shoulder (21) and wither (19), followed by back and tail (17), brisket (15) and perineum (15) in buffaloes affected with psoroptic mange. Chronic cases were represented with dry scabby encrustation with wrinkling of skin in both the groups. Skin scrapings were examined for presence of causative mange and blood for haematological alteration from the affected buffaloes before and 21 day after the treatment. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings revealed all the stages of sarcoptic and psoroptic mange ranging from embryonated egg to adult gravid females. A large number of mites were found in the skin scraping samples collected from the granular crust type of lesions as well as deep skin scrapings. Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count and packed cell volume indicating mild to moderate anaemia in the affected group of buffaloes compared to the healthy group. There was decrease in the values of MCHC, MCH, and MCV of the affected buffaloes. There was not much alteration in the TLC, however, significant increase in the level of eosinophils and decrease in the level of lymphocytes of the affected buffaloes suggested infestations with migratory tissue parasitic features. Buffaloes naturally infested with mange were divided into five groups viz., A, B, C, D & E of 8, 10, 11, 11, and 6 animals, respectively. The animals of the groups A, B, C and D were subjected to topical treatment with 1% cypermethrin (CIS) in arachis oil, 50% custard seed oil in arachis oil, neem oil and karanj oil, respectively. Total number of days required for clinicoparasitological cure for sarcoptic mange were 14, 11, 10 and 14 under neem oil, karanj oil, custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) and cypermethrin (CIS) treatment groups, respectively. Topical application of arachis oil did not result in any clinical improvement of the affected buffaloes. Efficacy of custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) and cypermethrin (CIS) was cent percent over sarcoptes mange, whereas neem oil and karanj oil were efficacious over 83.33% cases under the treatment. Clinicoparasitological cure for psoroptic mange required 16, 7, 12 and 12 days under neem oil, karanj oil, custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) and cypermethrin (CIS) treatment groups, respectively. Topical application of arachis oil did not result in any clinical improvement of the affected buffaloes in this group also. Efficacy of neem oil and custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) was found to be moderate (80%), followed by cypermethrin (CIS) (75%) and least with karanj oil (60%). Overall, irrespective of the type of the mange, efficacy of the custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) was excellent and brought the clinicoparasitological cure within 10 to 12 days. Post treatment changes in haematological parameters were indicative of gradual replenishment with increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, lymphocyte, MCV, MCH, MCHC and decrease in the values of TLC, neutrophils, eosinophils in the treated animals on 21 days after the treatment. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable prophylactic measures and treatment against the sarcoptic and psoroptic mange in buffaloes. Avoiding mixed feeding pattern and close confinements of the buffaloes were advised. It was indicated to keep the buffaloes in good hygienic condition and fair plane of nutrition. Review of literature, modalities of techniques employed, the constraints and suggestion are detailed. Regular use of effective acaricidal compound viz., cypermethrin (CIS) and custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) in management practice was suggested to minimize the incidence of mange in buffaloes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS IN BOVINES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOMATIC CELL COUNT (SCC) AS A MASTITIS MARKER
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) Patel, Manishkumar Dasharathalal; Nauriyal, D. S.
    Intramammary infection (IMI) is considered a potential threat to dairy farmer, dairy industry as well as to the milk consumers. Of the two versions of the disease, subclinical IMI accounts for a majority of losses incurred on account of udder infections. The present study was conducted during September 1999 to February, 2000 at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand with a view to find out the incidence of subclinical IMI among cows and to work out the efficacy of somatic cell count as well as California mastitis test in detecting cases of insidious IMI by using bacteriological culture examination as reference test. An important part of the present investigation was to study the effects of various factors on somatic cell counts in milk samples from healthy quarters. On screening of 46 lactating cows belonging to the herd maintained at Livestock -Research Station, Anand, the overall incidence of subclinical IMI was observed to be 73.91 per cent. Quarterwise incidence was recorded at 43.47 per cent. Among infected quarters, rear and left-side quarters exhibited greater involvement. More frequent infection of single quarter was noticed than multiple quarters. Cows in their second lactation showed highest incidence of subclinical IMI. Similarly, cows in their early stage of lactation were found to be more frequently associated with insidious intramammary infections. Such infection was found to be more common among HF x J x K crossbred cows than other crosses. In cows which were administered dry-cow therapy at the end of their preceding lactation, quarterwise infection rate was found to be 43.75 per cent. Out of 80 infected quarters, 48 showed monomicrobic infection whereas mixed infection was observed in remaining 32 quarters. On microbiological culture examination, a total of 80 bacterial isolates were recovered which comprised of 24 isolates of CNS, 17 of Micrococcus spp., 11 each of E. coh'and coagulate-positive staphylococci, 6 each of Klebsiella spp. and Bacillus spp., 4 each of Str. agalactiae and Str. uteris, 3 of Enterobacteriaceae family (other than E. coli and Klebsiella spp.), one each of Str. dysgalactiae and Pseudomonas spp. Among 32 fungal isolates, 9 isolates of yeast (Candida spp.), 7 of A. niger, 5 of Aspergillus spp., 4 each of A . fumigatus and Penicillium spp., 2 of Curvularia. spp. and one isolate of Chaetomium spp. were recovered on culture.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEILLANCE, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA AND HYPOCALCAEMIA IN DAIRYCOWS OF PADDY CULTIVATED AREA OF KHEDA DISTRICT
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) PAREKH, RAKESHKUMAR H.; Jani, R. G.
