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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANT SERICIN IN EGG YOLK TRIS EXTENDER FOR CRYOPRESERVATION OF BOVINE SEMEN(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2019) Patel Tapasvikumar M.; Dr. A.J. DhamiThis investigation was undertaken during winter season on three mature healthy pedigreed breeding bulls each of Gir cattle and Murrah buffalo breeds, with the aim to assess effect of different concentration of antioxidant Sericin in standard Tris fructose egg yolk glycerol (TFYG) extender for improving cryopreservation of cattle and buffalo semen based on sperm quality parameters, and assay of oxidative markers in seminal plasma of freshly diluted and cryopreserved semen, and thereby to find out the optimum level of Sericin that can be recommended for cryopreservation of bovine semen. Ten ejaculates were studied from each bull at weekly interval in a split-sample technique for spermatozoa quality traits, and representative six ejaculates for oxidative markers, viz., malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in freshly diluted and frozen-thawed seminal plasma. Only the ejaculates with >70% initial motility were used.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIVE ANDROLOGY OF GIR (Bos indicus) AND JAFARABADl (Bubalus bubalis) BULLS(AAU, Anand, 2000) Shelke, Vinaya B.; DHAMI, A. J.This investigation was undertaken from March to July 1999 on 6 Gir and 5 Jafarabadi bulls of 4-7 yrs age at Regional Semen Station, Rajkot, to compare between them as well as between good and poor freezability groups, the clinical aspects, scrotal biometry, haematology, blood biochemistry and testosterone profile (assessed thrice at monthly interval) as well as the physico-morphological characteristics of semen, freezability and cold shock resistance of sperm, biochemical, enzymatic and mineral profiles of seminal plasma and their interrelationships (assessed weekly on 9 ejaculates/bul1). In addition, the pattern of episodic release of testosterone and androstenedione before and after GnRH therapy (250 µg Busreiin i/v at 12 noon) was also studied once at hourly interval between 8 am and 4 pm in these bulls. Clinically external and internal genitalia were found to be normal with square to oblong scroti in all the bulls. The preputial sheath was much pendulus in Gir and tight in Jafarabadi bulls. Jafarabadi bulls were significantly tall and heavier than the Gir bulls, but had significantly lower scrotal circumference (33.03 + 0.78 vs 37.39 ± 0.53 cm) ; scrotal length/width, scrotal volume (940.00 ± 21.10 vs 1217.50± 20.69 ml) and libido score with longer react ion time (184.00 ± 28.79 vs 61.28 ± 16.92 sec). The means of seminal attributes and freezability in Gir and Jafarabadi bulls were ; ejaculate volume 4.84 + 0.16 and 5.09 + 0.18 ml, density score 2.96 + 0.13 and 2.72 + 0.13, pH 6.61 ± 0.01 and 6.66 + 0.02, mass activity 2.96 ± 0.14 and 2.23 + 0.15 (P<0.01), initial motility 67.87 + 2.69 and 59.44 + 3.05%, sperm concentration per ml 1219.44 + 38.24 and 1209.56 + 53.48 million, and per ejaculate 5927.95 + 281.66 and 6075,18 + 324.7] million, live sperm 80.13 ± 1,43 and 82.60 + 1.52%, total sperm abnormalities 15.54 + 1.09 and 22.18 + 3.11% (P<0,05), crenellation score 2.07 + 0.13 and 2.03+ 0,11, prefreeze motility 55.46 + 2.80 and 41.65 + 3.30% (P<0.01), post-thaw motility 42.19 + 2.67 and 28.22 + 2.82% (P<0.01), and cold shock resistant sperm 38.19 ± 1.03 and 36.40 + 1.23%, respectively. All these traits, except ejaculate volume, pH and abnormal sperm were highly significantly (P<0.01) and positively interrelated among each other (r= 0.362 to 0.951) in both the species. The influence of bull was significant on most of the seminal attributes, freezability and cold shock resistance, except ejaculate volume and pH in both the breeds. Further, the values of sperm density, motility and concentration were significantly (P<0.01) higher and those of live sperm (before and after cold shock) and abnormal sperm per cent were lower (P<0.01) in bulls of good freezable group than the Poor freezable.group in both the breeds, suggesting that the quality and freezability of semen were significantly superior in bulls of former than the later group in both species. The mean seminal plasma biochemical and enzymatic profiles in Gir and Jafarabadi bulls were : initial fructose 7 33.54 + 40.31 and 993.42 +50.34 mg% (P<0.01) , total proteins 7.21 + 0.23 and 2.61 + 0.10 g% (P<0.01), albumin 2.85 + 0.11 and 1.44 + 0.06 g% (P<0.01), globulin 4.35 ± 0.18 and 1.17 + 0.08 g% (P<0.01), A:G ratio 0.73 + 0.05 and 1.79 + 0.23 (P<0.05), cholesterol 33.44 + 1.77 and 17.17 + 1.07 (P<0.01), GOT 14,51 ± 1.41 and 19.58 + 2.13 lU/L (P<0.05), GPT 5.61 ± 0.47 and 3.19 ± 0.26 lU/L (P<0.01), GOT:GPT ratio 3.00 ± 0.27 and 6.19 + 0.38 (P<0.01), AKP 362.83 ± 19.12 and 1417.11 + 74.89 KAU/100 ml (P<0.01), ACP 281.96 ± 13.95 and 566.84 + 38.93 KAU/100 ml (P<0.01), and AKP:ACP ratio 1.35 ± 0.07 and 2.99 + 0.24 (P<0.01), respectively.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF SEPHADEX FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF SEMEN OF GIR (Bos indicus) AND JAFARABADI ( Bubalus bubalis ) BULLS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Rana, Chandrakant Mavjibhai; DHAMI, A. J.This study was undertaken during the summer season of the year 2001 on semen of 2 Gir and 2 Jafarabadi bulls, aged 4-7 years, stationed at Regional Semen Station Rajkot. The study included evaluation of seminal characteristics, acrosome morphology, hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, storageability at 5°C, freezability (at -196°C) and post-thaw incubation survival at 37°C of unfiltered control semen (10 ejaculates of each bull) and the filtrates of same split-samples filtered through five different grades of sephadex columns before freezing/ storage, with a view to evaluate the relative efficacies of different filtration media towards improving the quality, freezability & storage ability of bovine semen, and to recommend the best one amongst them for routine use by semen'banks. The initially motile semen ejaculates were diluted 1: 1 with Tris fructose egg yolk glycerol diluent; 2 ml each was filtered through sephadex G-25, G-50, G-75, G-lOO and G-200 gel columns and 2 ml was kept as control. All six parts were then examined for sperm motility, sperm concentration and percentages of