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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES (DDGS) AND ROUGHAGE SOURCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED HEIFERS(Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University Anand, 2021) Manish Pandey; Dr. S. V. ShahPresent work was conducted at Livestock Research Station, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University; Anand (Gujarat) on twenty four HF×Kankrej (75:25) crossbred heifers to study the effect of feeding DDGS and roughage source on their performance. The duration of study was 168 days (total 12 fortnights). Heifers were distributed in six uniform groups on body weight basis with four heifers in each group. Heifers were offered three different concentrates containing 0, 20 and 40% rice DDGS (RDDGS). RDDGS was given in place of soyaDOC in concentrate.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED COWS UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES(Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University Anand, 2019) Md. Manzarul Islam; Dr. S. V. ShahPresent experiment was conducted to study the performance of HF x Kankrej crossbred cows under different feeding regimes on 18 crossbred cows/heifers which were distributed in to three treatment groups comprising of 6 animals each. Animals of T1 (Farmers’ feeding) group were maintained as per the feeding regime followed by small and marginal farmers. Concentrate feed was not given during pre-partum period and fed @ 50% of milk production in lactation period. Animals were devoid of mineral mixture and fed with paddy/wheat straw on ad lib. basis and 10kg/animal/d cereal green fodder. Animals of T2 (Modified feeding) group comprised of feeding with scientific interventions with resources available with farmers. Animals were provided concentrate feed @ 1kg/animal/d during pre-partum and @ 50% of milk production in lactation period. Mineral mixture was provided to animals @ 30g/animal/d. Legume straw and paddy/wheat straw (50:50 ratio) was given to animals after proper mixing on ad lib. basis and 10 kg/animal/d cereal green fodder was given to the animals. Animals of T3 (Farm feeding) group were fed as per feeding followed at LRS. Concentrate feed was given for steaming up in pre-partum period starting from 500g/animal/d in first week of experiment and increasing by 500g every week, reaching 3.5 to 4.0 kg till parturition. During lactation period concentrate feed was given @ 40% of milk production plus 1kg maintenance/animal/d. Animals were fed with 50g/animal/d mineral mixture. Jowar hay was fed to animal on ad lib. basis and 10kg/animal/d cereal green fodder was fed to the animals. Various observations recorded during experiment included body weight of cows, birth weight of calves, feed and nutrient intake, BCS, milk yield and composition, haematological, blood biochemical and hormonal profile, reproductive and health status of animal and cost of feed & medicines of cows etc. Data were statistically analyzed by CRD (Factorial) and one-way ANOVA using SAS and SPSS software, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF ADULT SURTI GOATS ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOOR”(DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND-, 2019) Rakesh J. Modi; K. N. WadhwaniThe study was conducted on 27 adult dry non pregnant (20 - 30 Kg) farm born Surti goats of Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand, Gujarat in winter, hot dry and hot humid seasons. The experimental goats were divided randomly on body weight basis in three treatment groups i.e. T1: Earthen (Kachcha), T2: Brick and T3: Cement concrete (Pucca) floor. Each treatment groups comprised of three replications and each having three animals. The experimental animals were maintained on ICAR feeding standard (2013) and Total Mixed Ration (TMR) offered daily in morning and afternoon in groups. The different behavioral patterns exhibited by goats were recorded by PTZ camera continuously for 24 hrs in each experimental season.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMICS OF REARING PRE-WEANED LAMBS SUPPLEMENTED WITH NON-CONVENTIONAL CREEP MIXTURES UNDER FEEDLOT SYSTEM(AAU, Anand, 1999) Trivedi, Manojkumar Motibhai; Patel, Ashok M.A twelve week growth trial was conducted on 24 and 21 suckling lambs in Phase I and Phase n, respectively. In both the phases, the lambs were assigned to three dietary treatments on body weight basis when they were 21 days old. In Phase I, the dietary treatments were comprised of conventional (T1) or non-conventional I (T2) or nonconventional II (T3) creep mixtures plus ad libitum mature pasture grass and limited quantity of green NB21 fodder. In Phase II, the lambs were assigned to conventional (T1) or non-conventional III (T2) or non-conventional IV (T3) creep mixtures plus ad libitum jowar hay and limited quantity of green NB21 fodder. Each treatment group had Marwari, Patanwadi and Merino x Patanwadi lambs in both the phases. The lambs were fed individually the allocated creep mixtures and roughages. The dams of all the lambs in both the phases were fed to meet their