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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF UDDER AND TEATS AND INCIDENCES OF SUB-CLINICAL MASTITIS IN CROSSBRED COWS MAINTAINED ON DAIRY FARMS IN ANAND DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2014) PATEL, YOGESHKUMAR GULABBHAI; TRIVEDI, M. M.The present study was carried out in Anand District of Gujarat state on 200 lactating crossbred cows of different parities and at different stages of lactation from 13 different dairy farms. The objective was to study the biometry and different shape of udder and teats and their association with incidence of sub-clinical mastitis. Biometry of udder (length, width and depth) and teat (length and diameter), morphology of udder (trough/round/goaty/pendulous shape) and teat (cylindrical/funnel/bottle/pear), test day milk yield, distance between teat end to floor, body condition scores (1 to 5 scale), temperature humidity index in cow sheds, udder and leg hygiene scores (1 to 5 scale), ideal milking practices score (1 to 10 scale) etc. were studied. Milk samples were examined to detect subclinical mastitis through California mastitis test. The pH of milk samples as well as somatic cell counts/ml of milk were estimated using digital pH meter and Fossomatic minor cell counter. Data were analyzed according to methods suggested by Snedecor and Cochran (1994). The mean udder length, width and depth was 58.24 ± 0.68 cm, 65.45 ±"' • 0.70 cm and 23.06 ± 0.34 cm, respectively. The mean teat length for fore teats and rear teats was 6.07 ± 0.05 cm and 5.39 ± 0.05 cm, respectively. The mean teat diameter were 2.72 ± 0.02 cm for fore teats and 2.64 ± 0.02 cm for rear teats. Fore teats had higher length and diameter as compared to the rear teats. The differences observed in mean udder length, width and depth in different parities were statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences observed in fore teat length and rear teat length in different parities were statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences observed in mean fore and rear teat diameter in different parities were statistically non-significant. Udder length, width and depth showed declining trend with advancement of stage of lactation. The differences observed in mean udder length, width and depth in different stages of lactation were statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences observed in mean fore & rear teat length and fore & rear teat diameter in different stages of lactation were non-significant. Significant (P<0.01) and positive correlations were observed among the udder measurement traits viz., udder length and udder width (0.697), udder width and udder depth (0.685) and udder length and udder depth (0.526). Similarly, positive and significant (P<0.05) to highly significant associations of udder width and udder depth with average fore teat length, rear teat length, fore teat diameter, rear teat diameter, overall teat length and overall teat diameter were observed. However, udder length was positive and significantly (P<0.05) correlated only with teat diameter traits i.e., fore teat diameter, rear teat diameter and overall teat diameter. The correlations observed among various teat measurements viz., fore teat length, rear teat length, fore teat diameter and rear teat diameter were also positive and significant (P<0.05) to highly significant. The correlations between milk yield and various udder measurement traits viz., udder length (0.499), udder width (0.413) and udder depth (0.178) were found positive and significant (P<0.05) to highly significant (P<0.01). All the teat measurement traits showed non-significant correlation with milk yield except the fore teat diameter which had positive and significant (P<0.05) association with milk yield. Among regression coefficients for estimation of milk yield from udder length, width and depth, equation with all three udder measurement traits together had the maximum R- value (28.80%). However, due to lower R- these equations were of very little value for practical use to estimate milk yield with greater degree of accuracy. The regression of milk yield on udder length, udder width and udder depth indicated that each cm change in these measurements causes 0.262, 0.211 and 0.187 kg change in milk yield. The frequencies of trough (bowl), round, goaty and pendulous type udder were 56.5 %, 19.5 %, 7.5 % and 16.5 %, respectively. Similarly, the frequencies of cylindrical, funnel, bottle and pear shaped teats were 24.75 %, 48.63 %, 22.13 % and 4.5 %, respectively. The udder measurements in crossbred cows were lowest in goaty shaped udder and highest in pendulous