live and abnormal sperms, intact/damaged acrosome and HOS positive sperms. The samples were then further extended upto 1:15 dilution and divided into two parts; one was preserved in refrigerator (5-6"C) and the other part was processed for cry ©preservation in LN2 (-196°C). These were evaluated for all above parameters at immediate post-thaw stage and after 48 hrs of refrigeration storage. Sperm motility was also assessed at 1, 2 and 3 hrs of post-thaw incubation and after 24, 48 and 72 hrs of refrigeration storage. The initially unfiltered splitsamples of all 40 ejaculates frozen as usual in bulk were also used for post-thaw filtration to check the possibility of improving the frozen-thawed semen. The mean semen picture in Gir and Jafarabadi bulls was: ejaculate volume (double thrust) 7.03 ± 0.44 and 6.36 ± 0.33 ml, mass activity (score 0-5) 3.33 ± 0.11 and 2.80 ± 0.06 (P < 0.05), initial motility 71.50 ± 0.89 and 66.75 ± 1.04 percent (P < 0.05), sperm concentration 1608.0 ± 53.04 and 1384.0 ± 40.06 million/ml (P < 0.01), live sperm 71.85 ± 1.49 and 77.75 ± 1.37 percent (P < 0.05), total abnormal sperm 22.50 ± 1.40 and 22.30 ± 1.57 percent, intact acrosome 84.80 ± 0.89 and 83.50 ± 1.24 percent and HOS positive sperm 54.35 ± 3.04 and 58.40 ± 2.29 percent (P<0.05), respectively. Initial Filtration of Semen: The mean sperm concentration (million/ml) observed in the fresh unfiUcrcd semen (1496.25 ± 37.38) was reduced significantly in the filtrates of sephadex G-25 (1423.50 ± 36.28), G-50 (1340.50 ± 35.76), G-75 (1261.00 ± 35.43), G-lOO (1181.25 ± 34.45) and G-200 (1091.50 ± 34.26) columns. The filtrates of five columns registered 4.86, 10.41, 15.72, 21.05 and 24.65 percent decline in sperm concentration over the control, the decline being greater with higher grades of sephadex. The overall mean motility of spermatozoa at initial, prefreeze, post-thaw and 1, 2 & 3 hrs of post-thaw incubation (37°C) was: 69.38 ± 0.78, 58.75 ± 0.96, 43.38 ± 0.95, 34.75 ± 1.03, 25.75 ± 1.04 and 18.13 ± 0.81percent, respectively, in the unfiltered control semen. The corresponding values in the filtrates of sephadex G-25 were 73.50 ± 0.96, 63.00 ± 1.09, 47.88 ± 1.06, 39.50 ± 1.16, 30.13 ± 1.02 and 22.25 ± 0.89 percent; in the filtrates of sephadex G-50 column 75.50 ± 0.96, 64.75 ± 1.32, 50.00 ± 1.01, 41.38 ± 1.21, 32.38 ± 1.12 and 24.38 ± 1.05 percent; in the filtrates of G-75 column 79.38 ± 0.88, 68.38 ± 1.33, 53.63 ± 1.12, 45.13 ± 1.27, 35.88 ± 1.16 and 27.75 ± 1.17 percent; in the filtrates of G-100 column 82.38 ± 0.90, 72.00 ± 1.14, 56.63 ± 1.08, 48.25 ± 1.14, 38.88 ± 1.02 and 30.75 ± 1.07 percent, and in the filtrates of G-200 column the values were 86.50 ± 0.92, 75.38 ± 1.14, 60.13 ± 1.07, 51.50 ± 1.12, 42.38 ± 1.00 and 34.50 ± 1.06 percent, respectively. The percent sustenance of sperm motility in the filtrates of five grades over the controls varied from 5.94 to 24.68, 7.23 to 28.31, 10.37 to 38.61, 13.67 to 48.20, 17.01 to 64.58 and 22.72 to 90.29 at different stages, respecfively. The mean motility of spermatozoa in the extended semen preserved at 5°C as unfiltered control and as filtrates of sephadex G-25, G-50, G-75, G-lOO and G- 200 columns was 53.25 ±0.96, 57.38 ± 1.09, 59.50 ± 1.25, 62.75 ± 1.32, 66.63 ± 1.14 and 70.13 ± 1.10 percent after 24 hrs of storage and declined significantly to 47.63 ± 0.98, 51.38 ± 1.13, 53.75 ± 1.22, 57.00 ± 1.25, 60.50 ± 1.12 and 63.75 ± 1.09 percent after 48 hrs, and to 31.00 ± 1.42, 35.50 ± 1.52, 37.75 ± 1.63, 41.20 ± 1.59, 44.63 ± 1.45 and 48.00 ± 1.45 percent after 72 hrs of storage, respectively. The improvement in percent sustenance of sperm motility at 5°C storage varied from 7.76 to 31.70, 7.81 to 33.84 and 14.52 to 54.84 in different filtrates over the controls at three intervals, respectively. The influence of breeds, bulls, stages/periods, filtration treatments and breed x bull and bull x stage interactions was highly significant (P < 0.01) on free/ability, post-thaw incubation survival and keeping quality (at 5°C) of bovine spermatozoa. The values for Gir bulls spermatozoa were significantly higher than the Jafari bulls at all times. There was significant and progressive improvement in the percentage of motile sperm with finer grades of sephadex columns i.e. from G-25 to G-200 and all grades were significantly superior over the control. The mean percentages of live spermatozoa at initial, post-thaw (0 hr) and post-refrigeration (48 hr) were 74.80 ± 1.10, 51.83 ± 1.56 and 58.95 ± 1.45 in unfiltered semen; 79.10 ± 1.12, 56.18 ± 1.81 and 62.73 ± 1.54 in the filtrates of sephadex G-25; 80.10 ± 1.24, 58.15 ± 1.68 and 65.13 ± 1.60 in the filtrates of G- 50; 84.13 ± 1.08, 60.43 ± 1.69 and 67.38 ± 1.61 in the filtrates of G-75; 85.65 ± 0.98, 64.70 ± 1.46 and 70.98 ± 1.57 in the filtrates of G-lOO, and 88.13 ± 0.99, 67.93 ± 1.50 and 72.75 ± 1.65 in the filtrates of G-200 column, respectively. The percent increase in live sperm content in the filtrates of different sephadex columns varied from 5.45 to 17.82, 8.39 to 31.06 and 6.41 to 23.41 over the controls at three stages, respectively. The pooled mean percentages of total sperm abnormalities in the unfiltered semen and in the filtrates of sephadex G-25, G-50, ,G-75, G-lOO and G-200 columns averaged 22.40 ± 1.04, 18.93 ± 0.63, 16.93 ± 0.75, 14.25 ± 0.78, 12.73 ± 0.85 and 10.78 ± 0.84, respectively, at the initial stage, which increased significantly at post-thaw stage to 34.45 ± 1.09, 30.88 ± 0.94, 28.10 ± 0.93, 25.68 ± 0.90, 23.30 ± 0.92 and 20.80 ± 1.03 percent, and after 48 hrs of refrigeration storage to 28.83 ± 1.10, 25.93 ± 0.83, 23.25 ± 0.83, 20.78 ± 0.88, 18.65 ± 0.92 and 16.68 ± 1.02 percent, respectively. The percent decline in total abnormal sperm content in five filtrates over the controls varied from 15.49 to 51.88, 10.36 to 39.62 and 10.09 to 42.14 at initial, post-thaw and post-refrigeration stages, respectively. The mean percentages of sperm head, midpiece and tail abnormalities in unfiltered semen and in the filtrates of 5 sephadex columns also showed similar trend at all three stages. The influence of breeds, stages/periods, filtration treatments, and breed x bull and breed x bull x treatment interactions was highly significant (P < 0.01) on percentages of live sperm and those with head, midpiece, tail and total abnormalities. There was a progressive (P < 0.01) increase in live sperm percent and decrease in abnormal sperm percent in the