energy and protein needs as per ICAR (1985) feeding standard. In Phase I, the non-conventional-I (T2) and non-conventional-II (T3) creep mixtures were comprised of Prosopis juliflora pods 23 and 22 per cent, babul pods chuni 14 and 22 per cent and mango seed kernel 16 and 19 per cent. In addition to these, non-conventional-I creep mixture contained GN cake and rice polish each 17 per cent while in non-conventional-II creep mixture boiled Cassia tora seeds (9%) and com steep liquor (15%) were incorporated. In Phase-ll, the non-conventional-IIl (T2) and non-conventionaHV (T3) creep mixtures comprised of Prosopis juliflora pods 24 and 21 per cent, babul pods chuni 12 and 19 per cent and mango seed kernel 18 and 12 per cent. In addition to these, nonconventional- IV creep mixture contained boiled Cassia tora seeds (9%) and com steep liquor (14%). In non-conventional-III creep mixture, the GN cake (18%) and rice polish (15%) were incorporated. In both the phases, the conventional creep mixture (T1) was formulated using maize (43%), GN cake (15%) and rice polish (29%). In all, five creep mixtures formulated to content, mineral mixture'3 per cent and jaggery solution/ molasses 10 per cent. In Phase I, the average daily dry matter intake of solid feeds during the entire experimental period in terms of g/day, per cent of body weight and g/kg W.75 in conventional (T1), non-conventional I (T2) and non-conventional II (T3) groups were recorded as 230.00 ± 50.23, 2.15 ± 0.28 and 38.67 ± 5.86; 228.44 ± 47.52, 2.16 ± 0.25 and 38.66 ± 5.38 and 226.17 ± 47.02, 2.10 ± 0.23 and 37.73 ± 5.17, respectively. The treatment means did not differ significantly from each other. In Phase II, the respective values for T1, T2 and T3 groups were 253.12 ± 50.69, 2.00 ± 0.26 and 37.55 ± 5.58; 261.76 ± 52.72, 2.16 ± 0.29 and 40.06 ± 6.06 and 254.56 ± 52.49, 2.14 ± 0.29 and 39.48 ± 6.10. The treatment means for dry matter intake expressed as per cent of body weight and g/kg W0.75 did not differ significantly.ThesisItem Open Access FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF WEANER LAMBS ON AZOLLA BASED NON-CONVENTIONAL TOTAL MIXED RATION UNDER INTENSIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM(AAU, Anand, 1999) Wadhwani, Kishankumar N.; Patel, Ashok M.The growth trial was conducted under feedlot system on twenty one farm born weaner lambs in two phases. The animals were assigned to 3 dietary treatments (T1,T2 and T3) on body weight basis which comprised of conventional (TMR I), non-conventional I (TMR II) and non-conventional II total mixed rations (TMR III) in phase I, the animals were individually fed. In phase II, the lambs were assigned to conventional (TMR I), non-conventional I (TMR IV) and non conventional II total mixed ration (TMR V) and group feeding was followed. Total mixed ration was fed ad lib in order to meet energy and protein requirement of lambs as per ICAR (1985). Each treatment group had Marwari, Patanwadi and Merino x Patanwadi lambs. In phase-I, the TMR I comprised of maize (22 % ) , groundnut cake (15 % ) , rice polish (15 % ) , molasses (10 % ) , mineral mixture (3 %) and urea treated wheat straw (35 %) the non-conventional I (TMR II) and non conventional II (TMR-III) total mixed ration comprised of AzollSy 10 % and 20 %, PJ pods 15 % and 17 % and corn steep liquor 12 % and 15 %, respectively. In addition to these TMR-II contained Rice polish 10 % and GN cake, 5 % to make it isonitrogenous. Both TMR II and TMR III contained same level of molasses, mineral mixture and urea treated wheat straw in TMR I. In phase II, the non conventional T (TMR TV) and non conventional II (TMR V) total mixed rations comprised of Azolla 15 and 25 %, PJ pods 20 and 17 % and corn steep liquor 12 and 15 %, respectively. In addition to these, GN cake to the extent of 5 % was added in TMR IV. The urea treated wheat straw was added at the rate of 35 % in TMR I and TMR IV and 30 % in TMR V. The growth trial lasted for 112 days during which the animals attained live weight acceptable in the local market. In phase I, the average daily dry matter intake during the entire experimental period in terms of g/day, per cent of body weight and g/kg W0.75 in conventional (TMR I), non conventional I (TMR II) and non conventional II (TMR III) groups was recorded as 721.60 ± 75.64, 3.46 ±0.18 and 73.81 ± 4.82, 757.28 ± 35.86, 4.04 ± 0.13 and 84.92 ± 3.26 and 671.63 ± 50.78, 3.80 ± 0.21 and 78.19 ± 4.38, respectively. The treatment means did not differ with each other. In phase II, the respective values for TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V were 642.29 ± 39.82, 3.32 ± 0.08 and 69.48 ± 1.90, 606.14 ± 30.68, 3.46 ± 0.05 and 70.60 ± 1.64 and 598.98 ± 31.14, 3.41 ± 0.07 and 69.78 ± 2.12, respectively. The treatment means were statistically similar. The average daily water intake (ml/day) during the entire experimental period during phase I was 3154.46 ± 327.2, 2735.92 ± 139.54 and 2454.62 ± 161.66 in treatment groups T1, T2 and Ta respectively. In phase II, the corresponding values were 2794.92 ± 254.12, 2662.08 ± 211.10 and 2654.91 ± 233.33 in TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V, respectively. The