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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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201422
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Subject: Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry × End date: 2014 × Start date: 2014 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERSISTENCE OF PROFENOPHOS AND TRIAZOPHOS IN SANDY LOAM SOIL UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS AND THEIR DISSIPATION IN/ON BRINJAL AND TOMATO FRUITS UNDER SUPERVISED FIELD TRIALS
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) RANA, GAJENDRA KUMAR; Shah, P. G.
    Vegetables are important ingredient of our food having a high nutritional value. Brinjal and tomato are important solanaceous crops of India, cultivated throughout the country and constitute an important part of human diet. The vegetable yield in India is considerably low because of several factors, the most important being the damage caused by various insect pests like fruit and shoot borer, jassids, aphids, leafminer etc. In order to protect the crops from such pest damage, former predominantly rely on chemical pesticides. Use of organochlorine (OC) group of pesticides is banned in agriculture primarily due to their persistence in the environment. However, use of organophosphate group of pesticides is on rise mainly due to their easy availability and quick degradation in the ecosystem. Of these, profenophos and triazophos have been found quite effective for the management of these pests. Triazophos (O, O-diethyl-O-1-phenyl-1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate) is a contact and stomach insecticide. The chemical primarily controls sucking and chewing insects in many crops. In spite of being non-systemic, triazophos can penetrate deeply in the plant tissues due to its translaminar properties and can effectively control leaf miner. Triazophos is broken down in the environment and does not bioaccumulate, unlike certain organochlorine insecticides. The insecticide is dangerous to bees and harmful to fish, livestock, birds and other animals. Profenophos [O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorohioate) is an insecticide and acaricide belonging to organophosphate group. It is an insecticide used on a wide variety of crops to control pests mainly Lepidoptera and mites. It was developed for those insect strains which developed resistant to other organophosphorus pesticides. It is selectively more toxic to insects as compared to mammals. For better production and high value, farmers are using a large amount of insecticides during the entire period of cultivation, even at fruiting stage. Quite often farmers also ignore the recommended dose and suggested waiting period between the harvest and last spray. Thus, injudicious use of pesticides could pose serious risk to the consumers besides contaminating the fields. Monitoring studies carried out worldwide have reported the residues of pesticide in fruits and vegetables. Though there is no label claim for profenophos and triazophos on tomato and brinjal in India, monitoring of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetable has revealed presence of these insecticide in/on brinjal and tomato fruits. The dissipation of these insecticides varies with their physical and chemical, dosage applied, number of applications, interval between applications, crop variety, agro climatic conditions, etc. Hence, a study entitled " Persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil under laboratory conditions and their dissipation in/on brinjal and tomato fruits under supervised field trials" was proposed to know the dissipation and persistence of profenophos and triazophos under laboratory as well as field conditions with the following objectives. 1. To study the recovery of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil 2. To study the persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil under laboratory conditions 3. To study the recovery of profenophos and triazophos in tomato and brinjal fruits 4. To study the dissipation of profenophos and triazophos in tomato and brinjal fruits under field conditions 5. To study the effect of washing and cooking in the reduction of profenophos and triazophos residues in brinjal and tomato fruits A field experiment was conducted during Rahi 2012-13 at Main Vegetable Research Station, AAU, Anand (Gujarat), to study the dissipation of profenophos and triazophos in both brinjal and tomato fruits. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications along with a control plot. In brinjal and tomato, two sprays of profenophos and triazophos insecticides were applied during fruiting stage @ 500 g a.i. ha-1 at an interval of 10 days. An untreated control was maintained for comparison. Immediately after the last application (i.e. one hour after spray) fruit samples were drawn for 0 day. The subsequent sampling was carried out 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th day after second application. A laboratory trial was also carried out to determine the persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soils. A representative 20 g (dry weight equivalent) sample of sandy loam soil in 50 mL polypropylene tube was taken and adjusted to 20 % moisture content by addition of distilled water. Solutions of the insecticides (profenophos and triazophos) in acetone were applied drop wise to the surface of the soil in each tube to obtained concentration 10 mg a.i. kg-1 The samples were drawn at 0 (1hr after application), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after application. Residues of profenophos and triazophos were estimated by a validated GC-PFPD method.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat condition
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) ITALIYA, JIGNESH HARIBHAI; JADAV, N. J.
