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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GLUME (GRAIN) DISCOLORATION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(AAU, Anand, 2012) SANGHAVI, SUMEET KISHOR; PRAJAPATI, K. S.Rice is an important staple food crop grown worldwide and of paramount importance to more than half of the global population with regard to food value and is consumed by more than 60 per cent of world population. Glume (grain) discolouration caused by several microorganisms was considered as minor one but, it is gaining importance in almost all rice growing areas of the world in recent years. Investigation was carried out with respect to collection and categorization of seeds of five rice cultivars on the basis of discoloration intensity, assessment of mycoflora load. Impact assessment of associated mycoflora on germination, seedling vigour, seed weight loss, protein and amylose content and management of glume (grain) discoloration through new fungicides under field condition. Seed samples of five rice cultivars viz., GR-11, OR-12, Gurjari, Jaya and IR-28 were assessed and categorized into six fractions as Healthy seeds, 1, 1-5, 5-25, 25-50 and 51-100 per cent discoloration categories seeds and were ranged from 66.7 to 76.3, 11.2 to 14.8, 4.2 to 8.4, 3.4 to 5.4, 1.6 to 4.1 and 1.5 to 2.6 per cent, respectively. Over all, nine different fungal species viz. Fusarium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Altemeria altemata, Penicillium sp., Bipolaris oryzae, Cladosporium sp. and Rhizopus sp. were identified in different categorization of five rice cultivar by standard blotter method. Among the different fungal species detected Fusarium sp. showed maximum association in all the five rice cultivars. Rice cultivar GR-11 stood first in respect of seeds showing maximum seed mycoflora load followed by IR-28, Gurjari, Jaya and GR-12. The results revealed that germination rate, seedling length, root length, shoot length, speed of germination and seedling vigour index was decreased as discoloration intensity on seed increased. As discoloration intensity on seed increased, maximum reduction in germination rate i.e. from 94.5 to 50.0 per cent was observed in cultivar GR-12, while maximum reduction in seedling length and shoot length was observed in cultivar Jaya i.e. from 8.0 to 3.2 cm and 2.9 to 1.7 cm, respectively. Maximum reduction in root length i.e. from 4.8 to 1.7 cm was observed in cultivar Gurjari. Highest reduction in speed of germination and seedling vigour index was observed in cultivar Jaya i.e. from 42.8 to 18.5 and 764.2 to 167.1, respectively. The results revealed that increase in discoloration intensity on seed, 1000 seed weight (g) and amylose content was decreased, while protein content was increased in all the five rice cultivars. Maximum reduction in 1000 seed weight (g) due to discoloration intensity was observed in cultivar Jaya i.e. from 33.4 to 19.8 g, while maximum reduction in amylose content i.e. from 29.2 to 23.9 per cent was observed in cultivar Gurjari. Highest increase in protein content due to discoloration intensity was observed in cultivar GR-11 cultivar i.e. from 6.3 to 10.7 per cent. Among different nine fungicides tested against glume discoloration of rice in cultivar GR-11 revealed that three spays of fungicide Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole applied first at boot stage, second at 5-10 per cent panicle emergence stage and third at 45-50 per cent panicle emergence stage revealed lowest per cent panicle infection (21.3 %), per cent spikelet infection (25.3 %), per cent disease index (16.6 %) and per cent disease incidence (19.6 %) with maximum grain yield (4538.9 kg/ha) and straw yield (4793.0 kg/ha), which was at par with fungicide Mancozeb + Carbendazim showing 23.0 per cent panicle infection, 28.2 per cent spikelet infection, 18.3 per cent disease index and 21.8 per cent disease incidence with grain yield and straw yield as 4393.6 kg/ha and 4684.1 kg/ha, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Root rot and Collar rot of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) incited by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) Prajapati Hemantkumar N.; Dr. R. K. PatilJatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs and trees, from the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a multipurpose shrub and is considered to have originated in Latin America but presently grows throughout the arid, semi-arid tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is mainly cultivated for extraction of biodiesel and is one of the best source of biofuel. The plant can be used to prevent erosion, to reclaim land, grown as a live fence, especially exclude farm animals and be planted as a commercial crop. The crop suffers from many fungal, bacterial and viral diseases and as very meager research have beenThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EARLY BLIGHT (Alternaria solani Ellis and Mart.) OF TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) AND ITS MANAGEMENT(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) PANCHAL RAHULKUMAR KESHAVLAL; Dr. S. T. PatelTomato crop suffers from many fungal diseases, among which the early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Mart.) is one of the important diseases. Present investigation was carried out during 2010-12. Isolation from the early blight infected tomato leaves, collected from Anand, Dakor, Umreth, Borsad and Baroda areas of middle Gujarat, revealed the association of Alternaria solani. The isolates were named as AS 1, AS 2, AS 3, AS 4 and AS 5 for Anand, Dakor, Umreth, Borsad and Baroda areas, respectively. Pathogenicity test was confirmed by inoculating the spore suspension (50 x 10³ conidia/ml) of A. solani on healthy seedlings of tomato. The culture was identified as Alternaria sp. (ID. No. 8300.11).