treatment groups in both the phases showed statistically similar values. In phase I, at the end of experimental feeding, the lambs in T1, T2 and T3 groups attained 25.24 ± 1.96, 23.51 ± 1.36 and 21.07 ± 1.12 kg live body weight, respectively. The body weight in all the treatment group did not differ each other but period effect was significant (P < 0.05). In phase II, the live weight was recorded 24.36 i 1.16, 20.34 ± 1.24 and 20.24 ± 1.49 kg in TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V groups, respectively. The difference between treatment groups was statistically non significant but period as well as period x treatment interaction was significant (P < 0.05). In phase I, the digestibility coefficient in TMR I, TMR II and TMR III respectively for dry matter (59.58 ± 1.72, 51.60 ± 0.52 and 51.98 ± 0.44), organic matter (67.22 ± 1.49, 63.53 ± 2.40 and 63.69 ± 1.42), crude protein (80.50 ± 1.94, 73.82 ± 1.47 and 73.40 ± 1.76), crude fibre (62.27 ± 0.87, 63.18 ± 1.32 and 59.10 ± 1.37), nitrogen free extract (60.37 ± 0.70, 57.48 ± 1.42 and 57.22 ± 1.64) and ether extract (58.82 ± 0.80, 59.69 ± 1.79 and 55.73 ± 1.57) were ascertained. The dry matter and crude protein digestibility of the TMR I differed significantly (P < 0.05) with TMR II and TMR III groups. In phase II, the corresponding values for dry matter (61.76 ± 2.10 , 53.27 ± 0.72 and 52.35 ± 0.99), organic matter (68.37 ± 1.17, 59.66 ± 2.09 and 59.61 ± 2.22), crude protein (79.94 ± 2.12, 78.54 ± 2.04 and 74.56 ± 1.58) crude fibre (61.85 ± 1.01, 63.44 ± 1.98 and 57.66 ± 2.01), nitrogen free extract (62.71 ± 0.77, 57.87 ± 2.26 and 53.08 ± 1.68) and ether extract (60.01 ± 0.71, 58.70 ± 1.37 and 56.20 ± 0.96) was recorded. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter organic matter and nitrogen free extract was significantly (P < 0.06) higher for TMR I than either of TMR IV or TMR V group. In phase I, the nitrogen balance (g/head/day) was 9.98 ± 0.40, 9.66 ± 0.28 and 8.70 ± 0.46 in lambs reared on T1, T2 and Ta rations, respectively. The treatment means did not differ significantly. In phase II, the respective values were 9.81 ± 0.50, 10.06 ± 0.28 and 12.21 ± 0.21 in lambs reared on TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V groups, respectively TMR I and TMR IV did not differ significantly but differ from TMR V. In phase I, the TMR I, TMR II and TMR III provided 13.52 ± 0.42, 11.34 ± 0.36 and 10.62 ± 0.13 per cent DCP and 61.81 ± 0.32, 57.72 ± 1.92 and 55.90 ± 0.55 per cent TDN, respectively. The conventional TMR provided significantly (P < 0.05) higher DCP and TDN than both the non conventional groups which did not differ among themselves. In phase II, the TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V provided 13.32 ± 0.34, 11.48 ± 0.30 and 11.10 ± 0.18 per cent DCP and 61.88 ± 0.23, 58.13 ± 2.11 and 55.48 ± 1.04 per cent TDN. The treatment means showed similar trend as that in phase I. In phase I, the dressing percentage on live weight basis and as the percentage of empty live weight under Ti (50.40 ± 0.83 and 59.63 ± 1.11) T2 (48.51 ± 1.05 and 61.89 ± 1.32) and T3 (48.08 ± 1.20 and 62.33 ± 1.06) group of lambs were calculated. In phase II, the corresponding figures were 47.5 ± 1.07 and 59.38 ± 1.11, 49.34 ± 1.12 and 62.93 ± 1.27 and 47.89 ± 1.03 and 59.96 ± 1.22 in TMR I TMR IV and TMR V groups, respectively. Similar was the trend with respect to primal cuts and edible and non edible organ weight. The feed efficiency in terms of DM, DCP and TDN intake (kg/kg live weight gain) in experimental lambs reared under TMR I, TMR II and TMR III groups was worked out as 8.10 ± 0.98, 1.11 ± 0.09 and 5.09 ± 0.45, 10.90 ± 0.87, 1.14 ± 0.07 and 5.82 ± 0.36 and 13.16 ± 1.1, 1.35 ± 0.13 and 7.13 ± 0.70, respectively. The feed efficiency in terms of DM intake was significantly (P < 0.05) high in conventional group as compared to non conventional groups which did not differ among themselves, but the treatment groups did not differ with respect to DCP and TDN intake per kg live weight gain. In phase IT, the respective values were 7.07 ± 0.97, 0.99 and 4,60, 12.56 ± 1,72 1.25 and 6.34 and 14.96 ± 3.44, 1.28 and 6.44 in TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V, respectively. The feed cost (Rs/animal) during the experiment was worked out as 623.55 ± 64.09, 352.50 ± 22.06 and 256.96 ± 16.42 for TMR I, TMR II and TMR III group, respectively. Both, TMR II and TMR III groups recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower cost as compared to TMR I group. The total feed cost (pre experimental ± experimental) was worked out as Rs. 863.55 ± 64.09, 592.50 ± 22.06 and 496.96 ± 16.42 for T1 , T2 and T3 treatment groups, respectively. In phase IT, the experimental feed cost (Rs/animal) for TMR T, TMR IV and TMR V group was worked out as 472,82, 261.52 and 246.21 and the total feed cost (pre-experimental ± experimental) was Rs. 712.82, 501,52 and 486.21 per lamb. The trend of feed cost was same as in the phase I. Based on the enquiries from the retailers in the local market, the total realisable receipts (Rs/animal) in phase I were computed as 1292.15 ± 90.04, 1177.00 ± 60.48 and 1059.38 ± 49.32 respectively for TMR I, TMR II and TMR III group. The TMR I recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher receipt than the other groups. The feed cost per kg dressed weight worked out as Rs. 67.01 ± 0.86, 52.46 ± 1.84 and 51.04 ± 2.03 for TMR I, TMR II and TMR III group, respectively. The TMR II and TMR III groups recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed cost per kg dressed weight when compared to conventional, though they did not differ from each other. In phase II, respective figures for TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V were 1133.89 ± 47.45, 1039.09 ± 57.48 and 1009.42 ± 68.32. The feed cost per kg dressed weight was calculated as 61.60, 49.95 and 48.72 for TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V, respectively. The contribution of experimental feed cost/kg dressed weight in phase I was Rs. 47.64, 31.02 and 28.35 in TMR I, TMR II and TMR III groups respectively. The TMR I group recorded significnalty (P < 0.05) higher contribution as compared to other groups. In phase II, the cost worked out as Rs. 40.86, 26.04 and 24.67 in TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V groups, respectively. The returns as per cent of feed cost in phase I was calculated as 150.12 ± 2.46, 198.59 ± 6.64 and 213.57 ± 9.31 for TMR I, TMR II and TMR III group respectively and the values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in non conventional groups as compared to TMR I group In phase II, the respective average values were 155.09, 207.18 and 207.60 for TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V group. During 06-18 hours of the day 75.05, 76.42 and 73.93 % of the total was feed consumed by the lambs in TMR I, TMR IV and TMR V groups, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Growth Feed Efficiency and Economics Under Intensive Production System of Pre-weaned Lambs and Kids Supplemented With Non-conventional Creep Mixtures(AAU, Anand, 1999) Shah, Shaileshkumar Vipinchandra; Patel, Ashok M.On any livestock farm, feeding accounts for more than 2/3rd of the total expenditure. A little saving in this cost can increase the profit significantly. Keeping this in mind, the present study was conducted with the following objectives : The present experiment was conducted in three different phases. The first phase experiment was initiated with 17 pre-weaner lambs and 13 kids of around one month of age and was lasted for 112 days. The second phase was conducted on 18 weaner kids by feeding them complete feed in group and it lasted for six weeks. The third phase was also conducted on weaner kids (18) under individual feeding regime and it lasted for five weeks. In all the three phases, conventional feed was compared with the nonconventional feeds. The body v/eights of the lambs at the beginning and at the end of experiment period of 112 days (actual average age 142 days) in the three treatment groups were 6.57 + 1.22 and 16.42 ± 2.08 (T1. Conventional control, CC), 6.55 ± 0.76 and 21.52 ± 1.58 (T2: Non-conventional-I, NC-1) and 6.55 + 0.59 and 17.76 ± 0.85 kg (T3: Nonconventional- II, NC-2), respectively indicating an average growth of 87.90 ± 7.10, 133.53 + 7,33 and 100.04 + 5.90 g/day in the three treatments, respectively. The differences among the treatments both, at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were statistically non-significant for the body weight whereas the growth rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in T2. The body weights of pre-weaned kids (Phase I) at the beginning of the experimental period were 4.28 ± 0.34 kg for T1 (Conventional Control - CC) and 4.98 ± 0.40 kg for T2 (Non-conventional-1 - NC-1). The same at the end of the experiment of eight bi-weekly intervals increased to 9.26 ± 0.49 and 9.90 ± 0.47 kg, respectively with an average growth rate of 44.34 ± 3.49 and 43.94 ± 3.29 g/day for the two treatments. The differences both at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, however, were statistically at par. The body weights of weaner kids (Phase II) increased to 11.202 ± 0.27 (Conventional Control - CC), 11.082 ± 0.53 (Non-conventional-1 - NC-1) and 11.382 ± 0.26 kg (Non-conventional-2 - NC-2) from 10.367 ± 0.26, 10.488 ± 0.43 and 10.183 ± 0.31 kg in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively and were at par. A linear increasing trend was observed in the body weight of kids throughout the experimental period in all the treatments. The growth rate of weaner kids (Phase II) fed non-conventional complete feed-2 (28.53 t 5.63) wa.s significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that observed in the control (19.88 ±1.11 g-May) or the non-conventional-1 kids (14.15 ± 6.01 g/day). The average body weight at the beginning of the experiment of weaner kids in Phase m was 10.82 + 0.41, 10.80 + 0.73 and 10.85 ± 0.44 kg for T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The same increased to 13.30 + 0.72, 13.68 ± 0.89 and 13.12 ± 0.68 kg. respectively. The growth rate (g/day) of kids in Phase HI was higher in T3 (77.14 ± 9.93) followed by Tl (68.90 ± 8.57) and T2 (63.28 + 10.41). The