filtrates of sephadex columns G-25 to G-200 and the values of all were significantly superior over the control. The percentages of spermatozoa with intact acrosome found at initial, postthaw and post-refrigerafion stages were 84.15 ± 0.76, 69.33 ± 1.17 and 73.78 ± 1.00 in the unfiltered semen; 86.50 ± 0.79, 71.53 ± 1.00 and 76.60 ± 1.04 in the filtrates of sephadex G-25; 88.33 ± 0.68, 74.73 ± 1.02 and 78.73 ± 0.99 in the filtrates of G-50; 91.05 ± 0.62, 76.98 ± 0.92 and 81.38 ± 0.90 in the filtrates of G- 75; 92.55 ± 0.59, 79.40 ± 0.97 and 84.15 ± 0.93 in the filtrates of G-lOO, and 94.63 ± 0.64, 82.20 ± 0.86, and 86.35 ± 0.90 in the filtrates of G-200 columns, respectively. The sperm with intact acrosome registered 2.79 to 12.45, 3.17 to 18.56 and 3.82 to 17.04 percent increase in the filtrates of different columns over the controls at initial, post-thaw and post-refrigeration stages. Further, the initial percentage of denuded acrosome recorded in the unfiltered semen and in the filtrates of sephadex G-25, G-50, G-75, G-lOO and G- 200 columns as 10.65 ± 0.71, 9.43 ± 0.69, 8.38 ± 0.59, 6.38 ± 0.51, 5.60 ± 0.58 and 3.95 ± 0.53, respectively, increased significantly to 19.40 ± 1.08, 18.65 ± 0.86, 16.55 ± 0.86, 14.70 ± 0.82, 13.85 ± 0.87 and 12.98 ± 0.76 at post-thaw stage and to 16.65 ± 0.88, 15.28 ± .92, 14.35 ± 0.88, 13.00 ± 0.71, 11.20 ± 0.75 and 9.75 ± 0.77 after 48 hrs of refrigeration storage, respectively. The filtrates of all columns over the control registered 1.46 to 62.91, 3.87 to 33.09 and 8.23 to 41.44 percent decline in denuded acrosme at initial, post-thaw and post-refrigeration stages, respectively. The mean percentages of spermatozoa with swollen and ruffled acrosome also revealed same end in the control and filtered semen at all three stages. The influence of breeds, bulls, stages/periods, filtration treatments, and breed x bull and breed x bull x stage interactions was highly significant (P < 0.01) for the percentages of sperm with intact acrosomes and for different types of acrosomal changes. There was significant and progressive improvement in the percentage of sperm with intact acrosome with corresponding decrease in the incidence of various types of damaged acrosomes in filtrates of ascending grades ofsephadex. The HOS reactive sperm percent recorded at initial, immediate post-thaw and after 48 hrs of refrigeration storage were 56.38 ± 1.91, 25.65 ± 1.52 and 32.98 ± 1.56 in the unfiltered semen; 59.90 ± 2.07, 28.50 ± 1.61 and 35.28 ± 1.60 in the filtrates of sephadex G-25; 63.93 ± 2.17, 31.78 ± 1.80 and 38.73 ± 1.81 in the filtrates of sephadex G-50; 68.05 ± 2.20, 36.05 ± 1.79 and 43.30 ± 1.88 in the filtrates of G-75; 71.50 ± 2.05, 38.50 ± 2.07 and 46.80 ± 1.99 in the filtrates of G- 100, and 75.87 ± 1.96, 42.55 ± 2.02 and 50.18 ± 2.13 in the filtrates of G-200 column, respectively. The percent increase in HOS positive sperm in the filtrates of different columns over controls ranged from 6.24 to 34.57, 6.94 to 59.66 arjd 6.97 to 52.15 at three stages, respectively. The sperm with different types of hypo-osmotic swelling patterns also showed similar trend. The effect of all major factors and breed x stage and bull x stage interactions was highly significant (P < 0.01) for the percentage of total and different types" of HOS positive spermatozoa. The percentages of motile, live and HOS positive sperm and intact acrosome in fresh, post-thawed and post-refrigerated semen revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) positive interrelationships among themselves (r = 0.17 to 0.90), and negative correlations with the sperm/acrosome abnormalities in three types of semen (r = -0.15 to -0.73) in both the species, suggesting that these traits could be of practical utility in routine semen evaluation to predict its keeping quality, freezability and fertility (by HOS test) in both Gir and Jafarabadi bulls. Post-thaw Filtration: The values of different spermatozoal traits in the frozen-thawed semen kept as unfiltered control and that filtered through sephadex G-25, G-50, G-75, G-lOO and G-200 columns were 49.00 ± 0.98, 54.00 ± 1.02, 56.63 ± 0.83, 59.75 ± 0.91, 63.38 ± 0.87 and 66.63 ± 0.79 percent, respectively, for progressive sperm modlity; 98.42 ± 1.83, 85.58 ± 1.47, 78.72 ± 1.44, 71.65 ± 1.35, 65.43 ± 1.49 and 58.10 ± 1.31 million/ml for sperm concentration; 58.05 ± 1.07, 60.75 ± 1.04, 63.53 ± 1.12, 67.20 ± 1.10, 71.00 ± 1.23 and 73.03 ± 1.09 percent for live spermatozoa; 31.08 ± 0.54, 28.10 ± 0.56, 25.70 ± 0.54, 22.90 ± 0.57, 20.30 ± 0.54 and 17.20 ± 0.49 percent for total sperm abnormalities; 70.70 ± 0.75, 73.50 ± 0.71, 76.40 ± 0.73, 78.95 ± 0.71, 81.38 ± 0.71 and 84.00 ± 0.65 percent for intact acrosomes, and 30.93 ± 0.92, 34.08 ± 1.00, 36.85 ± 1.06, 41.25 ± 1.16, 44.58--h 1.25 and 47.98 ± 1.29 percent for HOS positive sperm. The filtrates of 5 grades of sephadcx columns registered improvement over control in motility by 10.20 to 35.98%; live sperm by 4.65 to 25.81%; intact acrosome by 3.96 to 18.81%, and HOS positive sperm by 10.18 to 55.58%; and a relative reduction in sperm concentration, abnormal sperm and damaged acrosome by 13.05 to 40.97%, 9.58 to 44.66% and 3.96 to 18.81%, respectively. The influence of breeds, bulls, filtration treatments and breed x bull interaction was highly significant (P < 0.01) for almost all parameters studied in frozen-thawed semen. The segment-wise sperm abnormalities i.e. of head, mid-piece, tail and also the acrosomal alterations i.e. swollen, ruffled and denuded, varied significantly between filtration treatments. The semen quality was much better in Gir than in Jafri bulls and in filtrates of higher grades of sephadex (G-75 to G- 200) as compared to lower grades (G-25, G-50). Like fresh semen, various sperm traits of frozen-thawed filtered semen in both the species were highly significantly (P < 0.01) interrelated. In general, the sephadex column filtration techniques significantly improved the sperm motility, viability (live sperm %>), intact acrosome and HOS positive sperm percent, and decreased sperm concentration and the sperm/ acrosome abnormalities, and thereby enhanced freezability and keeping quality of semen at 5oC; the improvement was particularly marked in the poor quality semen ejaculates and with higher grades of sephadex. The sephadex G-100 and G-200 columns were proved to be more efficient than G-25 and G-50 columns with regards to overall improvement of quality of semen at initial, post-thawed and post-refrigerated stages, hence can be recommended for the wide scale application, as a routine practice, in improving the semen quality by all semen banks.