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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF INFERTILITY IN JERSEY COWS USED EXTENSIVELY IN EMBRYO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY.(AAU, Anand, 2004) SHAH, RAKHIBEN MADANBHAI; PATEL, D. M.The present investigation on "Studies on some aspects of infertility in Jersey cows used extensively in Embryo Transfer Technology" was undertaken on Jersey animals (n=10) at the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand Campus Anand. The study was carried out during the months of May 2003 to September 2003 The experimental animals were located at Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Veterinary College, Anand. All the Jersey cows were used in research related to non-surgical embryo transfer and were super-ovulated and flushed number of times under the strict Veterinary care. Also, excellent quality embryos after evaluation were transferred into some these animals, which served as recipients. Preliminary examination was made to know the reproductive status of the animals. Animals were divided in two groups. In first group normal estrus cycle of animals before breeding were observed. In the second estrous cycle of the first group all the animals were given intrauterine antibiotic, ampicilin and cloxacilin preparation (Ampoxin 2 gm containing ampicilin 1000 mg. and cloxacilin 1000 mg). In the second group animals were treated with GnRH (Receptal, 5 ml, I/M) and were bred. Blood collection was made at weekly interval and the pregnancy diagnosis was done on day 45 post breeding. The blood serum levels of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, calcium: phosphorus ratio, iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese were lower in these animals. Repeated rectal examination of these cows revealed the cause of infertility to be cystic ovarian degeneration (two animals), ovarobursal adhesion (one animal), and early embryonic mortality (two animals). Tubal insufflation method of testing fallopian tube patency revealed bilateral complete tubal blockage in two animals and partial tubal blockage in three animals. These findings clearly demonstrated that superovulation in embryo transfer technology lowers the fertility in cows and repeated super ovulation lead to sterility in cows.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF INFERTILITY IN JERSEY COWS USED EXTENSIVELY IN EMBRYO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY(AAU, Anand, 2004) SHAH, RAKHI MADANBHAI; PATEL, D. M.The present investigation on “Studies on some aspects o f infertility in Jersey cows used extensively in Embryo Transfer Technology” was undertaken on Jersey animals (n=10) at the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College o f Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand Campus Anand. The study was carried out during the months o f May 2003 to September 2003 The experimental animals were located at Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Veterinary College, Anand. All the Jersey cows were used in research related to non-surgical embryo transfer and were super-ovulated and flushed number of times under the strict Veterinary care. Also, excellent quality embryos after evaluation were transferred into some these animals, which served as recipients. Preliminary examination was made to know the reproductive status o f the animals. Animals were divided in two groups. In first group normal estrus cycle o f animals before breeding were observed. In the second estrous cycle of the first group all the animals were given intrauterine antibiotic, ampicilin and cloxacilin preparation (Ampoxin 2 gm containing ampicilin 1000 mg. and cloxacilin 1000 mg). In the second group animals were treated with GnRH (Receptal, 5 ml, I/M) and were bred. Blood collection was made at weekly interval and the pregnancy diagnosis was done on day 45 post breeding. The blood serum levels of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, calcium: phosphorus ratio, iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese were lower in these animals. Repeated rectal examination of these cows revealed the cause of infertility to be cystic ovarian degeneration (two animals), ovarobursal adhesion (one animal), and early embryonic mortality (two animals). Tubal insufflation method of testing fallopian tube patency revealed bilateral complete tubal blockage in two animals and partial tubal blockage in three animals. These findings clearly demonstrated that superovulation in embryo transfer technology lowers the fertility in cows and repeated super ovulation lead to sterility in cows.