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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE GONADS AND GENITALS IN SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 1990) Baishya, G.; Vyas, K. N.Prenatal gross and histomorphological development; of the female gonad, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and vestibules were studied utilizing 62 Surti buffalo embryos and foetuses ranging in age from 35 to 305 days (1.5 to 102.5 cm CVR). These specimens were divided into seven different groups viz., 35 to 44 days (1.5 to 3.5 cm CVR, group I ), 45 to 75 days (3.7 to 10.3 cm CVR, group II) , 76 to 95 days (10.5 to 14.7 cm CVR, group III ) , 96 to 115 days (15.0 to 19.2 cm CVR, group IV), 116 to 155 days (19.5 to 36.0 cm CVR, group V), 156 to 210 days (36.5 t o 60.5 cm CVR, group VI) and 211 to 305 days (61.0 to 102.5 cm CVR, group VII). An increase in curved crown-rump length (CVR) of the foetuses, was noticed with the advancement of age. The foetal body weight and combined weight of a l l the genitals revealed different values in different age groups. However, the maximum foetal growth and development, were observed from 240 to 305 days (74.0 to 102.5 cm CVR). The growth pattern of developing finale genitals as a whole in relation to foetal growth rate followed no consistent trend from 67 days (8.5 cm CVR) onwards. The relative growth rate decreased with advancing gestational age except from 240 to 305 days during which it was reverse.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, BIOMETRIC AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PREPUCE AND PENIS WITH REFERENCE TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF PREPUTIAL GLANDS AND RELEASE OF PENILE ADHESIONS IN THE SURTI BUFFALO(AAU, Anand, 1986) DAS, RABINDRA KUMAR; Vyas, K. N.The gross and biometric study was made on the genital organs of 25 male Surti buffalo calves of 4-11 months in age and six adult Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) of above 4 years in age to measure the lengthand diameter of penis, the length of the glans, the depth (length) of the preputial cavity and the diameter of the preputial orifics. Microscopic observations on H & E stained, Hart’s elastic stained, Alcian blue (pH 2.5) - PAS stained and picric acid stained cryostat and paraffin sections, were made on 6 buffalo calves of 4-11 months of age, 6 buffalo calves of 15-20 months of age and on 6 adult buffalo bulls above 4 years of age.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETAL TESTIS IN THE SURTI BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)(AAU, Anand, 1989) BAISHYA, GAJEN; Vyas, K. N.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF SEVERAL SKIN AND WOOL-FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS MARWARI, PATANWADI AND PATANWADl X RUSSIAN MERINO CROSSES(AAU, Anand, 1983) JAGIWALA, PRAKASH S.; Vyas, K. N.Present study on skin biopaies, comprised of five different genetic groups of sheep viz., Marwari, Patanwadi, P1 (Patanwadi x Russian (R.) Merine), G2 (F1 x R. Merine) and IS (G2 x G2) maintained at the College Instructional Farm and the Government sheep Farms at Patan and Morvi. Different follicle measurements I.e. follicle depth (Fd), follicle chord (Fe) and follows curvature index (Fc1), were studied in 1/3 mm, razor blade cut, vertical sections stained with 0.25% Nile blue sulphate and counted in Kaiser’s aqueous mountant.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCOMOTORY APPARATUS OF THE BUFFALO AND THE OX(AAU, Anand, 1996) DUBAL, SUBHASH C.; Vyas, K. N.The present study was carried out to investigate and compare the anatomical and the biomechanical characteristics of bones and muscles of forelimbs and hindlimbs of male of Surti buffalo and Kankrej ox (5 to 10 months old calves and 5 years or more old adults, six in number, in each age group of each species). Study on walking gait characteristics were made from the videographs of six live adult animals of each species. The forelimbs of the buffalo were found to bear significantly (P < 0.05) more body weight (57.89 ± 0.82 %) than those of the ox (55.96 ± 1.05 % ). The cortical thickness, bone density and elastic modulus of the bones of the forelimbs, did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from those of the hindlimbs of the animals of both the species within the same age groups. The pooled mean values of the cortical thickness,the bone density and the elastic modulus of the bones of the calves, were significantly (P < 0.05) lower (0.18 ± 0.001 cm; 2281.27 ± 14.21 - 2 kg/cm and 118.37 ± 0.11 kg/cm2, respectively) than those of the adult animals (0.54 ± 0.002 cm, 2510.54 ± 9.28 kg/cm2 and 166.33 ± 0.17 kg/cm2 , respectively). The ultimate compressive and tensile stresses, and ttie strength and stiffness economics, increased significantly with the advancement of the age. Most of the gross anatomical and the biomechanical characteristics of the bones and the muscles studied, increased significantly (P < 0.05) from the calfhood to the adulthood in both the species.