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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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2004 - 200722
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Subject: Plant Pathology × End date: 2007 × Start date: 2004 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF AGROCHEMICALS AND PHYTOEXTRACTS AGAINST Cercospora nicotianae, THE CAUSE OF FROG-EYE SPOT DISEASE OF BIDI TOBACCO
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) CHAUDHARI, SAHDEVBHAI L.; PATEL, B. N.
    Investigations on various media for establishing their suitability for favourable growth and efficacy of agrochemicals and bio-pesticides including phytoextracts for their inhibitory action against Cercospora nicotianae, the cause of frog eye spot disease of bidi tobacco under in vitro conditions were carried out at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during 2003-04. In subsequent study, effective fungicides, insecticides, readymade bio-pesticides and acqueous leaf extracts of plant species were tested against the disease under nursery conditions. Reaction of bidi tobacco varieties/genotypes against the disease under nursery conditions was also studied Out of 7 media evaluated, carrot leaf decoction agar, fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were found to be highly favourable for good growth of C nicotianae (52.40 to 60.80 mm colony diameter). Among these, fermel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were established for the first time as suitable media for the growth of the fungus (52.40 to 54.80 mm colony diameter) imder laboratory condition. Carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, benomyl, mancozeb and Cosco (Carboxin 37.5 % + Thirum 37.5 %) 75 WP were most effective and completely suppressed the growth of the fungus on carrot leaf decoction agar under in vitro condition. Out of 16 insecticides, carbaryl and dichlorovos were effective and inhibitated the growth to the extent of 85.9 and 82.6 %, respectively. Among 29 plant species evaluated, acqueous leaf extract of Tecoma stans @ 25 % was most effective (76.0 % inhibition); this was followed by E. citriodora (49.0 % inhibition). Six readymade bio-pesticides viz., Econeem, Biosoft, Halt, Vanguard, Monitor-WP and Biolep were found highly effective in inhibiting the growth of C. nicotianae in vitro; the per cent inhibition ranged between 75.3 and 92.4. Results of evaluation of effective fungicides, viz., carbendazim @ 0.025 %, thiophanate methyl @ 0.07 %, mancozeb @ 0.2 %, Cosco @ 0.3 % and benomyl @ 0.025 %, leaf extracts of plant species viz., Tecoma stans and Eucalyptus citriodora, both at 25 %, insecticides carbaryl @ 0.2 % and dichlorovos @ 0.05 % and readymade biopesticides viz., Econeem @ 0.075 % and Biosofl @ 0.4 % under nursery conditions revealed that among fimgicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl were most effective in the management of the disease giving better yield of transplants; these fungicides gave 100 and 96.6 % control, respectively. Between two plant species, acqueous leaf extract of T. stans gave 85.0 % control of the disease and significantly more number of transplants than control. Taking into account two most important attributes in the nursery viz., per cent disease intensity and transplants, two insecticides and two readymade bio-pesticides tested were not considered as effective against the disease. Among 10 different varieties/genotypes screened none was found free from the disease under nursery conditions. The variety GTH1, however, had minimum per cent disease intensity (45.60) and the variety Anand 119 had maximum per cent disease intensity (73.67). The results of the present investigations, thus, indicated that in addition to carrot leaf decoction agar, three more media viz., fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were established as favourable for the growth of C. nicotianae under laboratory condition. Two fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl, were most effective in the management of the disease in nursery. Efficacy of acqueous leaf extract of T. starts against frog-eye spot disease in nursery was established for the first time; it was found to yield significantly more number of transplants when compared with control. Leaf extract of T. stans could be used individually as botanical pesticide in minimizing losses due to the disease in question or it could be integrated with chemical flingicide/s. If integrated, it could help in minimizing frequency of applications of chemical fungicide/s, thus reducing the cost of seedlings production. Under these circumstances, it would also minimize the danger of resistance development in C nicotianae under nursery conditions. However, detailed integrated schedule would need to be worked out before it can be advocated to the growers. Since none of the ten varieties/genotypes of bidi tobacco was resistant, it ultimately suggested that more extensive work involving very large number of genotypes is needed in order to locate resistance or tolerance to frog-eye spot disease.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ALTERNARIA BLIGHT OF MUSTARD AND ITS MANAGEMENT
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) CHAUDHARY, MADHAV RAMJIBHAI; Patel, S. T.
    Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (Linn.) Czem and Coss], an important oilseed crop, ranks second next to groundnut in India. It yields valuable edible oil and is rich from nutritional point of view. Altemaria blight, caused by four species of Alternaria viz., A. hrassicae, A. hrassicicola, A. raphani and A. alternata, is an important disease . of cruciferous crops in India. Investigations were carried out to study effective technique for detection of pathogen from seeds, location of pathogen in seed, varietal response in respect of seed-borne nature of the pathogen as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluation of phytoextracts, fungicides and bioagent(s) against this disease. The pathogenic isolate of Alternaria alternata showed faster growth, produced greenish black to almost black colonies containing ovoid to oblong septate conidia measuring 21 to 56 X 10.5 to 17.5 µm. Among the three different methods employed for detection of A. alternata from seeds of mustard (cv. Varuna), SBM proved to be more effective than APM and deep freeze method. The component plating technique revealed the pathogen's (A. alternata) presence only in the seed coat. Embryos and cotyledons were found free from infection. None among the ten cultivar/genotype studied was found completely free from seed infection by Alternaria alternata. SKM-0201 recorded highest (11 .50 %) seed infection, whereas least (5.75 %) was observed in cultivar GM-1. Of the seven fungicides evaluated against A. altemata in in vitro, hexaconazole showed complete inhibition of mycelial growth. Copper oxychloride @ 0.15 per cent, mancozeb @ 0.20 per cent and thiram @ 0.20 per cent showed 91.44, 82.23 and 77.27 per cent inhibition, respectively. Among the two plant extracts, neem leaf extract @ 15 per cent showed 60.52 per cent inhibition and proved better than tulsi. Both Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum proved effective and showed 80.92 and 73.02 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth. Field evaluation of seven fungicides, two phytoextracts and one bioagent against Altemaria blight disease revealed mancozeb @ 0.2 per cent as most effective with least disease intensity (9.13 %) and increased the yield by 11.44 per cent over control. Yield differences were non significant. Iprodione + carbendazim and chlorothalonil were found next best fungicides. Bioagent, phytoextracts and only seed treatment with thiram revealed non significant differences with control for disease intensity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    LEAF BLIGHT OF ONION CAUSED BY Alternaria alternate (Fr.) KEISSLER AND ITS MANAGEMENT BY DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) KUMARI, HEMLATA; PATEL, S. J.
    Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important cash crop used as vegetable, condiment and medicine. Onion is cultivated throughout the world under an area of 22.81 lakhs hectares with total production of 380.22 lakhs MT. Several factors have been identified which limit the onion production and productivity. Among these, leaf blight caused by Alternaria spp. is an important disease affecting both bulb and seed crop of onion found in India. The disease first appeared in the field as whitish circular to irregular specks, which were less than 1 mm in diameter. These specks developed into a whitish sunken lesion, when the conditions were congenial for the disease development. The typical symptom of this disease is dark purple/ brownish patches with yellow halo and more prevalent on lower leaves. Pathogen was isolated from infected leaves of onion showing typical symptoms of purple or dark brown spots having concentric rings on PDA and Koch's postulates were established for pathogenisity test. The pure culture of isolated pathogen was sent for identification to Indian Type Culture Collection (I.T.C.C), I.A.R.I., New Delhi-110 012 and idenfified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. The study revealed that the fungus produced mycelial growth on PDA which was septate and whitish green in colour when young, later turned light green to dark brown within 10 days and branched irregularly at acute angle. The conidiophores of the fungus were light brown, simple and septate. Conidia were light to dark brown. muriform with 1-5 transverse septa and 0-2 longitudinal septa, variable in size and shape. They were obclavate to oval in shape with rudimentary beak and measured 10.83-59.57 X 5.42-16.25 µm (av. 31.73 x 11.54 µm). Maximum growth of Alternaria alternata was seen on media Potato