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2004) LAKUM, PRASHANT D.; Panchal, M. T.The present study on "Management of Reproductive Problems in Holstein Friesian cows" was conducted in the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the period from November 2002 to May 2003. The experimental animals (n=27) were selected from the herd of Holstein Friesian cows of HF Project, IDC Unit, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with 1 to 4 parity and an average age of 72.52 + 4.65 months. The cows repeating beyond 6 months postpartum and anoestrus cows beyond 6 months postpartum were thoroughly screened for their genital health through gynaeco-clinical examinations. All the cows were studied for weekly blood plasma progesterone profiles in fertile and infertile oestrous cycles in treated cows suffering from repeat breeding (Post-insemination Antibiotics - PIA; n=ll / Luteinizing Hormone - hCG; n=5) and anoestrus (Gonadotrophins Releasing Hormone - GnRH; n=6 / Prostaglandin - PGF2a; n=5) conditions and normal fertile untreated cows (n=5), along with various biochemical parameters (glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride) and macro-micro minerals in relation to fertility. The treated HF cows were also studied for the pregnancy results in terms of conception rate. Blood plasma samples were collected at weekly interval from the day of insemination and/or any treatment till next oestrus or conception or 50 days post-AI. The data, thus generated after progesterone assay and various biochemical estimations, were statistically analyzed. Cows were inseminated during oestrus and were followed for repeatation to oestrus and/or pregnancy diagnosis. The cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) samples were subjected to the cultural isolation and antibiotic sensitivity test prior to the first AI. Among the CVM samples (n=27) screened for bacterial isolates, 14 (51.85%) samples had bacterial growth comprising 12 (85.71%) and 2 (14.29%o) samples single and mixed type of bacterial isolates, respectively. Among the bacterial isolates obtained from HF cows, gram positive bacilli (37.50%) and Staphylococcus spp. (31.25%)) were found to be predominant bacterial isolates followed by gram negative bacilli (12.50%)), Streptococcus spp. (12.50%)) and E. coli (6.25%)). The bacterial isolates were found to be sensitive to the tune of 93.75 and 87.50 per cent for gentamicin and chloremphenicol, respectively. The pregnancy rates were 54.55 (6/11), 60.00 (3/5), 66.67 (4/6) and 80.00 (4/5) per cent in infertile treated HF cows with post-insemination antibiotic, LH (hCG; 1500 lU, IM), GnRH (Receptal; Buserelin acetate; 0.02 mg; IM) and PGF2a (Lutalyse; Dinoprost tromethamine; 25 mg; IM), respectively, with an overall pregnancy rate of 62.96 (17/27) per cent as compared to 100.00 (5/5) per cent in untreated control cows. The overall services per conception were found to be 2.24 in treated HF cows. All the cows, treated with GnRH (n=6) and PGF2a (n=5) came in oestrus with an average durafion of onset of oestrus to be 21.00 ± 3.61 days (Range: 7-28 days) and 72.00 + 13.15 hours (Range: 48-120 hours), respectively. The mean plasma progesterone (ng/ml) level of treated conceived cows was minimum on day '0' (0.65 + 0.12) which increased significantly (P<0.05) on days 7, 14 and 21 post-insemination and subsequently it was maintained. Practically similar trend in the rise of the progesterone levels was observed in the control conceived cows. In treated non-conceived cows, significant (P<0.01) decrease in plasma progesterone level was observed on day '21' post-insemination. The trend of delayed rise in progesterone levels from day '0' to '7' and to '14' was observed in treated non-conceived cows as compared to treated conceived and control conceived cows. The mean plasma progesterone level on day '0' in normal fertile (control) cows (1.16 + 0.18 ng/ml) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of treated conceived (0.65 + 0.12 ng/ml) and treated non-conceived cows (0.72 + 0.14 ng/ml). The mean levels of blood glucose, plasma total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, copper, cobalt, zinc, iron and manganese in normal fertile cows and treated conceived cows suffering form repeat breeding and anoestrus conditions were found to be 51.19 + 1.70 and 48.77 + 0.71 mg/dl, 7.87 ±0.18 and 6.50 ± 0.07 g/dl, 133.78 ± 2.33 and 109.24 +1.83 mg per cent, 65.01 ± 2.43 and 108.56 ± 3.32 mg/dl, 13.89 ± 0.12 and 11.23 ± 0.13 mg/dl, 7.81 ± 0.20 and 6.76 ±0.13 mg/dl, 3.00 ± 0.06 and 3.45 +0.07 mEq/1, 0.66 ± 0.03 and 0.87 ± 0.02 ppm, 0.41 ± 0.02 and 0.34 ± 0.02 ppm, 1.30 ± 0.04 and 1.62 + 0.05 ppm, 5.89 ± 0.16 and 6.77 + 0.14 ppm, and 0.16 + 0.01 and 0.20 ± 0.03 ppm, respectively. The mean levels of blood glucose, plasma total protein, total cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and cobalt were found to be higher in normal fertile cows as compared to treated (repeat breeder and anoestrus) conceived cows with the difference being highly significant between the groups except for blood glucose levels.ThesisItem Open Access MONITORING POSTPARTUM PERIOD IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS THROUGH CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS, METABOLIC PROFILE AND HORMONAL THERAPY(AAU, Anand, 2004) PATEL, PANKAJKUMAR M.; DHAMI, A. J.This study was carried out on 24 Holstein Friesian cows of an organized farm over first 150 days (21 week) postpartum