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDULLATED AND NON-MEDULLATED FOLLICLES IN MARWADI AND PATANWADI SHEEP(AAU, Anand, 1989) DUBAL, S. C.; Vyas, K. N.The present study was carried out on the skin biopsies, taken from l e f t mid-side region of 30 males and 44 females of Marwadi and 55 males and 45 females of Patanwadi sheep at the age of 4-5 months (lambs) and again from the same animals at the age of 15-18 months (adults) to investigate the histological and biometrical characteristics of medullated and non-medullated follicles. The biopsies were preserved in 10 % neutral buffered formalin and vertical sections of 1/3 mm in thickness were cut with the help of razor blade and stained with 0.25 % aqueous solution of Nile blue sulphate to study the follicle depth (Fd), follicle chord (Fc) and follicle curvature index (Fci). The observations were made ci under projection micixjscope (Lanometer) . From the remaining skin, vertical sections measuring 10-12 µm in thickness, were cut on ciyostat microtome and stained with Harris' Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and Altmann's acid fuchsin methyl green stain for histology and micrometry of the other follicle characteristics. The primary follicles were more deep-seated than the secondary follicles. The angle between the shaft and bulb of medullated follicle from the ental side, was more than that of the non-medullated follicle in both the breeds. The follicles of Marwadi had larger angle of bulb than those of Patanwadi sheep. The primary follicles were mostly medullated. The medullation occured above the junction between the shaft and the bulb.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUPERFICIAL REGIONAL LYMPH NODES AS WELL AS LYMPHATICS IN YOUNG AND ADULT SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 1988) BAGI, A. S.; Vyas, K. N.Present work on eight superficial regional lymph nodes viz., parotid, mandibular, atlantal, prescapular, axillary, prefemoral, popliteal and superficial inguinal, tracheal lymph duct and thoracic duct and counting of total lymph nodes per an animal, was carried out in six young and six adult Surti buffaloes. Gross study of regional lymph nodes comrised of total number of lymph nodes, morphology, relationship, draining area as well as biometry i.e. length, width, breadth weight and volume. Histomorphological study of lymph nodes was carried out on paraffin sections. They were stained with Harris' Haematoxylin and Eosin for general histomorphological observations and micrometry, Hart's stain for elastic fibres, Masson's trichrome stain, Mallory's stain as well as Van Gienson's stain for connective tissue and smooth muscles, Snook's method for reticular fibres, Methyl green-pyronin for plasma cells and Unna's stain for mast cells. Micrometry was done for the measurement of thickness of capsule and trabeculae as well as diameter of lymph nodule and germinal centre of lymph nodes.ThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE LION (Panthera leo) AND THE LEOPARD (Panthera pardus)(AAU, Anand, 2009) KUMARI, RINKI; Bhayani, D. M.The present study was carried out on the gross and histomorphological structure of visceral organs of digestive and respiratory system as well as thyroid, kidney and spleen in lion and leopard. The study was carried out on the organs of six lion and six leopards irrespective of age and sex. The organs were preserved in 10 % neutral buffer formalin. The measurements of the various dimensions were recorded using electronic vernier calipers, thread and measure tape. Tissues were processed by routine paraffin block making method. The sections were stained with different staining techniques like Haematoxylin & Eosin, Van-Gienson's and Hart's staining method. The mean total length of tongue was 19.25 ± 2.25 cm in lion and 12.85 ± 1.50 cm in leopard. Numbers of circumvallate papillae were 7 in number in leopard whereas it was 8 in number in lion. Two unequal sized prominences on the filliform papillae were observed histologically in leopard, while it was only one prominence in lion. Lingual glands were present in lower half of the tongue. The filiform papillae were very large in lion as compared to leopard. The mean length of oesophagus of lion was 59.50 ± 5.25 cm while in leopard it was 39.75 + 3.50 cm. Mucosa was folded longitudinally. The epithelium was partially keratinized and tunica muscularis was entirely made up of striated muscles except at terminal part where it was made of smooth muscles in both the lion and leopard. Submucosal glands were absent in the lion and leopard. The thickness and circumferences of oesophagus at different places were variable. The mean greater curvature of stomach of the lion (59.25 ± 4.7 cm) was larger than that of the leopard (30.01 ± 1.4 cm). While the lesser curvature of the stomach of lion was 28.32 ±1.11 cm and of leopard-was 17.22 ± 1 cm. Grossly stomach of lion was larger than that of leopard. Thickness of pyloric part was greater than that of the fundic part in both species. Muscularis