differences among the treatments, were at par. The increase in body length, heart girth and height at withers of the lambs was observed to be 13.66 + 2.00, 20.09 ± 1.47 and 16.00 ± 1.91 cm, 10.26 ± 0.71, 10.92 + 0.89 and 11.45 ± 1.06 cm and 18.03 + 1.82, 20.39 ± 0.58 and 19.69 ± 1.47 cm for the three treatment groups, respectively. The differences among the treatments were nonsignificant The increase in body length, heart girth and height at withers of the experimental kids (Phase I) was observed to be 9.01 ± 1.70 and 7.32 ± 1.00 cm, 9.96 ± 1.34 and 9.32 ± 0.63 cm and 6.88 ± 1.04 and 6.35 ± 0.66 cm, respectively for the two treatment groups, respectively. The differences among the treatments were statistically non-significant. The DM intake by lambs of Phase I was 491.55 ± 17.26, 526.46 ± 2.87 and 488.64 ± 7.37g/day; 58.70 ± 3.55; 49.81 ± 1.00 and 53.47 ± 1.46 g/kgW0.75 and 2.90 ± 0.26; 2.26 ± O06 and 2.55 ± 0G8 kg/100 kg bodj' weight for Tl, T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. The DM intake in all the three forms for all the treatments was statistically similar. The digestibility of all the proximate nutrients was higher for the conventional group as compared to the non-conventional treatments. The mean balance of nitrogen of the lambs fed conventional, non-conventional-1 and non-conventional-2 creep mixtures was found to be 4.73 ± 0.16, 4.62 ± 0.06 and 3.64 ± 0.11 g/lamb/day, respectively. The nitrogen balance of T3 was observed to be the lowest (P < 0 05) as compared to those observed for the CC and NC-1.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF SYNTHETIC LINE OF WHITE LEGHORN(AAU, Anand, 2006) BAROT, VASANTKUMAR NAVALJI; PATEL, ASHOK M.The present study was carried out to investigate the production performance, inheritance and association among various economic traits in a synthetic strain of White Leghorn for five successive generations under Central Poultry Research Station Project at Department of Poultry Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Number of pullets from first to fifth generation utilized as experiraental materials were 413 (37 Sire family), 446 (30 Sire family), 441 (37 Sire family), 449 (40 Sire family) and 440 (39 Sire family). The data obtained on these birds were analyzed, to obtain the estimates of the means, heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, through Least Square Analysis using LSMLMW and MIXED MODEL Computer programme. The least squares means for various economic traits in S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 generations respectively were 1173.21 ±9.11, 1133.36 ± 9.64, 1214.75 ± 11.32, 1200.56 ± 8.56 and 1214.73 ± 5.45 g for BW20, 1514.10 ± 14.64, 1421.86 ± 14.70, 1450.10 ± 11.70, 1456.77 ± 11.96 and 1429.75 ± 7.79 g for BW40, 1525.63 + 14.89, 1477.94 ± 12.41, 1591.66 ± 16.39, 1593.30 ± 13.67, and 1538.53 ± 9.62 g for BW56, 1530.87 ± 19.08, 1487.32 ± 12.89, 1655.85 + 17.06, 1517.11 ± 16.22 and 1645.74 ± 9.44 g for BW72, 153, 150, 159, 151 and 151 days for AFE, 103.736 ± 0.784, 99.511 ± 1.051, 93.576 ± 0.933. 107.036 ± 0.729 and 104.923 ± 0.652 eggs for EN40, 180.730 ± 1.354, 185.623 ± 1.227, 179.663 ± 1.220, 196.590 ± 1.040 and 189.130 ± 1.021 eggs for EN56, 238.403 ± 2.150, 254.015 ± 2.133, 277.950 ± 1.151, 271.726 ± 1.634 and 266.933 ± 1.434 eggs for EN72, 46.235 ± 0.325, 50.139 ± 387, 49.134 ±0.310, 48.012 ±0.265 and 51.724 ± 0.158 g for EW32, 53.272 ± 0.356, 51.915 ± 0.319, 49.219 + 0.326, 50.356 ± 0.281 and 52.306 ± 0.165 g for EW40, 54.101 ± 0.372, 54.379 ± 0.401, 53.139 ± 0.384, 54.897 ± 0.301 and 55.777 ± 0.174 g for EW56, 51.962 ± 0.341, 54.908 ± 0.385, 56.542 ± 0.515, 52.593 ± 0.351 and 61.610 ± 0.224 g for EW72, Rs. 74.00, 95.00, 76.00, 33.00 and 40.00 for ROFC per bird. The heritability estimates for various traits were found to be 0.450 ± 0.168, 0.679 ± 0.203, 0.976 ± 0.229, 0.678 ± 0.192 and 0.427 ± 0.159 {BW20), 0.490 ± 0.174, 0.617 ± 0.194, 0.737 ± 0.203, 0.723 ± 0.197 and 0.573 ± 0.180 (BW40), 0.425 ± 0.168, 0.235 ± 0.128, 1.019 ± 0.235, 0.770 ± 0.204 and 0.533 ± 0.175 (BWse), 0.718 ± 0.241, 0.378 + 0.162, 0.837 ± 0.269, 0.773 ± 0.207 and 0.204 ± 0.127 (BW72), 0.482 ± 0.173, 0.720 ± 0.209, 0.354 ± 0.148, 0.330 ± 0.143 and 0.481 ± 0.167 (AFE), 0.246 ± 0.135, 0.212 ± 0.120, 0.364 ± 0.150, 0.349 ± 0.146 and 0.831 ± 0.i211 (EN40), 0.387 ± 0.162, 0.064 ± 0.091 , 0.162 ± 0.118 , 0.257 ± 0.133 and 0.901 ± 0.219 (ENse), 0.193 ± 0.171, 0.140 + 0.114, 0.190 ± 0.191, 0.097 ± 0.108 and 0.790 ± 0.210 (EN72), 1.199 ± 0.250 , 0.936 ± 0.243 , 0.832 ± 0.204 , 0.624 ± 0.185 and 0.660 ± 0.194 (EW32), 1.099 ± 0.243, 0.861 ± 0.234, 0.708 ± 0.204, 0.630 ± 0.186, and 0.551 ± 0.180 (EW40), 1.081 ± 0.251,1.102 + 0.264, 0.948 ± 0.228, 0.621 ± 0.186 and 1.187 ± 0.244 (EWse), 0.471 ± 0.235, 0.575 ± 0.220, 1.196 ± 0.299, 0.723 ± 0.204 and 0.588 ± 0.195 (EW72) in S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 generation respectively. The genetic correlations amongst body weight traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) were positive and high in magnitude and in desired direction. The genetic correlations of BW20 with other growth traits (BW40, BW56 and BW72) ranged