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF INFERTILITY IN JERSEY COWS USED EXTENSIVELY IN EMBRYO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY.(AAU, Anand, 2004) SHAH, RAKHIBEN MADANBHAI; PATEL, D. M.The present investigation on "Studies on some aspects of infertility in Jersey cows used extensively in Embryo Transfer Technology" was undertaken on Jersey animals (n=10) at the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand Campus Anand. The study was carried out during the months of May 2003 to September 2003 The experimental animals were located at Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Veterinary College, Anand. All the Jersey cows were used in research related to non-surgical embryo transfer and were super-ovulated and flushed number of times under the strict Veterinary care. Also, excellent quality embryos after evaluation were transferred into some these animals, which served as recipients. Preliminary examination was made to know the reproductive status of the animals. Animals were divided in two groups. In first group normal estrus cycle of animals before breeding were observed. In the second estrous cycle of the first group all the animals were given intrauterine antibiotic, ampicilin and cloxacilin preparation (Ampoxin 2 gm containing ampicilin 1000 mg. and cloxacilin 1000 mg). In the second group animals were treated with GnRH (Receptal, 5 ml, I/M) and were bred. Blood collection was made at weekly interval and the pregnancy diagnosis was done on day 45 post breeding. The blood serum levels of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, calcium: phosphorus ratio, iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese were lower in these animals. Repeated rectal examination of these cows revealed the cause of infertility to be cystic ovarian degeneration (two animals), ovarobursal adhesion (one animal), and early embryonic mortality (two animals). Tubal insufflation method of testing fallopian tube patency revealed bilateral complete tubal blockage in two animals and partial tubal blockage in three animals. These findings clearly demonstrated that superovulation in embryo transfer technology lowers the fertility in cows and repeated super ovulation lead to sterility in cows.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHYSICO-BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND PRESERVABILITY (AT 5°C AND -196°C) OF SEMEN OF TRIPLEBRED (HF X JERSEY X KANKREJ) BULLS(AAU, Anand, 2006) JAGDISHCHANDRA, RAVAL RUPESHKUMAR; DHAMI, A. J.This study was undertaken in 2 phases on semen of 4 mature triplebred bulls at Livestock Research Station, AAU, Anand. The study covered evaluation of seminal characteristics, seminal plasma biochemical profiles, acrosomal morphology, and effect of extender-additives, viz. cysteine HCl (0.1 %) and EDTA (0.1 %) in Tris fructose yolk glycerol (TFYG) diluent on cryo-freezing as well as refrigeration preservation (5°C till 48-hr) of semen in terms of motility, viability, morphology and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa. In phase-I, physico-biochemical attributes and their interrelationships were studied, while in phase-II, the effect of additives was studied using split-sample technique (1:10 dilution) on 36 ejaculates for cryo-freezing and refrigeration storage. Sperm motility was examined at 24 hourly intervals till 96- hr in refrigerated semen. The data on various traits of cryopreserved and refrigerated semen were analysed using 3-factors' Factorial CRD. The ejaculate, volume, mass activity (score 0-5), individual sperm motility, sperm concentration, live sperm and abnormal sperm recorded in triplebred bulls' semen during phase-I (winter) were 3.88 ± 0.16 ml, 3.73 ± 0.06, 999.06 ± 16.14 million/ml, 84.00 ± 1.02 %, 86.28 ± 0.97 % and 8.28 ± 0.44 %, respectively. The average seminal plasma content of GOT, GPT, AKP, total protein, total cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium was 189.11 ± 6.29 lU/L, 82.53 ± 4.29 lU/L, 718.94 ± 24.27 lU/L, 6.95 ± 0.34 g/dl, 42.77 ± 2.87 mg/dl, 21.26 ± 0.56 mg/dl, 44.16 ± 1.30 mg/dl and 2.89 ± 0.06 mEq/L, respectively. The bulls varied significantly (P < 0.05) in their ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, abnormal sperm per cent, seminal plasma total protein, total cholesterol, GPT, calcium and magnesium levels. Semen quality of all 4 triplebred bulls was of optimum type and its' biochemical profile was within normal physiological limit. Moreover, the ejaculate volume had significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) with abnormal spermatozoa (r = 0.41); mass activity with the initial motility (r = 0.81), abnormal sperm (r = -0.46) and plasma total protein (r = 0.50); live sperm percentage with initial motility (r = 0.54), abnormal sperm (r = -0.60) and plasma cholesterol (r = 0.36); initial motility with abnormal sperm (r = -0.59) and plasma GPT (r = 0.34) and sperm concentration with seminal plasma GPT, total protein and magnesium levels (r = -0.43, -0.46, -0.39). Seminal plasma GOT activity was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with plasma GPT, total protein, total cholesterol and magnesium concentrations (r = 0.46, 0.39, 0.36, 0.39, resp), while GPT activity had significant correlations only with plasma protein and magnesium contents (r = 0.64, 0.60), and magnesium with total protein and calcium levels (r = 0.65, 0.39). Plasma AKP and inorganic phosphorus levels did not show significant correlations with any of the physico-biochemical attributes studied. The mean percentages of motile, live and abnormal sperms and intact acrosome observed in freshly extended semen in standard TFYG diluent were 77.92 ± 0.73, 88.89 ± 0.57, 7.44 ± 0.28 and 92.33 ± 0.33, respectively. There was insignificant change in most of these values at prefreeze level, but the post-thaw values differed highly significantly (P < 0.01) from the initial as well as prefreeze values, and so also was the case for the effect of 24-hr and 48-hr of refrigeration storage. The relative % decline in motile and live sperms and intact acrosome at postthaw stage over the initial values was 40.46, 35.63 and 11.82, respectively, while the incidence of abnormal