mucosae was very thick and showed three layers of smooth muscle fibers, inner and outer circular and middle longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers. The mean total length of small intestine and large intestine of lion (731.43 ± 25.5 cm and 98.58 ± 6.5 cm) was higher than that of the leopard (326.13 ± 11.6 cm and 64.64 ± 4.5 cm). Submucosal glands were present in upper half of the submucosa in anterior part of duodenum in leopard but absent in lion. The aggregation of lymphatic nodules in the ileum was very less but in caecum more in number. The number of aggregation of lymphatic nodule was found more in caecum but very less in ileum. Mean weight of liver of lion was 2032.33 ± 57.07 gm and that of the leopard was 709 ± 29.88 gm. The right central lobe of liver was largest and caudate lobe was smallest. Histologically, the hepatic lobules were blend with adjacent lobules, without clear line of demarcation in both the species. The pancreas in lion and leopard was "V" shaped. Histologically more numbers of pancreatic islets were noticed in the pancreas of both the species. The apical part of cells of pancreatic acini showed lots of pink coloured zymogen granules. Centroacinar cell were present in the pancreatic acini. The pharyngeal tonsils were separated from the surrounding tissue by a distinct connective tissue capsule. The surface of pharyngeal tonsil was pitted. Tonsils were aggregation of lymphatic nodules and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. In lion and leopard the laryngeal cartilages were epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids. Only the arytenoids cartilage was paired. The thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Histologically, most of the laryngeal cartilages were of hyaline type. The epiglottis of lion and leopard consisted of elastic cartilage. Externally the trachea was appeared to be divided into three primary bronchi. But internally right primary bronchus was larger and abruptly dividing into secondary bronchi. The total number of tracheal cartilaginous ring was 42 in lion and 36 in leopard. In lion mean length of trachea was 31.42 ± 0.43 cm and in the leopard mean length of trachea was 17.87± 0.47 cm. Histologically, the trachea of lion and leopard was lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with mucous secretory tracheal glands and contained supporting C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings. Total mean weight of lung of lion was 1572.6 ± 29.52 gm and that of leopard was 563.83 ± 12.88 gm. Weight of right apical lobe (462.33 ± 36.84 gm) of lung of lion was the greatest among all the lobes of lung of lion while in leopard weight of left diaphragmatic lobe (143.25 ± 8.32 gm) was the highest among all the lobes of lung of leopard. Right intermediate lobe (188.08 ±13.16 gm) was the smallest lobe in lion whereas left cardiac lobe (37.67 ±3.12 gm) was smallest in leopard. The cardiac and apical lobes of right lung were fused in lions but not in leopard. Lung tissue showed respiratory alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium. The thyroid gland of lion consisted of two separate lobes. Left thyroid of lion was oval shaped while right thyroid gland was comma shaped. Both lobes of thyroid gland of leopard were oval in shape. The glandular tissue was more in the isthmus of leopard than that of the lion. Total weight of thyroid gland was 24.32 ± 0.60 gm, and 7.26 ± 0.27 gm in lion and leopard respectively. Histologically, the thyroid gland consisted of numerous thyroid follicles, filled with colloidal material and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. Follicles were of variable in size in both the species. The mean weight of the spleen of lion (177 ± 17.47 gm) was higher than that of leopard (98.9 ± 4.65 gm). Histologically, most of the splenic pulp was made up of red pulp. The splenic nodules were less in number. The capsule of spleen was made up of two layers i.e. outer connective tissue layer and inner layer of smooth muscle fiber. The trabeculae were fibro-muscular. The weight of right kidney of lion was 274.67 ± 30.58 gm while in leopard it was 87.08 ± 4.52 gm in leopard. Weight of left kidney of lion was 243.5 ± 24.04 gm and of leopard 79.08 ± 4.59 gm. Superficial veins were most prominent after removal of connective tissue capsule of kidney. Glomeruli were distributed in the cortex as prominent structure. Very thick and prominent medullary rays were present in the cortex.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS IN THE LIMBS OF THE OX ( Bos indicus) AND THE BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 1988) PANCHAL, K. M.; Vyas, K. N.Present work on suspensory ligament in the limbs comprised of gross, histological and histochemical study in the adult Kankrej cow, adult Surti buffalo, Kankrej calf and Surti buffalo calf. The gross study was made by dissecting the limbs below carpus and below tarsus. Length and width of all the divisions of the suspensory ligament were measured. Length : Width ratio was obtained.