    Amongst the domestic farm animals, the metabolic diseases achieve their greatest importance in dairy cows.The variation in input of feed , abnormaility of internal environment and change in intake and secretion reflects as the outcome of subdued subclinical or clinical manifestations of metabolic diseases. In many instances, the existences of such problems reflect the abnormalities in the organic composition of crops and of the soils upon which these crops are cultivated Animals fed on such deficient fodder and fieds are likely to show deficiency syndromes . Kheda is one of the district of Charotar region where paddy growing is the main and major crops of some talukas. .The study was undertaken in 300 non-supplemented indigenous( 60)and mineral mixture supplemented cross bred dairy cows (240) of four talukas, i.e Matar (81), Petalad (75), Tarapur (70) and Khambhat(74). The cows were classified as heifer( 24), non pregnant- non milking (66), non pregnant- milking (142), pregnant- non milking(36) and pregnant- milking (32). The mean calcium levels in indigenous cows was observed as 7.405 ± 0.204 mg/dl, whereas, in crossbreed cows the level was 7.233 ± 0.100 mg/dl. The difference between the two groups was found statistically non-significant. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels in indigenous cows was found 7.588 ± 0.303 mg/dl which was significantly(P<0.05) lower than the levels in crossbreed cows, which was 8.584 ± 0.149 mg/dl. The mean Ca: P ratio for the indigenous and crossbreed cows was 1.127 ± 0.682 and 0.967 ± 0.033, respectively, which differed significantly. The mean plasma calcium levels for indigenous cows of Matar, Petlad, Tarapur and Khambhat were 7.495±0.366, 7.282 ±0.194, 7.467 ±0.388, and 7.377+ 0.401 mg/dl. respectively. Non significant differences were evident from the above findings. The mean plasma calcium levels for crossbreed cows in above talukas were 7.388±0.195, 7.128±0.194, 6.891 ±0.211, and 7.435+ 0.202 mg/dl respectively which did not differed significantly. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels for indigenous cows represented 7.131±0.682,7.557+0.766,7.665+0.589,7.878+0.534 whereas for crossbreed cows 8.226+0.306, 8.069+0.292, 8.749±0.303 and 9.145+0.258 mg/dl respectively which differed statistically significant (P<0.05) between indigenous and crossbred cow groups. The mean Ca: P ratio for indigenous and cross bred cows of the various talukas revealed non-significant(P<0.05) difference .There were non significant(P<0.05) differences within and between the indigenous non-supplemented and crossbreed supplemented groups of the different cow classes were observed when the data for plasma calcium levels ,inorganic phosphorus and Ca:P ratio were analysed .The mean plasma calcium level in indigenous and crossbreed hypocalcemic cows were 6.628+0.100 and 6.513+0.052, mg/ dl respectively, which was non significant(P<0.05) between the two groups where as the mean plasma inorganic phosphorous and Ca: P ratio in indigenous and crossbreed hypocalcemic cows were 7.875+0.398 and 9.210+0.149 mg/dl respectively which differed significantly(P<0.05). In the indigenous cows the mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels were 6.387+0.175 mg/dl for normophosphatemic cows, 3.754+ 0.279 mg/dl for marginally and 2.820+0.838 mg/dl for moderately hypophosphatemic cows, where as overall 3.661+0.100 mg/dl and 9.956+0.161 mg/dl in hyperphosphatemic cows. In the crossbreed cows, the values-were 6.369+ 0.102 mg/dl for normophosphatemic cows, 3.661+0.21, and 2.85+0.838 mg/dl for marginally and moderately hypophosphate cows,, whereas the values for overall hypophosphatemic were 3.612+0.067 and hyperphosphatemic cows were 9.991+0.067 mg/dl. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus level did not differ significantly(P<0.05) between indigenous and crossbreed cows from their respective sub-groups where as the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in indigenous and crossbreed cows which was observed 16.70 per cent and 7.10 per cent respectively. The prevalence of hypocalcemia in indigenous cow classes of heifers, non- pregnant non-milking, non-pregnant milking,pregnant non-milking and pregnant milking as 2 per cent, 2.66 per cent, 5.66 per cent, 2.66 per cent and 2 per cent respectively; where as the prevalence of hypocalcemia in crossbreed cow classes heifers, non- pregnant non-milking, non-pregnant milking,pregnant non-milking and pregnant milking were 4 per cent, 13.66 per cent, 31.66 per cent,7.33 per cent and 6 per cent respectively. 