sperm and damaged acrosome increased relatively by 87.10 and 142.24 % at post-thaw stage over the initial values. The values of segment-wise sperm abnormalities and acrosome abnormalities were found to be more than double at post-thaw stage over the initial values. The 48-hr refrigeration storage of extended semen caused significant change in these parameters, but the magnitude of change was relatively small (12 to 18%). Statistically, that there were significant (P < 0.01) differences in percentages of motile, live and abnormal sperms and intact/damaged acrosomes between bulls (n=4), between stages (n=3, initial, prefreeze & post-thaw or 0, 24 & 48 hr) and between additives (n=3, EDTA, cysteine & control) both in cryopreservation and refrigeration storage of semen. Among all the two- and three-way interactions of bulls, stages and additives studied, only bull x stage and/or bull x additive interaction was found significant (P < 0.05) for some of these traits during cryo-freezing and/or refrigeration preservation. The overall pooled mean values of progressively motile sperms (irrespective of diluent additives) at initial, post-thaw and 48-hr post-refrigeration of semen were 81.07 ± 0.48, 50.60 ± 0.77 and 72.41 ± 0.61 %, respectively. The corresponding values for live sperm were 88.89 ± 0.32, 58.63 ± 0.63 and 73.22 ± 0.37 %; abnormal sperm 7.44 ± 0.16, 13.57 ± 0.20 and 11.02 ± 0.15 %; intact acrosome 92.33 ± 0.19, 83.65 ± 0.27 and 86.82 ± 0.21 %, and damaged acrosome 7.67 ± .19, 16.30 ± 0.28 and 13.18 ± 0.21 %, respectively. The sperm motility sustained in the extended semen till 96-hr of refrigeration was 63.47 ± 0.69 %, indicated acceptable preservability of crossbred bulls' semen at 5°C for 3-4 days. The mean percentages of progressively motile spermatozoa at initial, postthaw and 48-hr of refrigeration of semen in control Tris diluent were 77.92 ± 0.73, 46.39 ± 1.27 and 70.00 ± 0.91, respectively. The corresponding values for the diluent containing EDTA were 83.20 ± 0.67, 53.19 ± 1.26 and 74.31 ± 0.96, and that containing cysteine were 82.08 ± 0.85, 52.22 ± 1.20 and 72.92 ± 1.17, respectively. The corresponding values for live sperm per cent in control Tris diluent were 88.89 ± 0.57, 57.22 ± 1.09 and 72.28 ± 0.62, respectively; in EDTA containing diluent 88.89 ± 0.57, 61.50 ± 0.76 and 74.50 ± 0.68, and that in cysteine containing diluent 88.89 ± 0.57, 57.17 ± 1.25 and 72.89 ± 0.57, respectively. The mean percentages of sperms with intact acrosome at initial, post-thaw and 48-hr of refrigeration of semen in plain Tris diluent were 92.33 ± 0.33, 81.42 ± 0.44 and 85.31 ± 0.26, respectively. The corresponding values for the diluent containing EDTA were 92.33 ± 0.33, 85.08 ± 0.39 and 88.08 ± 0.27, and that containing cysteine were 92.33 ± 0.33, 84.44 ± 0.35 and 87.08 ± 0.39, respectively. The trend observed for the effect of freezing steps, storage intervals and additives was identical in the semen of all 4 individual bulls for motile and live sperm and intact acrosome. In general, the values of all three traits were significantly higher at all stages of cryo-freezing and refrigeration preservation of semen in the presence of EDTA and cysteine hydrochloride (EDTA being superior than cysteine) as compared to control Tris diluent. The mean percentages of total sperm abnormalities at initial, post-thaw and 48-hr of refrigeration of semen in control Tris diluent were 7.44 ± 0.28, 13.92 ± 0.26 and 11.42 ± 0.23, respectively. The corresponding values for the diluent containing EDTA were 7.44 ± 0.28, 13.03 ± 0.32 and 10.53 ± 0.28, and that containing cysteine were 7.44 ± 0.28, 13.78 ± 0.41 and 11.11 ± 0.23, respectively. The overall mean percentages of sperms with head, midpiece and tail abnormalities recorded initially in fresh semen of triplebred bulls were 2.33 ± 0.06, 1.37 ± 0.06 and 3.78 ± 0.12, respectively. The corresponding values after freezing thawing of semen were 4.35 ± 0.13, 2.78 ± 0.09, 6.45 ± .018, respectively, and after 48-h of refrigeration storage 3.60 ± 0.11, 2.07 ± 0.09, 4.61 ± 0.13 per cent, respectively. The differences due to freezing stages and storage intervals were significant (P < 0.01) for all the three traits. However, there was no significant effect of diluent-additives on any of these segmental defects in either of the protocols, except tail defects. The mean percentages of sperms with damaged acrosome at initial, post-thaw and 48-hr of refrigeration of semen in control Tris diluent were 7.67 ± 0.33, 18.42 ± 0.50 and 14.69 ± 0.26, respectively. The corresponding values for the diluent containing EDTA were 7.67 ± 0.33, 14.92 ± 0.39 and 11.92 ± 0.27, and that containing cysteine were 7.67 ± 0.33, 15.56 ± 0.35 and 12.92 ± 0.39, respectively. The mean percentages of sperms with swollen, ruffled, denuded and detached acrosome recorded initially in fresh semen were 2.25 ± 0.06, 2.03 ± 0.08, 2.00 ± 0.09 and 2.55 ± 0.10, respectively. The corresponding values at post-thaw stage were 3.69 ± 0.12, 3.79 ± 0.13, 3.63 ± .012 and 5.32 ± 0.16, respectively. The values after 48-h of refrigeration were 3.05 ± 0.10, 4.47 ± 0.18, 2.27 ± 0.11 and 3.28 ± 0.13 per cent, respectively. All types of acrosomal defects were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in presence of EDTA and cysteine than the control diluent, and increased with freezing or storage time. Highly significant (P < 0.01) interrelationships observed for the percentages of motile, live and abnormal sperms and intact/damaged acrosome in fresh, post-thawed and refrigerated semen of triplebred bulls (r = ± 0.19 to 0.88) proved that the assessment of initial motility can be taken as a fairly good indicator of semen quality after freezing and/or refrigeration in terms of above traits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CANINE PYOMETRA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLINICALDIAGNOSIS, HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND UTERINE PATHOLOGY(AAU, Anand, 2005) DABHI, DINESHKUMAR M.; DHAMI, A. J.This investigation was taken up on 14 pyometric (10 open; 4 closed pyometra) and 10 normal bitches presented for ovario-hysterectomy at the College Clinic including screening of past two years records of all canine clinical cases attended to know the incidence of various reproductive disorders particularly pyometra. Other objectives were to evaluate clinical and radiographic diagnostic modalities, haematological, blood