    The field experiment was carried out on loamy sand soil of Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat during summer season of 2013 to study the "Effect of sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilezeck) under middle Gujarat conditions". The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, comprising of four levels of Sulphur (S) (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1), and three levels of Zinc (Zn) (0, 10 and 20 kg Zn ha-1) in three replications. The experiment was conducted in loamy sand soil having alkaline in reaction (pHz.s 7.9) and normal with respect to salt contents [EC2.5 0.20 dSm-1). The soil was low in available nitrogen (N) (184.7 kg ha-1] and S (7.27 mg kg-1), medium in available phosphorus (P) (41.58 kg ha-1) and Zn (0.61 mg kg-1) and high in available potash (K) (310 kg ha-1). The greengram variety Meha was sown on 6th March, 2013 at 45 cm raw distance using grain rate of 15 kg ha^ and recommended fertilizers of 20-40-00:: N-P-K kg ha-1. The results revealed that application of S produced significant effect on growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, No. of branches per plant, No. of pods per plant, No. of grain per pod, test weight, No. of root nodules and its dry weight per plant of greengram. Significantly the higher values of these attributes were recorded under 30 kg S ha-i but they were at par with 20 kg S ha-1. Application of S @ 30 kg S ha-i registered significantly higher grain (1039 kg ha-1) and straw (1967 kg ha-1) yield as compared to control and 10 kg S ha-1, but statistically at par with that of 20 kg S ha-1. Application of 30 kg S ha-1 resulted generally in higher N, P, K, S and Zn concentration and uptake by grain and straw as well as protein content in grain, but it was at par with 20 kg S ha-1. The available P2O5, S and Zn in soil after harvest of crop was higher due to 30 kg S ha-i as compared to control and 10 kg S ha-1, but, it was at par with 20 kg S ha-1. Application of Zn produced significant effect on plant height. No. of branches per plant. No. of pods per plant. No. of grain per plant and No. of root nodules per plant. The values for these parameters noticed due to application of 2 kg Zn ha-1 was significantly higher than control and 1 kg Zn ha-1. Significantly the highest grain (1008 kg ha-1) and straw (1883 kg ha-1) yield was registered under the application of 2 kg Zn ha-1. Similarly the S and Zn content in grain and N, P, K, S and Zn content in straw were noticed higher under the application of Zn @ 2 kg Zn ha-1. In general, significantly the highest uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn by grain and straw as well as protein content in grain were registered under application of Zn @ 2 kg ha-i than rest of the levels of Zn. Application of 2 kg Zn ha-1 was found significantly superior to control and 1 kg Zn ha-i in case of available Zn in soil after harvest of crop. The S X Zn interaction was found significant on grain and straw yield of greengram. Treatment combination of 30 kg S and 2 kg Zn ha-1 (S3Zn2) recorded significantly the highest grain (1233 kg ha-1) and straw (2123 kg ha-1) yield. The similar treatment combination also recorded significantly higher S and Zn content in grain and straw, N uptake by straw, P uptake by grain and straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw and Zn uptake by grain. The increasing levels of both the factors generally recorded higher protein content indicating the synergistic effect of one on another. In the light of the results obtained from the present investigation, it is concluded that the application of 20 kg S ha-1 through gypsum (16.5% S) and 2 kg Zn ha-1 in form of zinc chloride (48% Zn) on loamy sand soil deficient in available S and medium in Zn increased the yield, protein and nutrient content in greengram crop besides sustaining soil fertility status.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEGRADATION AND DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF VARIOUS AGROCHEMICALS IN CLAYEY, SANDY AND SANDY LOAM SOILS
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) LEKSHMI., S; SHAH, P. G.