Dextrose Agar at pH 6.0. Among the nine fungicides tested in vitro, mancozeb (Dithane M-45, 5000 ppm), carboxin + thirum (Cosko, 1500, 3000 and 6000 ppm) and copper oxichloride (Blitox, 5000 ppm) were found significantly superior over the rest of the fungicides as judged by complete inhibition of growth of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Propiconazole (Tilt) was showing reverse effect on the growth of test fungus. As the concentration was increasing, per cent inhibition was decreasing. Total nine fungicides used in field against leaf blight disease of onion were found significantly effective in reducing the disease incidence. Three spray of mancozeb (Dithane M-45, 0.25 %) at 20 days interval was the most effective fungicide followed by metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil MZ, 0.3 %), iprobenfos (Kitazin, 0.1%) and chlorothalonil (Kavach, 0.2%) in managing the leaf blight disease of onion. With regard to yield, significantly highest bulb yield was recorded in the treatment of mancozeb (Dithane M-45, 0.25 %). Tip burning effect on onion leaves was seen by spray of carboxin + thirum (Cosko, 0.3 %). Among the nine insecticides tested in vitro, monocrotophos (Nuvacron, 500 and 1000 ppm) and cypermethrin (CipIon-25, 200 ppm) were found significantly superior over the rest of the insecticides judged by maximum per cent inhibition of growth of A. alternata. Endosulfan acted as nutritive for fungal growth. As the concentration was increasing, fungal radial growth was also increasing. Chemical analysis of healthy and diseased plant / plant parts revealed that the concentration of phenol increased in diseased leaf parts by 1024.25 µg/g than healthy ones and 1060.6125 µg/g in diseased bulb parts than healthy ones. Similarly, the concentration of protein decreased in diseased leaf parts by 0.6123 g/lOOg than healthy ones and 0.4400 g/100g in diseased bulb parts than healthy ones.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on variability of mungbean yellow mosaic virus isolates of mungbean and ecofriendly management of disease
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PRIYA JOHN; Dr. Ashok Mishra
    Amidst the din of biodiversity within begomoviruses, a quantum leap in the occurrence of yellow mosaic disease (YMD) in pulses was realized. Gujarat is not an exception to this plague, especially Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) crippling Vigna radiata, have attracted considerable attention. Vigna belongs to the family: Leguminosae; subfamily: Papilionoidae; tribe: Phaseoleae; subtribe: Phaseolinae. Mungbean repletes excellent nutritional qualities. Inquisitive about the natural variability of MYMV, the study was divided into two parts, the first part included the collection and characterization of natural variants of MYMV from Anand followed by the second part which comprised DNA hybridization based investigations of the biodiversity among MYMV isolates from different areas of Gujarat. Concomitant repertoire of specific variants showing symptoms of yellow mosaic, was carried out from diverse areas of Gujarat including Anand, Navsari, Ahmedabad, Sardarkrushinagar, Himmatnagar and Rajkot. Nomenclature of Anand isolates understudy was done according to their original host and place of collection. So the mungbean isolates from Anand were named as mb-AND1, mb-AND2, mb-AND3 and mb-AND4. In a case-by-case basis evaluation of Anand isolates, mb-AND1 was commendably selected for major studies. Isolate mb-AND1 has the potential to infect mungbean cultivars (K 851, GM-2-12-24 and GM-02-01), French bean, mothbean, dolichos, soybean and cowpea but not blackgram and pigeonpea by whitefly-mediated transmission, which makes it distantly distinct from other, reported MYMV from India. Transmission by graft and not by sap, distant it from MYMV of Thailand and West Malaysia. The induction of yellow mosaic symptoms, changes in micronutrient level and reduction in yield are complementary mode effects of MYMV including mb-AND1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out by using Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) primers. Amplification was seen only with DNA extracted from mungbean, soybean and cowpea and the amplicon product of 1.8 kb was obtained in the case of mungbean (mb-AND3), soybean (mb-AND1) and cowpea (mb-AND1 and mb-AND2) samples, that represents left half of DNA A with AC abut and Rep C2 primers. A 750 bp amplicon representing right half of DNA A was obtained with CPV1 and AC abut primers in mungbean (mb-AND4) samples. PCR amplification