udders. The differences observed in mean udder length, width and depth due to different shape of udder were statistically highly significant (P<0.01). The teat measurements in crossbred cows were lowest in pear shaped teats and highest in bottle shaped teats. The differences observed in mean teat length and teat diameter due to different shape of teats were statistically significant (P<0.01). Mean test day milk yield observed in crossbred cows was 10.11 ± 0.36 kg. It was 12.60 kg, 11.01 kg and 7.23 kg in early, mid and late lactation stages, respectively. Thus, mean test day milk yield showed decreasing trend with advancement in stage of lactation. The differences observed in mean test day milk yield between three different stages of lactation were highly significant (P<0.01). However, differences observed in mean test day milk yield due to parities were statistically nonsignificant. Mean test day milk yield (kg) observed was 10.34 ± 0.49, 10.63 ± 0.64, 6.68 ± 0.61 and 10.84 ± 1.04 in cows with trough, round, goaty and pendulous udder, respectively. The differences were statistically non-significant. Out of 200 cows 98 (49.00%) cows were found positive for sub clinical mastitis. In present study 184 (23 %) quarters from 200 cows (800 quarters) found positive for sub clinical mastitis. Thus, incidence of subclinical mastitis was 49 % on cow basis and 23 % on quarter basis. Among various shapes of udder, highest occurrence of subclinical mastitis was observed in cows having goaty udder (80.00 %) followed by pendulous (60.61 %), trough (46.02 %) and round (35.90 %) shape udder. The differences were statistically significant (P< 0.05). Among various shapes of teats, highest occurrence of subclinical mastitis was in cows having cylindrical teats (28.28 %) followed by funnel (22.11 %), bottle (22.03 %) and pear (8.33 %) shape teat. In cows all four types (trough/round/goaty/pendulous) of udder with combination of cylindrical shape teat had higher incidences of subclinical mastitis as compared to combination with other shaped teats. Highest incidences of subclinical mastitis (60 %) was observed in cows having goaty udder and cylindrical teats combination followed by pendulouscylindrical (50 %) combination. Round shape udder in combination with cylindrical, funnel and bottle shaped teats had less than 20 % incidences of subchnical mastitis. Similarly, trough-bottle combination also had less than 20 % reactors of subclinical mastitis. Therefore, cows of such combinations of udder and teats are preferred. Maximum number of positive subclinical mastitis cases were found in cows with medium udder length (48-68 cm) and udder width (55-75 cm) category (73 and 67 cows, respectively). Highest incidence (64.00 %) of subclinical mastitis was found in cows with udder depth greater than 28 cm. Higher incidences of subclinical mastitis were observed in cows having teats more than 5 cm length (24.20 %) as compared to cows having teats less than 5 cm length (20.66 %) teats. Mean teat length for affected teats was higher (5.76 ± 0.07 cm) as compared to healthy teats (5.64 ± 0.11 cm). Teats with more than 2.75 cm diameter had higher occurrence of subclinical mastitis (28.14) as compared to teats with less than 2.75 cm (17.92 %) diameter. Highest occurrence of subclinical mastitis was observed in right fore quarter (27.50 %) followed by left fore (23.00 %), right hind (21.50 %) and left hind (20.00 %) quarter. The occurrence of SCM was found more in fore quarters (25.25 %) than the hind quarters (20.75 %). Similarly, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was higher in right quarters (24.5 %) than the left quarters (21.5 %). Maximum number of SCM cows had only single quarter infection (51.02 %) followed by two quarters (21.43 %), three quarters (16.33 %) and all four quarters (11.22 %). Highest occurrence of subclinical mastitis was observed in cows which were in late stage of lactation (55.41 %) followed by those in early (52.38 %) and mid (38.10%) stage of lactation. The incidences of subclinical mastitis were highest (56.41 %) in cows who had teat end to floor distance of 30-42 cm, followed by cows having distance between 42-54 cm (47.50 %) and distance between 54-66 cm (46.34 %). Highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was observed in under conditioned cows with BCS < 1 (66.66 %) & BCS 1-2 (58.14 %) followed by over conditioned cows (59.38 %) with BCS 3-4. Considerable less incidences were observed in moderate conditioned cows (42.97 %) with BCS 2-3. A linear increase in incidences of subclinical mastitis with increase in udder and leg hygiene score was observed. Higher incidences of subclinical