    An experiment comprising of soil column study and microplot study were conducted based on degradation and downward movement of various agrochemicals in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils was carried out in Pesticide Residue Laboratory at AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The soil column study was conducted to see the leaching behavior and depth wise movement of agrochemicals in soil columns for duration of 15 days. The microplot study was carried out to know the dissipation of pesticides in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils for duration of 60 days. Thi-ee types of soils viz., clayey collected from Navsari (T1), sandy from Dantiwada (T2) and sandy loam from Anand (T3) were used in this study. Soil columns were prepared to scmtinize the downward movement of agrochemicals in soil. Soil columns were wetted to their maximum water holding capacity by applying aqueous solution of 0.01 M CaCl2 and fortified with pesticides @ of 10µg g-1 on soil basis from the formulations on the top of the column. Each column was inigated @ 100 m L of aqueous solution of 0.01 M CaCl2 per day until the end of the experiment (15 days). Leachates collected after 5th, 10th and 15th day was analysed for agrochemical residues. The residue concentration in the leachate after leaching the soil column for 6 to 10 days was higher compared to the leachate collected during 0 to 5 and 11 to 15 days in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils, The highest residue concentration was obtained in the leacliate collected from sandy soil which was followed by sandy loam and clayey soil. Soil columns were cut and soils at different depths Dl (0-6 cm), D2 (6-12 cm), D3 (12-18 cm), D4 (18-24 cm) and D5 (24-30 cm) were dried under shade and analyzed for agrochemical residues. The considerable amount of residue concentration of agrochemicals were obtained in all depths from Dl to D5 in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soil in the case of third and fourth group of agrochemicals. But for the first and second group of agrochemicals the depth wise distribution of residue concentration of agrochemicals in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soil was observed to be below determination level (BDL). The residue concentration of agrochemicals were mainly confirmed in the top soil layer in the case of clayey soil whereas in sandy and sandy loam soil, the depth wise distribution of agrochemicals found to be increasing as deptli increases. The depth wise residue retention found to be higher in clayey soil followed by sandy loam and sandy soil. This promotes the higher agrochemical residue concentration in the leachate obtained from sandy soil followed by sandy loam soil. The above results revealed the fact that the sandy soil possesses the highest leaching potential followed by sandy loam and clayey soil. In order to study the dissipation of applied pesticides from clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils a microplot study was conducted for duration of 60 days. Twelve microplots each of size 60x60 cm with a depth of 60 cm was considered in the experiment. A representative 300 kg bulk soil was taken and fortified at concerned level (10 times the recommended dose) by spraying of pesticide formulation. Samples taken at 0, 1,3,5,10,20, 30 and 60 days were analyzed for pesticide residues. The highest concentration of most of the pesticides was observed till 60 days in clayey soil. The samples of sandy loam soil indicated appreciable pesticide residue concentration up to 20 days whereas in sandy soil pesticide residue concentration was observed only up to 10 days. The lower content of organic matter might contribute to the faster rate of dissipation of pesticides from sandy soil thus resulting in lesser rate of adsorption of chemicals to sandy soil particles.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TO STUDY THE DEGRADATION AND DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF OXYFLUORFEN IN SANDY, SANDY LOAM AND CLAYEY SOILS
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) KUMBHAR, MUKESHKUMAR BHIKHABHAI; RAJ, M. F.
    Oxyfluorfen is formulated for agricultural use as an cmulsifiablc liquid concentrate and as a granular product, although it is most frequently used in a liquid formulation for food crops and as a granular formulation for ornamental nursery crops for the weed control. Oxyfluorfen is used for the control of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in tropical and sub-tropical crops, by pre - or postemergence application in m.aize, rice, gram, groundnut, soybean, cotton and onion crops. It is selective contact herbicide and absorbed more readily by the foliage than by the roots, with very little translocation. Its application as liquid or dry formulations on the crop or soil may contaminate soil or leave residues on crop produce. Oxyfluorfen is moderately persistent in most soil environments, with a representative field half-life of about 30 to 40 days. Oxyfluorfen is not subjected to microbial degradation or hydrolysis. The main mechanism of degradation in soils may be photodegradation and evaporation/co-distillation in moist soils. In laboratory studies, its soil half-life was 6 months, indicating very low rates of microbial degradation. Looking to the above facts, a laboratory study entitled "To study the degradation and downward movement of oxyfluorfen in sandy, sandy loam and clayey soils" was conducted at Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Centre for Organic Farming, ICAR Unit-9, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat (India) with the following objectives: 1. To validate the pesticide residue method of oxyfluorfen for sandy, sandy loam and clayey soils. 2. To study the depth-wise distribution of oxyfluorfen in soil column. 3. To study the degradation of oxyfluorfen in sandy, sandy loam and clayey soils under laboratory conditions. 