25 per cent of the indigenous and 22 per cent cross bred cows revealed normo-calcemic status where as total 75 and 77.90 per cent indigenous and cross bred cows were in hypocalcemic status of which 63.30 and 58.30 per cent were flirther grouped as marginal hypo calcemic indigenous and cross bred cows. 11.70 and 19.60 per cent indigenous and cross bred cows were under moderate hypocalcemic stage. There was no group of cows grouped under hypercalcemia in both group of cows. The prevalence of overall hypo-calcemia in the indigenous and crossbreed cow was 75.0 per cent and 77.90 per cent respectively. Over all 38.30 per cent and 27.90 per cent indigenous cows and cross bred cows revealed normophosphatemic.The prevalence of overall hypophosphatemia in the indigenous and crossbreed cow revealed 16.70 per cent and 7.10 per cent respectively and the prevalence of hyper phosphatemia was observed 45 per cent and 65 per cent in cross bred cows. The overall percentage of hypo-calcemia in Matar taluka was high as 77.8 per cent in indigenous cow class where as it was 79.7 per cent in Petlad taluka cross bred cows. The prevalence of hyperphosphatemia was found high as 60.30 per cent, 54.70 per cent, 72.20 per cent and 74.60 per cent in Matar, Petlad, Tarapur and Khambhat taluka respectively. The overall prevalence of hypo-calcemia revealed 75.0 per cent, 72.7 per cent, 81.0 per cent, 80.0 per cent, and 60.0 per cent in heifers, non pregnant-non milking, non pregnant-milking, pregnant - non milking and pregnant-milking classes respectively. The overall prevalence of hypo-calcemia was observed as 75.0 per cent, 74.0 per cent, 78.5 per cent, 80.8 per cent, 81.81 per cent, in heifers, non pregnant- non milking, non pregnant-milking , pregnant 7 non milking and pregnant-milking classes of cross bred cows respectively.The overall prevalence of hypophosphatemia was recorded as 37.50 per cent, 18.20 per cent, 23.80 per cent, in heifers, non pregnant- non milking, non pregnant-milking respectively. Whereas the prevalence of hyperphosphatemia was 25 per cent, 36.4 per cent, 42.9 per cent. 60 per cent, and 60 per cent respectively. The rapid visual field diagnostic test was compared with spectrophotometic value which indicated accurate sensitivity and specificity for phosphorous estimation at field level. The rapid test is easy to perform without help of any laboratory equipment and could prove to be a boon to the field workers for screening large number of animals. The rapid diagnostic test for hypocalcemia did not revealed much specific outcome and accuracy in the present study as the clotting time in different cows varies hence not very widely usefulness at field level. The therapeutic trials with sodium acid phosphate (Urimin) in cases of hypophosphatemia in bovines revealed post-treatment elevation in the phosphorus levels even on 3rd and 5th day. However, considering the endemic prevalence of hypophosphatemia in non paddy cultivated areas of Kheda region, the intramuscular administration of Sodium Acid Phosphate salt 40.3 % W/V may not be cost effective on and a practical solution in all cases. It is very much essential to adopt a community' based and farmer friendly solution to tackle this problem by several other ways, where as oral ionic active calcium gel (Calup gel) was also used in moderately hypocalcemic cows of non pregnant -milking cross bred cow groups which represnted good response. In the present study, the fast absorption of the ionic calcium with in 6 hours and there by maintenance of active calcium status at 24 and 48 hours post therapy in treated group indicated the usefulness of such therapy similar like intravenous calcium therapy which suggested the practical utility' at field level to reduce the prevalence rate of metabolic disorders. The results of the present study reiterates the point that farmer counselling would be a key to tackle the root cause of the problem. Such a counselling would gather more mileage than mere therapeutic approaches to treat clinical cases individually. The farmers should be made aware of the nutrient requirements of the cattle to gain optimum production. Therefore, adequate supplementation of essential minerals through a complete diet should be encouraged to tackle the problem in the Kheda district.