from 0.475 ± 0.226 to 0.924 ± 0.054. The genetic correlations of BW40 with BWse and BW72 were ranged from 0.491 ± 0.213 to 1.176 ± 0.117 where as the same between BW56 and BW72were ranged from 0.940 + 0.162 to 1.227 ± 0.115. The estimates of genetic correlations between body weight at 20 weeks of age and age at first egg were found to be low positive to negative side in all the generation except for the fourth generation. Contrary to this, positive and low genetic and phenotypic association was found between BW40 and age at first egg. The genetic correlations between body weight at 72 week and AFE were found to be positive, favourable and in desired direction. The genetic correlations of EN40 with various growth traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) ranged from - 0.631 ± 0.244 to 0.230 ± 0.314 whereas genetic correlations of EN72 with various growth traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) ranged little wider from -0.765 ± 0.429 to 0.278 ± 0.444. The genetic correlations of growth traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) with egg weight traits (EW32, EW40, EW56 and EW72) were positive and moderate to high in magnitude. Negative genetic correlation of high magnitude was reported between age at first egg and egg production up to 40 weeks. In opposition to this, positive genetic and phenotypic association between age at sexual maturity and egg weight was reported. The genetic correlations between egg production (EN40, ENse and EN72) and egg weight traits (EW32, EW40, EW56 and EW72) were negative and high in magnitude in fifth generation. The phenotypic association of egg number with body weight and egg weight traits were negative and low in magnitude compared to genetic association.ThesisItem Open Access FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF SOME IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES OF DAIRYING IN ANAND AND VADODARA DISTRICTS OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2002) GOUR, ANIL KUMAR; PATEL, ASHOK M.The dairy farming plays a pivotal role in the economy of our country. It helps in augmenting food supply, generating employment and raising nutritional level. The major advantage of dairy farming is its minimum land dependency and resource flexibility. It is a major source of income to major segment to rural betterment in small and marginal farmers, at the same time it is also characterized with risk and uncertainty. It is therefore, use of modem inputs and adoption of new technology of animal husbandry are undoubtedly more important in increasing dairy farm productivity. There is a considerable gap between present animal husbandry practices of the dairy farmers and available scientific animal husbandry development so far. Out of these, which technology are known and adopted by its real users of different classes is a matter of question. Hence, to analyze the existing extent of knowledge and adoption of the dairy farmers, the present study on "FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF SOME IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES OF DAIRYING IN ANAND AND VADODARA DISTRICTS OF GUJARAT STATE" was undertaken. OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the profile of dairy farmers of Anand and Vadodara districts of Gujarat. 2. To study the extent of knowledge of dairy farmers regarding improved practices of animal husbandry. 3 To study the extent of adoption of improved practices of animal husbandry by dairy farmers. 4. To find out relationship between extent of knowledge of dairy farmers regarding animal husbandry practices and dairy farmers profile. 5. To find out relationship between extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices and profile of dairy farmers. 6. To know the problems faced by dairy farmers in adoption of modem practices of animal husbandry, and 7 To seek suggestions to overcome problems/limitations of dairy farmers in adoption of modem practices of animal husbandry. The present study was conducted in randomly selected sixteen villages of Anand and Vadodara districts. A sample of 172 dairy farmers having milch animals was selected for the study. The data were collected with the help of "interview schedule" by conducting personal interview. For the measurement of independent and dependent variables, appropriate scales developed and adopted by other research workers were used with due modifications. The statistical tools used for the analysis of data were percentage. mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, stepwise regression and path analysis. The important findings of the study are summarized as under; 1. Majority of the dairy farmers (76.74 per cent) had middle age, secondary and higher secondary level of education (58.72 per cent), higher caste (61.63 per cent), organizational participation in dairy co-operative society (57.56 per cent), medium level of mass media exposure (43.60 per cent), medium to high level of extension contact (77.33 per cent), marginal, small and medium dairy farmers had less than four ha. of land holding (72.09 per cent) and low to medium level of herd size (67.50 per cent). 