biochemical and sex steroid profile, bacterial isolates of uterine content and their antibiogram, and surgical therapy by ovariohysterectomy in cases of canine pyometra, and to study the gross and histopathological structures in the genital organs of pyometric and normal bitches. Of the total 5024 clinical cases attended in canines during the year 2003-05, 224 (4.46 %) and 28 (0.56 %) were of gynaecological and andrological nature, respectively. The highest incidence was of pyometra (27.23 %), followed by mammary tumours (16.52 %), pro-oestrus (12.50 %), pregnancy diagnosis (11.61 %), spaying (11.61 %), CTVG (7.14 %), misalliance (3.12 %) and others (10.26 %). Among the andrological cases, the highest incidence was of scrotal dermatitis (32.14 %), followed by castration (25.00 %), venereal granulomas (14.28 %), orchitis (10.71 %), prostatic hyperplasia (10.71 %) and balano-posthitis (7.14 %). The breed most prone to gynaecological disorders was Pomeranian (42.85 %). The highest occurrence of gynaecological cases was found in young bitches 0-5 years old (49.11%). Of the 14 pyometric bitches, incidence of pyometra was higher in 9-12 years age group (42.85 %), followed by 5-8 years (28.57 %) and in < 4 years and >13 years age groups (14.28 % each). The age range of affected bitches was 2.5 years to 13 years with a mean of 8.36 ± 0.82 years. The age of bitches presented for spaying ranged from 1 to 6 years with a mean of 3.60 ± 0.46 years. Further, the highest incidence of pyometra was observed in Pomeranian breed (8 cases) and nulliparous bitches (64.29 %). Oestrous cycle was irregular in 42.86 and 30.00 per cent of pyometric and normal bitches. The general condition of bitches with closed pyometra was poor, whereas it was fair in cases of open pyometra. The distension of abdomen was apparent in 57.14 per cent cases and on palpation, uterus was also found distended. Inappetance, fever and vomition was observed in 78.57, 64.28 and 28.57 per cent of pyometric bitches, while toxaemia, polyuria and polydipsia was present in 50.00, 42.86 and 57.14 per cent of pyometric bitches, respectively. Vaginal discharge sticking to the hair of tail and perineum was present in all cases of open pyometra and it's colour varied from gray to chocolate with foul odour. Abdominal palpation was clear in 5 cases and unclear in 9 cases. Radiography done in 5 selected cases of pyometra revealed clear picture in 3 and unclear in 2 cases. A significantly lower mean haemoglobin (Hb) and total erythrocyte count (TEC) was found in pyometric bitches (11.21 ± 0.91 g % and 5.86 ± 0.45 million/cmm) than in healthy bitches (14.26 ± 0.49 g % and 7.92 ± 0.17 million/cmm). The mean PCV value was significantly (P < 0.01) higher (40.34 ± 1.87 vs 34.35 ± 2.70 %) and that of ESR lower (2.60 ± 0.31 vs 9.53 ± 1.33 mm) in healthy bitches as compared to pyometric ones. There was slight improvement in the Hb, TEC and ESR post-operatively, but not in PCV, in pyometric bitches. Pyometric bitches showed a marked leukocytosis as compared to healthy ones (26.61 ± 3.13 vs 14.10 ± 0.82 thousand/cmm). Neutrophil count was significantly (P < 0.01) higher (74.30 ± 1.75 vs 57.80 ± 0.76 %) and lymphocyte lower (22.07 ± 1.59 vs 37.70 ± 0.58 %) in pyometric bitches than the normal ones. The levels of both serum urea and creatinine were three times higher (P < 0.01) in pyometric bitches than the normal ones (54.79 ± 6.12 vs 16.60 ± 1.25 and 2.67 ± 0.34 vs 0.84 ± 0.08 mg/dl, respectively). Serum cholesterol concentration observed in pyometric bitches was significantly greater than that in normal bitches (263.86 ±21.54 vs 190.70 ± 18.79 mg/dl). Moreover, the levels of all three constituents, particularly serum urea and creatinine, declined in all cases of pyometra following ovario-hysterectomy. Serum total protein concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in pyometric bitches than the healthy ones (7.75 ±0.51 vs 5.71 ±0.13 g/dl), but were identical for close and open pyometra. Moreover, the serum albumin concentration of pyometric bitches was significantly (P < 0.01) lower (2.27 ± 0.20 vs 3.17 ± 0.21 g/dl) and globulin higher (5.48 ± 0.49 vs 2.54 ± 0.25 g/dl) than that in healthy bitches, thus drastically reducing the albumin-globulin ratio (0.47 ± 0.06 vs 1.42 ± 0.21) in pyometric bitches. The mean activities of serum ASAT and ALAT were markedly increased in bitches affected with pyometra (69.43 ± 3.98 and 77.86 ± 7.70 IU/1) as compared to those in normal bitches (33.60 ± 2.85 and 30.80 ± 1.39 IU/1). Serum ALP activity was also found markedly elevated (P < 0.01) in pyometric bitches than the normal ones (81.14 ± 7.93 vs 40.40 ± 3.87 ICAU %), and the levels were insignificantly higher in cases of closed pyometra than the open ones but not the ASAT or ALAT, and the levels of all 3- dropped a little following surgery in affected animals. Serum progesterone profile was three times elevated (9.42 ± 2.20 vs 3.53 ± 1.07 ng/ml) and oestradio-17(3 was only one-half (364.14 ± 68.71 vs 615.00 ± 170.15 pg/ml ) in pyometric bitches than the normal ones. Moreover, the mean progesterone concentration was significantly higher in cases of closed pyometra than the open ones (18.90 ± 3.41 vs 5.63 ± 1.83 ng/ml), but not the oestradio-17p, and it's levels declined significantly (P < 0.05) following ovario-hysterectomy in all animals. Uterine horns of bitches affected with pyometra ranged between 10 and 30 cm, with the identical mean lengths of right and left horns (16.62 ± 1.31 and 16.29 ± 1.48 cm). The mean weight of intact organs of pyometric bitches was 469.28 ± 143.73 gm and in healthy bitches 80.50 ± 24.79 gm. Endometrium of pyometric bitches was found to be smooth in most cases and thickened in 3 cases. In cases of open pyometra, uterine walls were found thickened as compared to closed pyometra. In few cases oedema, thickening, corrugation or velvety appearance with roughened endometrium were observed. In majority of the cases endometrial surface was necrosed, ulcerated, eroded with focal to diffuse thickened cystic areas due to endometrial hyperplasia. The quantity of uterine content ranged from 8 ml to 1900 ml with a mean of 223.43 ± 132.97 ml in pyometric bitches, being greater in closed pyometra (220-1900 ml). It's colour was blood mixed reddish brown (chocolate) to grayish white with watery to thick creamy consistency. Ovaries revealed corpora lutea, cysts and follicles in majority of pyometric bitches. Histopathological examination of uterine tissues from pyometric bitches revealed CEH and inflammatory reaction classical of CEHPC. Out of 14 pyometric cases. 