with the objective of monitoring postpartum period through clinical diagnosis, and weekly plasma progesterone, biochemical, metabolic and macro-micro mineral profiles. The study also covered evaluation of effect of single i/m injection of GnRH (5 ml Receptal) and PGF2a (5 ml Lutalyse) at day 48-49 postpartum on reproductive efficiency and blood plasma profiles in 6 cows each with suboestrus and inactive ovarian conditions, respectively, keeping equal numbers as control. The important puerperal/reproductive events of each cow were recorded. The cows exhibiting signs of oestrus, either natural or induced, were bred only after 50 days of calving by AI using frozen-thawed semen. The cultural examination of CVM samples and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates were also made once at first AI/breeding. Heparinized venous blood samples were collected from all the cows at weekly interval from the day of calving till 21st week postpartum. The plasma samples were used for various estimations. Progesterone profile was estimated using standard RIA technique. Plasma glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium levels were determined by using standard assay kits and an autoanalyzer. The levels of Zn, Fe, Cu, Co and Mn were estimated in wet oxidized plasma samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The time required for expulsion of placenta, its weight, birth weight of the calf, the sex ratio of male to female birth, and the period for regression of pregnancy CL and uterine involution averaged 5.77 ± 0.44 hrs, 4.46 ± 0.21 kg, 36.38 ± 0.94 kg, 1.4:1, 8.38 ± 1.27 days and 33.29 ± 0.69 days, respectively. The pregnancy CL was not palpable by day 7 postpartum in more than 70 per cent of cows with normal puerperal events. Individual animal's P4 profile revealed that majority of cows (17/24) ovulated silently at least once before the uterine involution was completed. Treatment to oestrus induction interval was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter in PGF2a than the GnRH group, and even in PGF2α treated than its control group (2.50 ± 0.22 vs 15.33 ± 3.48 days), but not in GnRH treated and control groups (31.33 ± 9.37 vs 37.00 ± 5.87 days), as 50 per cent of GnRH treated cows did not respond to therapy. The first service and overall conception rates were 31.58 and 33.53 per cent .among the cows bred. In all, 3 cows each in GnRH and PGF2α treatment groups, 2 cows in PGF2α control group and none in GnRH control group conceived out of 6 in each group. The main reason for overall low conception rate (33.53%) was sudden change in breeding policy midway - not to breed cows before 90 days postpartum - and by that time majority of cows turned into anoestrus condition due to loss of body condition and negative energy balance. Only 45.83 per cent of CVM samples yielded one or another type of bacterial isolate on cultural examination and remaining all were sterile. Maximum isolates (81.82%) were sensitive to tetracycline, gentamicin (72.73%), or chloramphenicol (63.64%), and all were resistant to ftirazolidone and cloxacillin. Further, of the 8 cows that conceived, 4 (50.00%) had sterile cervical mucus at first breeding. The overall mean P4 level was insignificantly lower in GnRH than the PGF2α group (2.37 ± 0.14 vs 2.98 ±0.18 ng/ml). The weekly mean P4 concentrations in GnRH treatment, control and pooled groups differed insignificantly between weeks postpartum, except in control group. However in PGF2α treatment, control and pooled groups, it varied highly significantly (P < 0.01) in the range of 1.11 ± 0.32 to 7.37 ±1.12 ng/ml, with lowest value on the day of calving. The difference between PGF2α treated and control group was also significant (P < 0.05) at 7th, 13th and 17th week postpartum. The conceived cows had significantly higher plasma P4 profile than the non-conceived cows (3.23 ± 0.21 vs 2.42 ± 0.12 ng/ml). In non-conceived group it increased significantly by 6th week postpartum (3.59 ± 0.69 ng/ml), reached to a peak of 4.14 ± 0.97 ng/ml at 10th week and then fluctuated insignificantly till 21st week postpartum. The weekly P4 profile revealed varying incidence of irregular cycles (short 25%; long 33.33%), silent ovulation (66.66%), anoestrum (12.33%) and embryonic mortality (8.33%) in cows under study. PGF2α treatment on day 49 postpartum induced rapid luteolysis and caused resumption of follicular activity and ovulation with simultaneous rise of the P4 by 9th week postpartum and 2 out of 6 animals conceived at induced oestrus.