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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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20161
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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × Author: AKSHATHA G M × Start date: 1980 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Anticancerous Efficacy of Solanum nigrum on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats
    (AAU, Anand, 2016) AKSHATHA G M; Dr. S. K. Raval
    Cancer is a devastating disease with a severe impact on the physical and psychological well being of patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in various species of animals including dogs, cats, sheep and pigs. To date, only limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of cancers. This leads patients to shift attention to alternative therapies, including the holistic approach of alternative medicine, particularly preparations from herbal products, which have formed the basis for traditional medicine for thousands of years. Solanum nigrum is a well known medicinal plant in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine. It has been found to have a lot of medicinal properties particularly for its anti-cancerous activity. After subjecting this ayurvedic drug to safety assessment and gross behavior study, eighty two male wistar rats of 15 weeks of age weighing 200-250g were selected for the experiment. They were randomly divided in to ten groups. Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy rats. Hepatocellular carcinoma was induced in group II, IV, V, VI, VII and X rats using N-nitrosodiethylamine as inducing agent followed by Phenobarbitone as promoter for 16 weeks. Group II rats were kept untreated as hepatocellular carcinoma control. After diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by ELISA for estimation of A2M in serum, group IV, V rats were treated with aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum @ 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively and group-VI, VII were treated with alcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum @ 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for 28 days. Group X rats were treated with Sorafenib as reference drug at dose of 11.4mg/kg daily orally for 28 days. Group VIII and Group IX rats were kept as aqueous and alcoholic extract control for studying the effect of the same on normal rats. A non significant reduction in feed consumption per animal per day was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma bearing rats of group II (35.71±0.61g) compared to normal rats of group I (33.89± 0.39 g). In group IV, V, VI and VII rats treated with extract of Solanum nigrum and Sorafenib, a negligible increase in the feed intake (35.32±0.40, 34.34±0.52, 33.44±0.17, 35.34±0.36 and 34.33±0.36 g respectively) was observed. After 16 weeks of hepatocellular carcinoma promotion period, body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in NDEA/PB treated rats (117.85±22.85 g) compared to normal rats (150.00±25.95 g) indicating the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A significant reduction of body weight gain was observed in group II (-25.71±16.95g) compared to normal rats (46.42±15.68g) after the experimental period of 154 days. This reduction in body weight gain was restored by aqueous extract 400mg/kg (40.00±17.04g) compared to other groups. Hemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte count were significantly (P < 0.05) lesser in HCC control rats (12.61±0.06g/dl and 6.87±0.01 106/μl) compared to normal rats (15.55±0.07g/dl and 7.56±0.01 106/μl). A significant (P < 0.05) reduction of lymphocytes was noted in group II rats (77.17±0.40 %) compared to group I rats (79.02±0.39 %). Changes in parameters such as MCV and MCHC were found to be nonsignificant among different groups. Liver function enzymes were increased in hepatocellular carcinoma control and were decreased in treatment group with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum and was always having positive correlation with the action of Sorafenib. Alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity was significantly (P < 0.05) high in Group II rats (126.48±9.70 IU/L) compared to rats in group I (87.82±21.58 IU/L). After treatment, alcoholic extract and Sorafenib group showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction (86.12±13.21 and 83.60±5.96 IU/L) occurred in this enzyme activity. A significant (P < 0.05) elevation of activity of AST was noted in group II (250.59±29.34 IU/L) compared to group I (157.66±10.75 IU/L). Group VII rats showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) of this enzyme activity (158.05±4.67 IU/L) which was comparable to group X (155.63±11.63 IU/L). Serum ALP activity was found significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in group II rats (232.08±44.12 IU/L) compared to group I rats (108.67±25.47 IU/L). In group IV rats, a nonsignificant reduction of ALP activity was noted (186.21±1.28 IU/L) indicating the action of herbal drug. But group VII rats showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction of this enzyme activity (158.04±0.73 IU/L). Serum GGT activity was found significantly increased (P < 0.05) in group II rats (72.77±0.72 IU/L) compared to normal rats (43.11±0.31 IU/L) in group I. Both alcoholic extract 400mg/kg and Sorafenib reduced its activity nonsignificantly (56.43±0.54 and 53.78±1.85 IU/L). Serum LDH activity was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in group II (333.93±76.21 IU/L) compared to group I (148.81±7.16 IU/L) and it was nonsignificantly reduced in group IV and VI (256.53±0.46 IU/L and 253.75±2.90 IU/L) after 154 days. Isolated elevations of bilirubin were noted in group II. After 16 weeks of promotion period, Alpha2 macroglobulin concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in serum (11.83±2.01ng/ml) of hepatocellular carcinoma induced rats compared to normal rats (1.07 ± 0.25 ng/ml). In group VII, concentration of Alpha2 macroglobulin was elevated (16.8±1.04ng/ml) before treatment with extract. But concentration of it came down (5.03±2.11ng/ml) after treatment with higher dose of alcoholic extract. After completion of promotion period of 126 days, concentration of Alpha2 macroglobulin in group X was significantly (P < 0.05) (12.02±0.82 ng/ml) compared to normal rats (1.27 ± 0.25ng/ml). 0n 154th day concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 3.98±1.45ng/ml. Ultrasonographic examination of liver of group II showed increase in the size of the lobes, hypoechoic small focal HCC, hyperechoic larger lesion with indistinct (irregular) hepatic border. The ameliorating effect of extract of S. nigrum seen in the present study was in dose dependent manner and effectivity was higher with group treated with alcoholic extract (group VII). The liver sections of rats from hepatocellular carcinoma control (group II) showed loss of lobular architecture, necrosis, fatty change, enlarged and darkened nuclei with variable size, dilatation of hepatic sinusoids with kupffer cell hyperplasia, dilatation and proliferation of bile duct, intranuclear vacuoles and also showed presence of more than one nucleolus. Administration of alcoholic extract and Sorafenib to NDEA/PB - treated rats reduced the severity of lesions in liver. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections of hepatic cancer induced group (group II) showed immunoreactivity to rarely few hepatocytes indicating the proliferation of hepatocytes and inhibition of apoptosis due to uncontrollable proliferation of cells in tumour condition. The immunoreactivity of the hepatocytes of higher dose of alcoholic extract (400mg/kg) (group VII) is comparable to the group (group X) of rats treated with standard drug.