2. The average parity of dairy animals of dairy farmers was observed 3.67 ± 0.08 while, the average age at first calving in indigenous cows, crossbred cows and buffaloes was 47 months, 34 months and 46 months, respectively. Whereas average peak milk yield was 9.03 ± 0.39 litres and average annual expenditure for medical treatment was Rs. 254.30 per animal. The average number of earner, dependent and total members of family was 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 respectively. Great majority of dairy farmers (94.77 per cent) were dependent on crop farming, dairying and other occupation, and majority (87.57 per cent) of them had increased their total income upto 10 to 25 per cent due to adoption of dairy farming. 3. Majority of the dairy farmers (69.18 per cent) had medium to high level of economic motivation, medium to high level of scientific orientation (79.07 per cent), medium to high level of planning orientation (62.79 per cent), medium to high level of production orientation (70.93 per cent), high level of market orientation (53.49 per cent), medium to high level of competition orientation (77.91 per cent), medium to high level of supervision on dairy production (74.42 per cent) and low level of orientation towards development of skill in farm workers (55.23 per cent). 4. Majority of the dairy farmers had medium to high level of knowledge (68.60 per cent) and adoption (81.98 per cent) regarding improved animal husbandry practices. 5. Continuous rate of adoption regarding improved animal husbandry practices viz. reproductive practices was observed in between 72.10 to 91.86 per cent, nutritional practices in between 59.88 to 95.93 per cent, managemental practices between 52.91 to 98.84 per cent, disease control practices between 32.56 to 97.09 per cent and marketing practices between 32.56 to 100.00 per cent by dairy farmers. 6. Great majority of the dairy farmers of Anand district had perception of majority of the activities carried out by Amul Dairy. 7. The variables namely extension contact, animal possession, economic motivation, scientific orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, market orientation, management orientation, competition orientation, orientation towards development of skill in farm workers, supervision on dairy production and adoption of animal husbandry practices had positive significant relationship with the knowledge of dairy farmers, while land holding and total number of occupation had negative and significant correlationship with their knowledge regarding animal husbandry practices 8. The variables namely extension contact, animal possession, economic motivation, scientific orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, market orientation, management orientation, competition orientation, orientation towards development of skill in farm workers, supervision on dairy production and knowledge were positively and significantly correlated with adoption, while land holding and total number of occupation were negatively and significantly correlated with their adoption regarding improved practices of animal husbandry. 9. The variables namely management orientation, milk yield, competition orientation, land holding, market orientation, extension contact and total number of milch animals jointly contributed 67.24 per cent of total variation in the knowledge of improved animal husbandry practices of dairying. 10. Four variables viz. knowledge, production orientation, orientation towards development of skill in farm workers and total number of animal together contributed 63.13 per cent of total variation in the adoption of improved animal husbandry practices of dairying. 11. Variables viz. market orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, competition orientation, extension contact, total animal possession, scientific orientation and orientation towards development of skill in farm workers exhibited positive direct effect, whereas management orientation had maximum total indirect effect and substantial indirect effect on knowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices of dairying. 12. Variables namely managemental practices, nutritional practices, disease control practices, marketing practices, reproductive practices, planning orientation, market orientation, production orientation, orientation towards development of skill in farm workers, competition orientation and economic motivation, exhibited positive direct effect, while knowledge had maximum positive total indirect effect and management practices had highest substantial indirect effect on adoption regarding improved animal husbandry practices of dairying. 13. High cost of byre construction, lack of knowledge of recommended managemental practices, unavailability of reasonable and quality green fodder round the year, unavailability of comfortable and stress-free housing during summer season, lack of knowledge of viability of cattle/buffalo, difficulty to store milk during summer season and timely vaccination against diseases in the animals were the major problems faced by dairy farmers in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. 