with abutting primers could not be achieved at all. Consequently, the viral replicative forms, identified to represent double stranded super coiled form by analogy with the profile of other begomoviruses, were obtained in mb-AND1 (mungbean), mb-AND1 (cowpea) and mb-AND1 (mothbean) by cesium chloride (CsCl2) density gradient centrifugation and confirmed by Southern hybridization. Radiolabelled probes prepared from PCR amplified DNA A fragment coding for coat protein (CP) of MYMIV were used. mb-AND1 (cowpea) responded appreciably as the concentration of viral replicative forms were predominantly high. Cowpea (mb-AND1) fractions were pooled together and was taken for cloning in pUC 18 DNA at Kpn I and Bam HI loci followed by digestion with Bgl I. Southern hybridization using probe of CP and movement protein (MP) gene of MYMIV, restriction analysis and PCR amplification revealed clones pCGK 25 and pCGB 31 representing DNA A and DNA B. Sequencing of these clones was carried out in an automated DNA sequencer (Microsynth GmbH, Sequencing Group, Schutzenstrasse 15 PostFach, CH-9436 Balgach, Switzerland; sequencing@microsynth.ch & ABI Prism, Perkin Elmer and University of Delhi, South campus, New Delhi) and it was designated in the light of guidelines comprehended by the study group on Geminiviridae, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus-cowpea (Gujarat) {MYMIV-Cp (Guj)} which harnesses more than 89 % identity with MYMIV. These sequences are available in nucleotide sequence data libraries-DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDJB), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and GenBank databases, USA, under accession numbers AY937195 (DNA A) and AY937196 (DNA B) respectively. The genome structure of MYMIV-Cp (Guj) embodies two virion sense genes, AV2 and AV1 in DNA A and one BV1 in DNA B and complementary sense genes are AC1, AC2, AC3 and AC4 in DNA A and BC1 in DNA B. Comparative nucleotide sequence analysis evidenced the alignment of MYMIV-Cp (Guj) within the MYMIV cluster. Koch’s postulates of the cloned DNA components of mb-AND1 (cowpea) were proved by sprouted seed method of agroinoculation on mungean cv. K 851. The explored host range was confined to mungbean (GM-2-12-24 and Delhi local), French bean and blackgram, but no symptom induction was seen in mungbean (GM-9907, GM-9908, GM-9922 and GM-02-01), cowpea and Nicotiana benthamiana. DNA A alone of MYMIV-Cp (Guj) did not impassion any symptom on all the tested plant species. Pseudorecombination of the MYMIV-Cp (Guj) DNA A and MYMIViii Cp (Del) DNA B elucidated the importance of DNA B in symptom development by agroinoculation as the resistance of above-mentioned mungbean cultivars was overcome by the artificial recombination. Lack of variability was found between the full length [mb-AND1=MYMIV-Cp (Guj)] and the viral fragments cloned and sequenced from the Anand isolates of MYMV (mb-AND2, mb-AND3 and mb-AND4), which indicated that isolates from Anand may be considered as a single population of MYMIV-Cp (Guj). The accession numbers for cowpea (mb-AND2) 1.8 kb (L), mungbean (mb-AND3) 1.8 (L) and mungbean (mb-AND4) 750 (R) are AY937197, AY937198 and AY937199 respectively. However, differentiation of natural variants of MYMV isolates of mungbean in Gujarat could be detected by employing MYMIV-Cp (Guj) as probe in DNA-DNA hybridization and they could be classified into three groups (i) Strong hybridization to DNA A and B {mungbean (Anand), soybean (Navsari and Rajkot)}; (ii) Weak hybridization to DNA A and B {mungbean (Himmatnagar, Navsari and Ahmedabad), cowpea (Ahmedabad)}; (iii) Weak hybridization to DNA A alone {mungbean (Sardarkrushinagar), dolichos (Anand)}. It clearly revealed that the MYMV isolate of mungbean from Sardarkrushinagar is having genomic variation in DNA B component as compared to MYMIV-Cp (Guj). Satellite DNA β (1.3 kb) was found to be associated with begomovirus infected leguminous and non-leguminous hosts (dot blot positive with DNA A probe of Indian cassava mosaic virus) in Anand, whose role is yet to be understood. The botanicals possessing antiviral principles, Clerodendrum inerme and Boerhaavia diffusa inhibited yellow mosaic disease induced by isolate mb-AND1 upto 93.33 % (co-inoculation) and 86.67 % (pre-inoculation) respectively, implicating the role of botanicals as an effective and efficient ecofriendly measure to manage this vexed problem. Maximum disease inhibition (60.00 %) was shown in aureofungin (50 ppm) treated plants in the co-inoculation strategy.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COWPEA WILT AND ITS MANAGEMENT