13 (92.86 %) were found positive for different bacterial isolates. Of these, gram-positive cocci were observed in 9, gram-negative bacilli in 1 and mixed isolates in 3 cases. Whereas all samples of 10 healthy bitches were negative for any pathogen. Drug sensitivity pattern revealed norfloxacin the most effective antibiotic. No fungal growth _could be seen in any of the cases studied. Judiciously performed ovario-hysterectomy was found uneventful to grace life to the pyometric bitches.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS IN REPEAT BREEDING BUFFALOES AND COWS DUE TO TUBAL FACTORS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Grewal, Kanwaljit Singh; Derashri, H. J.The present study on tubal causes of repeat breeding and their treatment was conducted on female buffalo genitalia (100 numbers) collected from the local abattoir and clinical cases (60 numbers) that attended the Gynaecology Clinic of the College over a period of eight months (September 2000 to April 2001). Gross abnormalities were found in 53 per cent abattoirial genitalia. Among these uterine affections were maximum (49.00%), followed by oviducts (40.00%) and ovary and bursa (37.00%). Air insufflation method used to assess patency, showed unilateral impatency in 11 per cent (6% right and 5% left), bilateral impatency in 5 per cent and partial impatency in 7 per cent of the genital tracts. On histopathological investigation of 40 abnormal tubes, mild (8.10%), moderate (32.43%) and severe (59.45%) salpingitis was observed. The incidence of repeat breeding condition amongst the cases (1,893 numbers) presented in the clinic was 11.52 per cent (105 out of 911) in winter. 4.01 per cent (17 out of 424) in summer and 7.53 per cent (42 out of 558) in monsoon. CO2 insufflation using a pneumoperitoneum apparatus was designed for tubal patency testing. Unilateral, bilateral and partial impatency were detected in 21.26, 5.51 and 32.28 per cent of the 127 repeat breeders. Treatment with three different drug combinations (Nitrofurazone + urea - Group I, Co-trimoxazole + urea - Group 11, Cephalexin + urea - Group III) established patency in 72.72 per cent of Group 1, 66.66 per cent of Group II and 33.33 per cent of Group III animals, but the conceptions were maximum in Group III (60.00%) followed by Group 1 (46.66%) and Group II (26.66%). Maximum animals in Group I conceived in 3rd cycle and 2nd cycle in Group II and III. Treatment in Group III although slow to act, yielded better results. Experimental infusion of trypsin to see the effect on histology of uterus and oviducts was done 36 hours prior to slaughter, therefore, inspecting the safe concentrations for digesting tubal blocks. Severe lesions were found in 100 per cent uteri infused with 20 mg per cent trypsin and 66.67 per cent with 10 mg per cent and 5 mg per cent concentrations produced minimum distortion of histological structure. Lesser concentration of trypsin can be tried for treating tubal impatency in repeat breeders.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIFFERENT TREATMENTS IN RELATION TO SERVICE PERIOD AND MILK PROFILE IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PARMAR, PRAKASHCHANDRA D.; Derashri, H. J.The present research experiment on "Effect of Different treatments on service period and milk profile in Holstein Friesian cows" was undertaken on 40 Holstein Friesian cows. Objectives of the experiment were to study the effect of herbal preparation on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity and conception rate in the animals, to study the effect of combination of hormones such as PGF2a and Oxytocin on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity and subsequent conception rate during postpartum period, to study the milk profiles- protein, fat, urea, ketone bodies, lactose and SNF during postpartum period. The animals were divided into four groups of ten animals (n=10) each. Group-I, animals were given intra-uterine infusions of herbal preparation (Vantab) at weekly interval for three consequtive weeks. Group-II animals were given Oxytocin, 50 lU and PGF2a, 25 mg I/M, (Iliren, Intervet International Gmbh, Germany) immediately after parturition, Group-Ill animals were injected with PGF2a 25 mg i/m immediately after parturition, and Group-IV(Control group) animals were not given any treatment. Milk samples were collected at weekly interval from experimental animals from the day of parturition till 15th week post-partum for biochemical analysis of milk for Milk Urea Nitrogen, Milk Ketone bodies, Milk Lactose, Milk Protein, Milk Fat, and Milk Solid Non-Fat (SNF). Milk Urea Nitrogen was estimated by quantitative Spectrophotometer. Milk Ketone bodies were estimated by Rothera's test. Milk Lactose, Milk Protein, Milk Fat, and Milk Solid Non-Fat (SNF) were estimated by Ultrasonic Ekomilk total. Insemination were done in this group of animal on day of estrus Observed beyond 50 days post-partum. The Mean interval of the service period under different treatment groups was 123.4 ± 17.94, 109.8 ± 16.77, 120 ± 13.78 and 128.3 ± 17.25 days respectively. There was no significant difference in service period between the treatments. The mean / average level of milk urea nitrogen up to 120 day post partum was 0.252 ± 0.007 in HF cows under study. Significant difference was observed between treatments and control and between treatment groups also. Group - I animals had significantly lower MUN values as compared to group - IV and group - III. Same way significant difference was observed between group - 1 and group - II and group - III.. Treatment was effective to minimize the MUN levels. The mean / average level of milk ketone bodies up to 120 day post partum was 1.292 ± 0.031 in HF cows under the study. Ketone bodies in group - I and group - II were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than group IV (control group). The mean / average level of Milk Fat up to 120 day post partum was 2.18 ± 0.05 percent in HF cows under the study. Significant difference was observed between group - I and group - II and between group - II and group - IV. The mean / average level of Solid Non-fat up to 120 day post partum was 9.56 ± 0.05 in HF cows under study. SNF