4. To study the level of oxyfluorfen in column leachates. In order to study the persistence and degradation of oxyfluorfen from three different types of soils viz., sandy, sandy loam and clayey soil, sandy soil was collected from Agronomy Farm of Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Dantiwada. sandy loam soil was collected from Bidi Tobacco Research Station Farm of Anand Agricultural University, Anand and clayey soil from Organic Farm of Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. Prior to study, these soils were subjected to physico-chemical analysis with known history of pesticide applications. For depthwise distribution of oxyfluorfen study, a 36 cm long PVC column with an internal diameter (i.d.) of 6 cm. was used by marking into sections each of 6 cm in length. The bottom ring was tied up with muslin cloth with thread to avoid contamination of leachate with soil particles. The column was filled with soil from bottom to 30 cm length with tapering. Before applying the oxyfluorfen, soil column was wetted to their apparent water holding capacity by applying 100 mL aqueous solution of 0.01 M CaCl2 to the top of column at an interval of 24 h. After this initial equilibration 30 mg/column of oxyfluorfen was applied to the top of column. Polythene sheet was tied up on each column in order to prevent volatization losses. Initially, columns were irrigated with 100 ml of aqueous solution of 0.01 M CaCb up to 10 days and at later stage 50 ml of above mentioned solution was applied to maintain the field capacity until the termination of experiment. Leachates were collected and analyzed. The experiment was conducted with three repetitions along with a control column. Prior to analysis of oxyfluorfen from soil, the method was validated in the laboratory. The leachates were collected on 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after application were filtered, extracted and analyzed by GLC for residues of oxyfluorfen. The entire experiment was conducted at room temperature. After end of experiment, each column was cut into 5 segments each of 6 cm and herbicide residues in soil from different depths i. e. 0-6 cm (D1), 6-12 cm (D2), 12-18 cm (D3), 18-24 cm (D4), 24-30 cm (D5) was analyzed. The soil inside the columns was dried separately under shade and 10 g of soil was used for quantitative analysis of oxyfluorfen residues by GLC. The oxyfluorfen residues in leachates persisted up to 60 days except 0 day in sandy soil. In sandy soil the residues showed increasing trend up to 7th day that is 13.759 ng g i and decreased thereafter till the 60th day. In case of sandy loam and clayey soils the residues were below determination limit until the termination of experiment. The downward movement of oxyfluorfen in the column under laboratory conditions revealed that after 60 days of application, the residues were mainly confined to the top three layers i.e. 0-6 cm, 6-12 cm and 12-18 cm in sandy soil, while in case of the sandy loam and clayey soil the residue were below determination limit even to the top layer of column. This confirms the low risk of sub-soil contamination in sandy loam and clayey soils compared to the sandy soil.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of different sources of silicon on yield and chemical composition of maize (Zea mays L.)
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) D.K.Prajapati; Dr. K. C. Patel
    A pot house study was conducted on maize in net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand. Bulk sample was collected from Agronomy farm and six kilograms of soil was taken in each polythene lined earthen pot and treated with four levels of organics viz., FYM @ 2.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 and enriched FYM with paddy straw @ 2.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 and four levels of calcium silicate i.e. 0.0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 t ha-1. The recommended dose of N and P was applied in the form of urea and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), respectively and mixed properly. The experiment was planned in a factorial completely randomized design with three repetitions
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil under laboratory conditions and their dissipation in/on brinjal and tomato fruits under supervised field trials”
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) GAJENDRA KUMAR RANA; Dr. P. G. Shah
    Vegetables are important ingredient of our food having a high nutritional value. Brinjal and tomato are important solanaceous crops of India, cultivated throughout the country and constitute an important part of human diet. The vegetable yield in India is considerably low because of several factors, the most important being the damage caused by various insect pests like fruit and shoot borer, jassids, aphids, leafminer etc. In order to protect the crops from such pest damage, former predominantly rely on chemical pesticides
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of herbicides applied with and without manures on physico-chemical properties of soil and chemical composition of summer pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) V.G.Damor; Dr. R. B. Patel
    The field experiment was carried out at the AICRP on weed control farm, B. A. College of agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during summer season of the year 2011-12 on the “Effect of herbicides applied with and without manures on physico-chemical properties of soil and chemical composition of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (Factorial) with three replications. Among manures, farm yard manure @ 10 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 were applied and compared with no manure (Control)
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FYM AND CADMIUM ON YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FODDER MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) RATHOD SANDIPKUMAR V.; Dr. J. C. Patel
    A pot experiment was conducted for studying the “Effect of FYM and cadmium on yield and chemical composition of fodder maize (Zea mays L.)” with five doses of Cd (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10.0 ppm) and two levels of FYM (0 and 10 t ha-1) in loamy sand (Typic Ustochrepts) and clayey (Typic Chromusterts,) soils. Factorial CRD design was laid out in this experiment. The loamy sand soil had low WHC, CEC, OC and P2O5 contents and sufficient amount of K2O,Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. The clayey soil had high in WHC and CEC. The OC content was low, P2O5 content was medium and K2O content was high. The soil had adequate amount of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    An investigation into the status of pesticide residues and heavy metals in water, soil, vegetables and cotton lint from vegetable and cotton growing area of middle Gujarat
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) PRITI K THAKOR; Dr. P. G. Shah
    An investigation into the status of pesticide residues and heavy metals in water, soil, vegetables and cotton lint from vegetable and cotton growing area of middle Gujarat was conducted at Pesticide Residue Laboratory during 2012-13. A laboratory study was carried out at AINP on pesticide residues, and Micronutrient Project, ICAR Unit -9, AAU, Anand. Total 203 samples were collected from Kheda, Anand and Vadodara districts of Middle Gujarat area having intensive cultivation of vegetable and cotton.