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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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Subject: Nematology × End date: 1998 × Start date: 1998 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE, Meloidogyne javanica (Pathotype 2) ON GROUNDNUT cv. GG 20
    (AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Somabhai Keshavlal; Patel, D. J.
    The experiments on root-knot nematode, MeloidoQ/ne javanica (Pathotype 2), attacking groundnut cv. GG 20 were conducted with respect to i. pathogenicity of root-knot nematode, M. javanicapt.2 on groundnut cv. GG 20 to determine threshold level in terms of plant growth character and nematode reproduction; ii. effect of M. javanica pt 2 on uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S nutrients by plant; iii. effect of M. javanica pt. 2 infection on meteorological parameters viz., leaf temperature, diffusion resistance and transpiration rate in groundnut; iv. histopathological studies to know host-parasite relationship in groundnut; v. biochemical changes induced by M. javanica pt 2 infection in groundnut; vi, effect of interaction between M. javanica pt 2 and Aspergillus niger on groundnut; vii. effect of interaction between M. javanica pt.2 and Rhizobium sp. on groundnut and viii. determination of avoidable yield losses due to M. javanica pt2 on groundnut in pots as well as field, during kharif, 1996 through kharif 1997. The saHent findings are as under : i) An inoculiun level of 100 M. javanica pt2 J2 and above/plant proved detrimental to the growth and development of groundnut cv. GG 20. The nematode population significantly increased progressively with an increase in nematode inoculum levels from 10 to 10,000 M. javanica pt.2 J2 /plant. Nematode reproduction rate was maximum of 4801.0 times in the level of 10 J2 /plant while it was minimum of 10.7 times in the highest level of 10,000 J2 /plant. ii) Uptake of various nutrients viz., N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S by groundnut cv. GG 20 was significantly reduced with an increase in inoculum levels from 10 to 10,000 J2 /plant Control plants had significantly more uptake of all the nutrients over other treatments of various nutrients, uptake of N, K and Mg was much more reduced by M javanica pt.2 infection than P, Ca and S nutrients. iii) Infection of M. javanica pt 2 induced significant increase in leaf temperature and diffusion resistance with proportionately decrease in transpiration rate with an increase in nematode inoculum levels in groundnut cv. GG 20. iv) Histopathological and cytological studies revealed that after root invasion, nematodes penetrated epidermal cells and migrated both inter and intra cellularly reaching to cortex region and anchored adjacent to the vascular tissues resulting in rupturing and degeneration of epidermic cells and cortical layers of roots. All different nematode stages were found inside infected root tissues feeding on vascular portion, while no abnormalities of root tissues were observed in healthy roots. Infected tissues exhibited hypertrophy. uneven thickening of cell walls and granular protoplasm with enlarged nuclei and nucleoli. Multinucleate condition of giant cells was also observed. v) Studies on biochemical changes induced by M javanica pt.2 indicated that roots inoculated with 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 J2 /plant had progressively more peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities and total phenol contents. These activities increased progressively with an increase in nematode inoculum levels over uninoculated control roots. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents also decreased due to increase in M.javanica pt2 infection levels. vi) Study on interaction between M javanica pl2 and Aspergillus niger indicated neutral type of effects for plant growth diaracters. When both the pathogens inoculated simultaneously, there was more depressing effects on plant growth and development than that of fungus inoculation alone. Thus, nematode inoculation @ 1,000 and 2,000 J2 /plant played a vital role in predisposing host roots to the attack and aggravation of A. niger fungus on groundnut cv. GG 20. vii) Study conducted on interaction between M javanica pt 2 and Rhizobhun sp. revealed that the presence of M. javanica pt 2 significantly recfaiced number of nodules/plant over Rhizobiiun alone and control treatments. This clearly indicated that M. javanica pt.2 infection adversely affected N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria on groundnut cv. GG 20. viii) Application of Phenamiphos @ 2 kg/ha and Dazomet @ 400 kg/ha significantly increeised plant height, fresh and dry shoot weights over control in pots. Phenamiphos was more effective than Dazomet. However, fresh and dry root weights were more in control (untreated) plants due to heavy root galling and egg sac formation on roots. RKI was minimum in Phenamiphos followed by Dazomet treatment. Nematode reproduction rate was maximum of 37.1 times in control (untreated) plants while it was minimum of 2.2 times and 2.7 times in Phenamiprfios and Dazomet treatments, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that nematicides Phenamiphos and Dazomet proved very effective in management of M. javanica pt.2. ix) Under field condition, soil application of Phenamiphos @ 2 kg/ha under the crop row at the time of seeding effectively increased dry pod and fodder yields by 42.6 and 25.7% with reduction in RKI and final nematode population by 60.7 and 63.7% respectively, incurring 30.0 and 20.4% yield loss with monetary loss of Rs. 5025=00 and Rs. 1375=00 in dry pod and fodder yields of groundnut cv. GG 20 respectively over control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INVESTIGATIONS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES (Meloidogyne incognita AND M. javanica pt. 1) IN BANANA (Musa paradisiaca L.)
