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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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20091
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2008 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE LION (Panthera leo) AND THE LEOPARD (Panthera pardus)
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) KUMARI, RINKI; Bhayani, D. M.
    The present study was carried out on the gross and histomorphological structure of visceral organs of digestive and respiratory system as well as thyroid, kidney and spleen in lion and leopard. The study was carried out on the organs of six lion and six leopards irrespective of age and sex. The organs were preserved in 10 % neutral buffer formalin. The measurements of the various dimensions were recorded using electronic vernier calipers, thread and measure tape. Tissues were processed by routine paraffin block making method. The sections were stained with different staining techniques like Haematoxylin & Eosin, Van-Gienson's and Hart's staining method. The mean total length of tongue was 19.25 ± 2.25 cm in lion and 12.85 ± 1.50 cm in leopard. Numbers of circumvallate papillae were 7 in number in leopard whereas it was 8 in number in lion. Two unequal sized prominences on the filliform papillae were observed histologically in leopard, while it was only one prominence in lion. Lingual glands were present in lower half of the tongue. The filiform papillae were very large in lion as compared to leopard. The mean length of oesophagus of lion was 59.50 ± 5.25 cm while in leopard it was 39.75 + 3.50 cm. Mucosa was folded longitudinally. The epithelium was partially keratinized and tunica muscularis was entirely made up of striated muscles except at terminal part where it was made of smooth muscles in both the lion and leopard. Submucosal glands were absent in the lion and leopard. The thickness and circumferences of oesophagus at different places were variable. The mean greater curvature of stomach of the lion (59.25 ± 4.7 cm) was larger than that of the leopard (30.01 ± 1.4 cm). While the lesser curvature of the stomach of lion was 28.32 ±1.11 cm and of leopard-was 17.22 ± 1 cm. Grossly stomach of lion was larger than that of leopard. Thickness of pyloric part was greater than that of the fundic part in both species. Muscularis mucosae was very thick and showed three layers of smooth muscle fibers, inner and outer circular and middle longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers. The mean total length of small intestine and large intestine of lion (731.43 ± 25.5 cm and 98.58 ± 6.5 cm) was higher than that of the leopard (326.13 ± 11.6 cm and 64.64 ± 4.5 cm). Submucosal glands were present in upper half of the submucosa in anterior part of duodenum in leopard but absent in lion. The aggregation of lymphatic nodules in the ileum was very less but in caecum more in number. The number of aggregation of lymphatic nodule was found more in caecum but very less in ileum. Mean weight of liver of lion was 2032.33 ± 57.07 gm and that of the leopard was 709 ± 29.88 gm. The right central lobe of liver was largest and caudate lobe was smallest. Histologically, the hepatic lobules were blend with adjacent lobules, without clear line of demarcation in both the species. The pancreas in lion and leopard was "V" shaped. Histologically more numbers of pancreatic islets were noticed in the pancreas of both the species. The apical part of cells of pancreatic acini showed lots of pink coloured zymogen granules. Centroacinar cell were present in the pancreatic acini. The pharyngeal tonsils were separated from the surrounding tissue by a distinct connective tissue capsule. The surface of pharyngeal tonsil was pitted. Tonsils were aggregation of lymphatic nodules and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. In lion and leopard the laryngeal cartilages were epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids. Only the arytenoids cartilage was paired. The thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Histologically, most of the laryngeal cartilages were of hyaline type. The epiglottis of lion and leopard consisted of elastic cartilage. Externally the trachea was appeared to be divided into three primary bronchi. But internally right primary bronchus was larger and abruptly dividing into secondary bronchi. The total number of tracheal cartilaginous ring was 42 in lion and 36 in leopard. In lion mean length of trachea was 31.42 ± 0.43 cm and in the leopard mean length of trachea was 17.87± 0.47 cm. Histologically, the trachea of lion and leopard was lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with mucous secretory tracheal glands and contained supporting C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings. Total mean weight of lung of lion was 1572.6 ± 29.52 gm and that of leopard was 563.83 ± 12.88 gm. Weight of right apical lobe (462.33 ± 36.84 gm) of lung of lion was the greatest among all the lobes of lung of lion while in leopard weight of left diaphragmatic lobe (143.25 ± 8.32 gm) was the highest among all the lobes of lung of leopard. Right intermediate lobe (188.08 ±13.16 gm) was the smallest lobe in lion whereas left cardiac lobe (37.67 ±3.12 gm) was smallest in leopard. The cardiac and apical lobes of right lung were fused in lions but not in leopard. Lung tissue showed respiratory alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium. The thyroid gland of lion consisted of two separate lobes. Left thyroid of lion was oval shaped while right thyroid gland was comma shaped. Both lobes of thyroid gland of leopard were oval in shape. The glandular tissue was more in the isthmus of leopard than that of the lion. Total weight of thyroid gland was 24.32 ± 0.60 gm, and 7.26 ± 0.27 gm in lion and leopard respectively. Histologically, the thyroid gland consisted of numerous thyroid follicles, filled with colloidal material and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. Follicles were of variable in size in both the species. The mean weight of the spleen of lion (177 ± 17.47 gm) was higher than that of leopard (98.9 ± 4.65 gm). Histologically, most of the splenic pulp was made up of red pulp. The splenic nodules were less in number. The capsule of spleen was made up of two layers i.e. outer connective tissue layer and inner layer of smooth muscle fiber. The trabeculae were fibro-muscular. The weight of right kidney of lion was 274.67 ± 30.58 gm while in leopard it was 87.08 ± 4.52 gm in leopard. Weight of left kidney of lion was 243.5 ± 24.04 gm and of leopard 79.08 ± 4.59 gm. Superficial veins were most prominent after removal of connective tissue capsule of kidney. Glomeruli were distributed in the cortex as prominent structure. Very thick and prominent medullary rays were present in the cortex.