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MAYDIS LEAF BLIGHT (Drechslera maydis NISIKADO & MIYAKE) OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AND ITS MANAGEMENT(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) BHAVANI TUSHAR VINODKUMAR; Dr. Vikramsinh P. GohilMaize (Zea mays L.) popularly known as “corn” is queen of cereals due to its high yield efficiency, important human nutrient, basic element of animal feed and raw material for manufacture of many industrial products i.e. corn starch, maltodextrins, corn oil, corn syrup and products of fermentation, distillation and recently used as biofuel. Maydis leaf blight disease of maize caused by Drechslera maydis Nisikado & Miyake causes considerable losses to the maize crop. The present investigations on “Studies on maydis leaf blight (Drechslera maydis Nisikado & Miyake) of maize (Zea mays L.) and its management” were undertaken at Department of Plant Pathology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during Kharif 2010- 2012 to explore the possibilities of botanicals and chemicals for the management of maydis leaf blight disease for the first time in Middle Gujarat conditions.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF DAMPING-OFF [Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz] IN CHILLI AND RESIDUES OF FUNGICIDES(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) PATEL JIGNESHKUMAR KANAIYALAL; Dr. K. R. JoshiChilli is a fruit of the plant ‘Capsicum annum’ and ‘Capsicum frutecens’ that come from the genus ‘Capsicum’, belonging to the family of ‘Solanaceae’. India is a world leader in chilli production followed by China and Pakistan. Among the fungal diseases, dampingoff caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick in nurseries is a major constraint in chilli production causing 62% mortality of seedlings. Among various species Pythium aphanidermatum is the major species causing 75-80 per cent damping-off in tomato and chilli. Present investigation was carried out in view of high incidence of disease in chilli and to generate information on management as well residues of fungicides. Pythium sp. was isolated successfully from damped-off chilli nurseryThesisItem Open Access CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT BIDI TOBACCO CULTIVARS AGAINST TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS(AAU, Anand, 2012) JAGE NACHIKET PRAKASH; Dr. K. R. JoshiThe present investigation entitled Chemical and biochemical variability in susceptible and resistant bidi tobacco cultivars against tobacco mosaic virus was conducted during September 2011 to April 2012 at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand, Gujarat, India. The various aspects with respect to effffect of TMV infection on various growth parameters, major chemical and biochemical activities including total phenol, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in leaves and roots of bidi tobacco susceptible cultivar Anand 119 (A 119) and resistant cultivar Gujarat Tobacco 9 (GT 9) were studied.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on necrosis virus of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.](AAU, Anand, 2012) POOJA PATHANIA; Dr. R. N. PandeyCluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] commonly known as Guar belongs to family: “Leguminaece”. It is a drought hardy leguminous crop, used as vegetable, seed purpose, fodder and as a green manure. Guar seeds has tremendous industrial value due to presence of gum, mucilage and protein in its endosperm, which can be easily and economically extracted. Among viral diseases, members of Potyvirus and Geminivirus group causes economic losses to many crops. A viral disease causing mosaic, severe necrosis of leaves and downward rolling of guar leaves was observed at Department experimental farm at Anand in severe form. Therefore, with the objective to identify the virus through DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, symptomatology, host range study and also to study the transmission behavior and to analyse the virus phylogeny by sequencing and biochemical changes in cluster bean plant due to virus infection, the present investigation was planned.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PURPLE BLOTCH [Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.] OF ONION [Allium cepa L.] AND ITS MANAGEMENT(AAU, Anand, 2012) PANKAJ KUMAR SINGH; Dr. S. T. PatelPurple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. is one of the important foliar diseases. Present investigation was carried out at AAU Anand during the year 2010-12 on cultural and morphological characterization of the pathogen, protein profiling of the six isolates of A. porri by SDS PAGE, biological interaction of phylloplane mycofloras of onion against A. porri, in vitro efficacy of fungicides and bioagents on the growth of pathogen, and evaluation of fungicides and bioagents against purple blotch of onion under field conditions. The pathogen was isolated from infected onion leaves collected from six different onion growing areas of Gujarat. The isolates were named as AP 1, AP 2, AP 3, AP 4, AP 5 and AP 6 for Anand, Kheda, Bhavnagar, Amreli, Junagadh and Rajkot districts, respectively. Pathogenicity test of each of the six isolates was proved by inoculating the spore suspension and homogenized mycelial bits (1× 104 conidia/ml) of A. porri on healthy onion seedlings. Pathogen was identified as Alternaria porri. Protein profile by SDS-PAGE of six isolates of A. porri showed variability in terms of number of protein bands. On the basis of dendrogram, first main cluster consisted of isolates AP 1, AP 2, AP 3, AP 4 and AP 5, whereas the second cluster included only AP 6 isolate. Evaluation of eight phylloplane mycofloras against A. porri under in vitro revealed relatively higher antagonistic capability of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus flavus and Aurobasidium sp. as compared to Alternaria alternata, Curvularia sp., Cladosporium sp. and Fusarium sp. Among the nine fungicides tested in vitro for their efficacy, Azoxystrobin and Propiconazole completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. porri at all the three concentrations. The next effective fungicides were Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63%, Propineb and Hexaconazole at 0.15, 0.2 and 0.025 per cent, respectively. Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and T. virens were found more effective as compared to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis under in vitro evaluation against A. porri. Under field conditions, purple blotch of onion can be effectively managed by three sprays of Propiconazole @ 0.01 per cent followed by three sprays of Mancozeb @ 0.15 per cent and Azoxystrobin @ 0.025 per cent. Trichoderma sp. showed higher antagonistic capability under in vitro, but failed to perform in vivo.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Penicillium fruit rot (Penicillium citrinum) of citrus (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and its management(AAU, Anand, 2012) SWETHA REDDY; Dr. R. K. PatilCitrus (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is the most important fruit crop, belongs to the family Rutaceae and subfamily Aurantioidea. The important commercial citrus fruits cultivated in India are the Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) followed by Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck.), Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and Lemon (Citrus limon Burn.). In India, mandarin constitutes about 41, sweet oranges 23 and acid lime and lemon about 23 per cent of total citrus produced. Lime is a potential source of vitamin-C and it also extensively used for medicine and culinary purposes. In India, citrus fruits rank third in area and production after mango and banana with an estimated production of 96,38,000 MT with an area of 9.87 lakh hectares contributing 13.5 per cent of total fruit production. Gujarat state at present has 37,100 ha. area under citrus (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) crop producing 3.85 lakh tonns fruits with productivity of 10.4 tonns/h Diseased citrus fruits showing typical symptoms of Penicillium rot were collected from Sardar Patel vegetable market, Anand and brought to the laboratory for isolation of the pathogen. The infected fruit exhibit water soaked, light brown, soft areas with olive green spore mass. The Koch’s postulates of isolated pathogen were proved on healthy matured citrus fruits following wound inoculation method. The pathogen was reisolated from the artificially inoculated fruits on PDA. The pure culture obtained was sent for identification to Indian Type Culture Collection (I.T.C.C.), I.A.R.I., New Delhi – 110 012 and was identified as Penicillium citrinum (ID. No: 8298.11). The morphological studies revealed that the pathogen (Penicillium citrinum) produced bluish green mycelial growth with abundant sporulation on PDA. The conidiophores are branched twice or thrice, elongate, bearing long tangled chains of conidia. The weekly survey carried out from first week of October to fourth week of March, 2010-11 revealed that the incidence of Penicillium rot was predominant (6.48 & 5.95 %) at both the markets, respectively. The activities of polygalaturonase and polyme thylgalacturonase enzymes were studied on fruits inoculated with P. citrinum along with healthy fruit. The PG activity was higher in fruits inoculated with P. citrinum than healthy fruits, while no significant difference was observed in PMG activity between inoculated and healthy fruit peel. DNA analysis of five isolates with 15 primers showed amplification of total 160 bands, with a range of 16 to 7 bands per primer. Overall, Penicillium isolates exhibited a moderate level of genetic diversity. The maximum 16 bands were generated by a primer 0PA- 12. Clustering pattern of dendrogram generated by using the pooled molecular data of 14 RAPD loci indicated that two clusters namely 1 and 2 were formed. Cluster 1 includes four isolates viz., isolate AND, ABD, DKR and NAV. While cluster 2 includes single isolate i.e. VAD. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.42 to 0.53 with all 15 primers. Among the 15 primers the primer viz., OPA-13, OPA-10, OPE-17 and OPE-18 showed 100 per cent polymorphism. These primers can be utilized further to ascertain the variability among the isolates of P. citrinum. Among the fungicides screened in vitro, complete mycelial growth inhibition of P. citrinum was observed in azoxystrobin and azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenconazole. (250 and 500 ppm), mancozeb (1000 and 2000 ppm), hexaconazole (5%) + captan (70%), carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%), cymoxanil (8%) + mancozeb (64%), carbendazim at both the concentrations (500 & 1000 ppm). The lowest Penicillium rot severity was recorded in fruits treated with mancozeb at 2000 ppm followed by carbendazim (1000 ppm) both in pre (4.16 %) and postinoculation (4.99 %) treatments, respectively at 8 days after inocubation. Complete mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in tulsi, garlic, and henna extract. Further tulsi leaf extract (10%) found most effective in reducing the Penicillium fruit rot severity both in pre- (3.00 %) and post-inoculation (4.00 %) treatments at 8 days after inoculation. Trichoderma harzianum found most efficient antagonist in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. citrinum (77.41 %) in vitro. It was also found most effective in reducing the Penicillium rot severity in pre inoculation (10.00 %) treatment at 8 days after inoculation. The fruits exposed to hot water treatment at all five treatments showed 100 per cent reduction in Penicillium rot incidence over control up to ten days of storage at 25±1ºC without any changes in natural fruit colour. The protein pattern of citrus fruit peels treated with HWT showed the presence of 103 KDa of molecular weight of proteins but these bands were absent in healthy and untreated and inoculated protein samples. The profile results showed the bands ranging from 30-35 number with protein molecular weight ranging from 15 KDa to 195 KDa.