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2004) LAKUM, PRASHANT D.; PANCHAL, M. T.The present study on "Management of Reproductive Problems in Holstein Friesian cows" was conducted in the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the period from November 2002 to May 2003. The experimental animals (n=27) were selected from the herd of Holstein Friesian cows of HF Project, IDC Unit, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with 1 to 4 parity and an average age of 72.52 + 4.65 months. The cows repeating beyond 6 months postpartum and anoestrus cows beyond 6 months postpartum were thoroughly screened for their genital health through gynaeco-clinical examinations. All the cows were studied for weekly blood plasma progesterone profiles in fertile and infertile oestrous cycles in treated cows suffering from repeat breeding (Post-insemination Antibiotics - PIA; n=l 1 / Luteinizing Hormone - hCG; n=5) and anoestrus (Gonadotrophins Releasing Hormone - GnRH; n=6 / Prostaglandin - PGF2a; n=5) conditions and normal fertile untreated cows (n=5), along with various biochemical parameters (glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride) and macro-micro minerals in relation to fertility. The treated HF cows were also studied for the pregnancy results in terms of conception rate. Blood plasma samples were collected at weekly interval from the day of insemination and/or any treatment till next oestrus or conception or 50 days post-AI. The data, thus generated after progesterone assay and various biochemical estimations, were statistically analyzed. Cows were inseminated during oestrus and were followed for repeatation to oestrus and/or pregnancy diagnosis. The cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) samples were subjected to the cultural isolation and antibiotic sensitivity test prior to the first AI. Among the CVM samples (n=27) screened for bacterial isolates, 14 (51.85%) samples had bacterial growth comprising 12 (85.71%) and 2 (14.29%) samples single and mixed type of bacterial isolates, respectively. Among the bacterial isolates obtained from HF cows, gram positive bacilli (37.50%) and Staphylococcus spp. (31.25%) were found to be predominant bacterial isolates followed by gram negative bacilli (12.50%), Streptococcus spp. (12.50%) and E. coli (6.25%). The bacterial isolates were found to be sensitive to the tune of 93.75 and 87.50 per cent for gentamicin and chloremphenicol, respectively. The pregnancy rates were 54.55 (6/11), 60.00 (3/5), 66.67 (4/6) and 80.00 (4/5) per cent in infertile treated HF cows with post-insemination antibiotic, LH (hCG; 1500 IU, IM), GnRH (Receptal; Buserelin acetate; 0.02 mg; IM) and PGF2a (Lutalyse; Dinoprost tromethamine; 25 mg; IM), respectively, with an overall pregnancy rate of 62.96 (17/27) per cent as compared to 100.00 (5/5) per cent in untreated control cows. The overall services per conception were found to be 2.24 in treated HF cows. All the cows, treated with GnRH (n=6) and PGF2a (n=5) came in oestrus with an average duration of onset of oestrus to be 21.00 + 3.61 days (Range: 7-28 days) and 72.00 + 13.15 hours (Range: 48-120 hours), respectively. The mean plasma progesterone (ng/ml) level of treated conceived cows was minimum on day '0' (0.65 + 0.12) which increased significantly (P<0.05) on days 7, 14 and 21 post-insemination and subsequently it was maintained. Practically similar trend in the rise of the progesterone levels was observed in the control conceived cows. In treated non-conceived cows, significant (P<0.01) decrease in plasma progesterone level was observed on day '21' post-insemination. The trend of delayed rise in progesterone levels from day '0' to '7' and to '14' was observed in treated non-conceived cows as compared to treated conceived and control conceived cows. The mean plasma progesterone level on day '0' in normal fertile (control) cows (1.16 + 0.18 ng/ml) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of treated conceived (0.65 + 0.12 ng/ml) and treated non-conceived cows (0.72 + 0.14 ng/ml). The mean levels of blood glucose, plasma total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, copper, cobalt, zinc, iron and manganese in normal fertile cows and treated conceived cows suffering form repeat breeding and anoestrus conditions were found to be 51.19 + 1.70 and 48.77 + 0.71 mg/dl, 7.87 ±0.18 and 6.50 ± 0.07 g/dl, 133.78 + 2.33 and 109.24 +1.83 mg per cent, 65.01 ± 2.43 and 108.56 ± 3.32 mg/dl, 13.89 ± 0.12 and 11.23 + 0.13 mg/dl, 7.81 + 0.20 and 6.76 + 0.13 mg/dl, 3.00 + 0.06 and 3.45 ±0.07 mEq/l, 0.66 ± 0.03 and 0.87 ± 0.02 ppm, 0.41 ± 0.02 and 0.34 ± 0.02 ppm, 1.30 ± 0.04 and 1.62 ± 0.05 ppm, 5.89 ± 0.16 and 6.77 ±0.14 ppm, and 0.16 + 0.01 and 0.20 ± 0.03 ppm, respectively. The mean levels of blood glucose, plasma total protein, total cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and cobalt were found to be higher in normal fertile cows as compared to treated (repeat breeder and anoestrus) conceived cows with the difference being highly significant between the groups except for blood glucose levels.ThesisItem Open Access Management Of Repeat Breeding Holstein Friesian Cows Through Ultrasonography, Blood Profile And Hormonal Therapy Under Subtropical Climate(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2004) Patel, Jagadishkumar Ambalal.; Kavani, F.S.ThesisItem Open Access Follicular Dynamics, Early Pregnancy Diagnosis And Fertility Management In Postpartum Mehsana Buffaloes Through Ultrasonography(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2004) Awasthi, Manojkumar; Kavani, F. S.