    (AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Ashokkumar D.; Patel, D. J.
    studies pertaining to the effect of root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica pt. 1 in banana cv. Basrai with respect to i, pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica pt. 1 on banana to determine economic threshold levels; ii, effect of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.l infection on nutrients uptake by banana; iii, biochemical changes broughtout by M. incognita and M. javanica pt.l infection in banana, iv, histopathological and cytological changes due to M. incognita and M. javanica pt.l infection in banana, v, effect on meteorological parameters viz. leaf temperature, diffusion resistance and transpiration rate due to M. incognita and M. javanica pt.l infection in banana, vi, effect of aqueous leaf extracts of various botanicals on egg hatching and larval penetration of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.l in banana and vii, effect of different oil cakes extracts on egg hatching and larval penetration of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.1 in banana were carried out during 1994-95 and 1995-96. The salient findings are : i. An inoculum levels of 10,000 J/plant of M. incognita and 50,000 J2/plant of M. javanica pt.1 proved detrimental to the growth and development of banana cv. Basrai. The root and soil nematode populations were increased but nematode reproduction rate decreased with an increase in the inoculum levels of both the nematode species. ii. The uptake of various nutrients viz. N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S by banana cv. Basrai roots decreased with an increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.1. However, significant reduction in uptake of nutrients was recorded at 10,000 & 50,000 and above J2/plant of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.1 respectively. iii. There was an increase in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities and total phenol contents with an increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.1 the maximum being in the level of 1,00,000 J2/plant. iv. Histopathological and cytological studies indicated that the second stage larvae of both M. incognita and M. javanica pt.1 after invasion migrated inter and intra cellularly, finally anchored near vascular tissues. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia and giant cell formation were common for both the species of Meloidogyne. The root galls produced by M. incognita were larger in size than that of M. javanica pt.l. All nematode stages were noticed in banana roots. V. There was an increase in leaf temperature and transpiration rate with decrease in diffusion resistance with an increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita and M.javanica pt.l. vi, Among various botanicals tested for their effects on egg hatching and subsequent larval penetration of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.l in banana roots, aqueous leaf extracts of argemone & lantana and NSKS treatment proved most effective in almost complete inhibition of nematode egg hatching at 48, 96 and 144 hrs indicating ovicidal effect. Ipomea and castor leaf extracts were least effective. There was no nematode larval penetration from eggmasses previously treated with argemone & lantana leaf extracts and NSKS treatment. Significantly more nematode larval penetration was recorded from eggmasses treated with castor and ipomea leaf extracts, indicating ovistatic effect. vii. Of various methods of oil cakes extraction, n-methanol extraction showed significantly more inhibitory effect on egg hatching and siibsequent larval penetration of M. incognita and M. javanica pt.1 in banana roots over hexane and distilled water extraction methods. Among various cakes, mustard cake proved most effective in reducing egg hatching and larval penetration of both the species of Meloidogyne over castor and neem cakes.