values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group-II animals as compared to group-III and group IV animals. Significant difference (P < 0.05) for SNF values was also observed between the periods. The mean / average level of Milk Lactose up to 120 day post partum was 6.12 ± 1.026 in HF cows under study. No significant difference was observed between groups and between treatments. The mean / average level of Milk Protein up to 120 day post partum was 3.58 ± 0.02 g% in HF cows under study. Significant difference was observed between groups and periods. Milk protein values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group 1 and group-11 as compared to group-IV (control group). Percentage of pregnant animals was 90, in Gr-1, Gr-II, Gr-III, and Gr-IV, respectively. Higher number of animals was pregnant in different treatment groups than the control group. The treatments gave an indication to enhance the fertility in post-partum HF cows under the study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BLOOD PROFILE IN RELATION TO REPRODUCTION IN CROSSBRED COWS OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, BANKIMCHANDRA N.; Derashri, H. J.The present research project "Studies on blood profile in relation to reproduction in crossbred cows of Sabarkantha district" was undertaken on 30 advance pregnant crossbred cows and 20 repeat breeder cows. The objective of the study were to observe the effect of supplementation of mineral mixture powder and Bolus cyclomin 7 on reproductive performance of individual animals and also studies the serum biochemical profile during pre-partum, at partum and 15, 30 and 45 days post-partum. The animals were divided into two major units, Unit-1 total 30 advance pregnant animals, which were further divided in to three groups of ten animals each. The three groups were: group I - Treatment 1 ( mineral mixture + cyclomin 7); Group II - Treatment-2 -( mineral mixture + cyclomin 7) + GnRH (Inj. Receptal); Group - III - Control group (no treatment). While in case Unit-2, total 20 animals were selected which were divided in to two groups Group - IV -Treatment-4 (mineral mixture + cyclomin 7); and Groups V -Treatment-5 Control group (no treatment). Average value of Serum Glucose, Total protein, Triglyceride and Cholesterol in the animals under different groups of treatment in unit-1 was 53.58 ±0.55 mg/dl, 8.11 ± 0.09 g/dl, 45.09 ± 0.88 mg/dl, 118.67 ± 2.19 mg/dl. Level of glucose, total protein, cholesterol was maintained at significantly higher level (P < 0.01) in the animals under treatment group as compared to control group. Level of glucose was less at 15 days prepartum which increased significantly at parturition, decreased significantly 15 days postpartum and increased significantly 30 days post-partum onwards. An increasing trend was observed in protein level from 15 days pre-partum to the day of parturition and then the values decreased significantly (P < 0.01) till 45 days post-partum. No significant difference was observed for triglycerides level between the treatment and period groups, however, the values showed increasing trend from 15 days pre-partum to 15 days post-partum and then the values were at par with those at 15 days pre-partum. The level of cholesterol was at par 15 days pre-partum and at parturition and then onwards it increased significantly (P < 0.01) towards 45 days post-partum. Average value of Serum Glucose, Total protein, Triglyceride and Cholesterol in the animals under different groups of treatment in unit-2 was 47.42 ± 0.81 mg/dl, 7.18 ± 0.11 g/dl, 48.81 ± 1.30 mg/dl and 114.28 ± 3.83 mg/dl. Significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed between treatment and control groups for glucose level. Average value of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium in blood serum for unit-1 in the animals under experiment was 8.55 ± 0.14 mg / dl, 4.86 ± 0.06 mg / dl, and 1.49 + 0.06. mEq /dl. Calcium levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 15 days prepartum to the day of parturition (7.71 ± 0.20) and then increased significantly (P < 0.01) towards 45 days post-partum (9.20 ± 0.31). Highly significant difference was observed between the treatment groups and treatment groups and the control group for calcium and phosphorus level. No significant difference was observed between treatments and between periods for serum magnesium level. Average value for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium level in blood serum in the animals under experiment (Unit-2) was 8.02 ± 0.17, 4.42 ± 0.20 mg/dl and 1.42 ± 0.12 mEq/dl. Values were not significantly differ but comparatively higher in treatment groups as compared to control groups. Average serum, cobalt, copper, iron, Zinc, and manganese (ppm) in the experimental animals in unit-1 was 0.88 ± 0.08, 0.74 ± 0.04, 2.15 ± 0.03, 2.16 ± 0.09 and 0.31 ± 0.01 respectively. No significant differences were observed for zinc and cobalt level between treatments and between periods but the values were comparatively higher in the treatment groups at 15 days post-partum stage (2.47 ± 0.22). However, values deceased significantly (P < 0.01) at the time of parturition as compared to 15 days prepartum find highly significant difference between different periods (1.06 ± 0.08 Vs.0.67 ± 0.05). Whereas copper level significantly (P < 0.01) decreased at pre partum (0.42 ± 0.04) and increased at the time of parturition shows continuous increased trend up to 45 days (1.02 ± 0.12). Mean values of manganese was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased at the time of parturition (0.21 ± 0.02) and gradually increased post partum. Average level of serum, cobalt, copper, iron, Zinc, and manganese (ppm) in the experimental animals (Unit-2) were 0.85 ± 0.04, 0.39 ± 0.02, 2.00 ± 0.04, 1.35 ± 0.09 and 0.27 ± 0.01 respectively. The values differed significantly (P < 0.01) between treatment and control groups, (1.59 ± 0.11 vs. 1.11 ± 0.12) for zinc level. The treatment, supplementation with mineral mixture and micro minerals and GnRH, effectively reduced the calving interval and mean inseminations per conception and improved the reproductive efficiency of animals of treatment groups. The mean intercalving period was 337.37 ± 4.30, 345 ± 4.60 and 355.60 ± 5.44 for T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The calving interval was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups than the control group.