14. Arrangement of regular visit of veterinary doctor and extension specialist, cooperative society should have the facility of preservation of vaccines and semen, atleast five members of a dairy co-operative society should be trained to solve the problems of animal husbandry, regular training should be provided to farmers to improve their knowledge for better adoption and loan/subsidy facilities should be made available for construction of cattle shed and purchase of dairy animals were the important suggestions given by the dairy farmers to improve level of adoption of modem practices of animal husbandry.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON DRAFT PERFORMANCE AND CERTAIN RELATED ASPECTS IN KANKREJ AND CROSSBRED BULLOCKS(AAU, Anand, 1998) Dhangar, Mahesh R.; Patel, Ashok M.An investigation was undertaken at the Department of Livestock Production, Veterinary College, Anand to study draft performance of Kankrej and Jersey x Kankrej bullocks. A total of 6 bullocks of each breed were subjected to carting loads equivalent to (pay load) 150% (340 kg), 200% (620 kg), 250% (900 kg) and 300% (1180 kg) of body weight, and to agricultural operations. The work trials were conducted for 3 hours in both, morning and afternoon sessions of stressful (standard weeks 19 to 23; THI 88.15 ± 0.70) and comfort (standard weeks 49 to 52 and 1 to 3; THI 74.04 ± 0.41) seasons. The carting trials were carried out using single animal pneumatic tyred bullock cart on the kutcha farm roads. The single plough operation of 3 hours duration at vapsa condition of sandy loam soil was followed by double planking for 1 1/2 hrs in each session. The strain gauge type load cell (fit to telescopic beam of cart and plough) along with digital indicator was used to record pull exerted by the bullocks while different work. The body weight and body length of crossbred bullocks were significantly greater by 37.86 kg and 1.65 cm while the height at withers being lesser by 1.96 cm than those of Kankrej (539.70 kg; BL 165.14; H Th!s 142.67 cm), This resulted into greater angle of pull at A carting and agricultural operations in Kankrej as compared to crossbreds. The bullocks of both the breeds aged 8.33 yrs and were healthy (Hb, 11.40 ± 0.08 gm%) . The pulling force, speed of travel and hp production at carting were higher (P<0.01) respectively by 2.47, 8.09 and 10.71 % in crossbreds than in Kankrej (40.50 ± 0.62 kg, 3.83 ± 0.03 km/hr, 0.56 ±0.01 hp). The hp output by a pair of bullocks averaged 1.07 and 0.52 at ploughing and planking respectively.The draft generation and work output while carting different load units indicated a curvilinear relationship between load intensity and draft production. Breed x load and season x load did affect draft performance favouring crossbreds at heavy loads, and higher work production during winter than in summer, whereas breed x season, breed x time (session) of the day and breed x period interactions did not exert significant effect on draft generation and hp production The stride length of Kankrej bullocks was 2.60% shorter (P>0.05) than that of crossbred bullocks (1.54± 0.01 m). It was affected only by period / duration of work. Overall area ploughed in 3 hrs session was 0.371 ± 0.04 hac. The efficiency (area covered per hour) of agricultural operations was significantly affected by breed, type of work, season, time of the day and season x agril. operation interaction. Kankrej bullocks ploughed slightly (P>0.05) deeper (0.04 cm) and yielded wider furrow than crossbreds. The respiration rate increased by 66.13, 32.70 and 0.81% and rectal temperature by 0.61, 0.42 and 0.26% during 1st, 2nd and 3rd hour of work. The interactions indicated a greater rise in the physiological responses of crossbreds than of Kankrej, during summer, afternoon session, as well as at heavier work. The heart rate of working bullocks was 7.33% more (P< 0.05) during summer more. than in winter (73.23/min), similarly 4.65% more during afternoon over morning (74.19/min.). The 30 min of rest following 3 hours of work led the physiological responses to near to prework level. The rate of normalization was greater in crossbreds. Of the crossbred bullocks subjected to different works during summer,33.3% showed profuse salivation or full mouth frothing. Both time taken (post onset of work) for initiation as well as intensification were by affected by intensity of work, being earlier for heavy work load. Distress signs reflecting a slight excitement were observed at 900 and 1180 kg pay loads. Similar distress score of 17-18 (on 40 point scale) after 3 hours of carting of 1180 kg pay load during stressful period (THI, 88.2) was worked out for both the breeds. A 3-hours of work caused significant decline in blood glucose and elevation in blood lactic acid. asma creatinine and haemoglobin levels of the llocks. The alterations were more marked during mmer than in winter and at carting 1180 kg load. Body weight and body length showed positive lationship (r = 0.13 to 0.24) with draft performance aits of the bullocks. e Ambient temperature adversely affected the speed d stride length (r,-0.24 to -0.43; P<0.05).