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2004) JEETENDER CHAUHAN; Dr. K. R. JOSHI
    Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the important pulse crop mainly grown as fodder, vegetable, pulse and green manure crop in India. Cowpeas are susceptible to a very wide range of pathogens, which attack the crop at all stages of growth. Among them Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium solani is one disease which brings down the production and productivity. Looking to the importance of the disease in Middle Gujarat, the present investigation was carried out to generate scientific information for management of disease
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON SPAWN PRODUCTION, BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PLEUROTUS FLORIDA IN MIDDLE GUJARAT
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2005) B.H.Lalani; Dr. Subhashchandra J. Patel
    Pleurotus spp., known as oyster mushroom, are appreciated for their nutritive value, economic and fast production technology, broad adaptability under varied agroclimatic conditions and suitability of different agrowastes as substrates. Gujarat is leading industrial state of country. It has been estimated that around half of the total quantity of plant residue from agricultural and industrial processes remain unused. Today about 48 million tones of crop residue are available in Gujarat annually. Out of these waste, even if 25 per cent is utilized as substrate for growing mushrooms, a large quantity of mushrooms can be produced.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ALTERNARIA BLIGHT OF MUSTARD AND ITS MANAGEMENT
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2004) M.R.Chaudhary; Dr. S. T. Patel
    Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (Linn.) Czern and Coss], an important oilseed crop, ranks second next to groundnut in India. It yields valuable edible oil and is rich from nutritional point of view. Alternaria blight, caused by four species of Alternaria viz., A. brassicae, A. brassicicola, A. raphani and A. alternata, is an important diseases of cruciferous crops in India. Investigations were carried out to study effective technique for detection of pathogen from seeds, location of pathogen in seed, varietal response in respect of seed-borne nature of the pathogen as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluation of phytoextracts, fungicides and bioagent(s) against this disease.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PROTEIN PROFILING OF ISOLATES OF TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM RIFAI TOLERANT TO PESTICIDES
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2004) M.M.Christian; Dr. R.N.Pandey
    Due to cosmopolitan nature and easy cultivation most of the species of Trichoderma have been utilized as agents for biological control of a number of important seed/soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. Among the known specieses, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai is the most commonly used biocontrol agent. Trichoderma spp. produce enzymes such as cellulase, chitinases, chitosanases and glucanases. Which help the bioagent to act as mycoparasite. Therefore, investigation on antagonism of T. harzianum against seed/soil-borne plant pathogens; sensitivity of the bioagent to fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and weedicides; induction of higher tolerance in efficient isolate of T. harzianum to higher concentrations of pesticides and protein profiling of efficient and pesticides tolerant isolates of T. harzianum were carried out.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DOWNY MILDEW OF ISABGOL (Plantago ovata Forsk.) AND ITS MANAGEMENT
    (Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2006) N.N.Patel; Dr. S. T. Patel
    Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) is an important medicinal plant. Isabgol crop suffers a lot due to fungal diseases. Among these downy mildew caused by Peronospora plantaginis Underwood is the most important and wide spread disease, which appears in severe form every year and causes extensive damage to the crop. Therefore, investigations were carried out on management of downy mildew using fungicides, phytoextracts, and one bio-agent. Besides, seed health status of isabgol seeds was also studied in terms of blackening of seeds, seed weight, seed germination, seedling vigour and seed mycoflora load to assess the influence of disease. The present investigations were conducted during the year 2004–05.