mastitis were found in cows with UHS 4 (60.00 %), UHS 5 (60.00), LHS 4 (60.60 %) and LHS 5 (62.50 %). Similarly, lower incidences of subclinical mastitis were found in cows with UHS 1 (40.74 %), UHS 2 (51.06 %), LHS 1 (38.75 %), LHS 2 (51.11 %). Non-significantly positive correlation coefficient (r =0.16) was found between THI and incidences of subclinical mastitis on dairy fanns. A highly significant (P<0.01) and negative coefficient of correlation (r = -0.986) was observed between milking practices score and incidences of subclinical mastitis. Milk pH value showed elevation in SCM cows (6.96 ± 0.01) as compared to the healthy cows (6.75 ± 0.01). In SCM cows, pH was higher than 6.8 whereas, in healthy cows it was lower than 6.8. Mean SCC showed elevation in SCM cows (1466.12 ± 70.86 x 10 power 3) as compared to the healthy cows (123.67 ± 4.80 x 10 power 3). Among healthy cows, SCC were 91.00, 93.68, 105.08 and 117.38 thousands for trough, round, goaty and pendulous shaped udder, respectively. Therefore, goaty and pendulous udder had higher SCC than trough and round shape udders. Among SCM cows with different shape of udder, cows with goaty and pendulous udder had higher SCC i. e., 42 % and 19.95 % more than that of round and trough shaped udder, respectively. Similarly, SCM cows with bottle and cylindrical shaped teats had higher SCC than the SCM cows with funnel and pear shaped teats. Further, SCC were higher in right as compared to left quarters, and, hind quarters as compared to fore quarters. About 4.86 % to 47.65 % less milk yield was produced by SCM cows on different farms. Overall milk yield per day was 10.01 kg and 8.6 kg in healthy and SCM cows, respectively. Overall 13.79% less milk was produced by SCM cows than the healthy cows. Thus, among the various risk factors, pendulous and goaty udders, cylindrical teats, udder depth greater than 28 cm, teat length more than 5 cm, teat diameter more than 2.75 cm, early and late stages of lactation, fore and right side teats, teat end to floor distance < 42 cm, BCS less than 2 and more than 3 and udder & leg hygiene score between 2 to 5 were associated with increased incidences of subclinical mastitis in crossbred cows. Therefore, due care and precautions are necessary in such cows to reduce the occurrence of SCM on dairy farms. Dairy cows with pendulous and goaty shape udders should not be selected as such udder are more prone to subclinical mastitis. Economic effect and impact of subclinical mastitis was very high as SCM cows produced 13.79 % less milk than the healthy cows. Hygienic milking practices are very important to prevent or minimize incidences of subclinical mastitis on dairy farms.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF UDDER AND TEATS AND INCIDENCES OF SUB-CLINICAL MASTITIS IN CROSSBRED COWS MAINTAINED ON DAIRY FARMS IN ANAND DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2014) PATEL, Yogesh G.; Dr. M. M. TrivediThe present study was carried out in Anand District of Gujarat state on 200 lactating crossbred cows of different parities and at different stages of lactation from 13 different dairy farms. The objective was to study the biometry and different shape of udder and teats and their association with incidence of sub-clinical mastitis. Biometry of udder (length, width and depth) and teat (length and diameter), morphology of udder (trough/round/goaty/pendulous shape) and teat (cylindrical/funnel/bottle/pear), test day milk yield, distance between teat end to floor, body condition scores (1 to 5 scale), temperature humidity index in cow sheds, udder and leg hygiene scores (1 to 5 scale), ideal milking practices score (1 to 10 scale) etc. were studied. Milk samples were examined to detect subclinical mastitis through California mastitis test. The pH of milk samples as well as somatic cell counts/ml of milk were estimated using digital pH meter and Fossomatic minor cell counter. Data were analyzed according to methods suggested by Snedecor and Cochran (1994).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING MILK REPLACER ON HOLSTEIN-KANKREJ CROSSBRED CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2014) Ravi Shukla; Dr. S. V. ShahAn experiment was conducted at Livestock Research Station (LRS), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to ascertain the effect of feeding milk replacer on growth and nutrient utilization in Holstein crossbred calves. They were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (T1, T2 and T3) on age, sex and body weight basis. In the first treatment (T1) the calves were given 4 L milk as per farm practice, in the second treatment (T2) Commercial milk replacer with 19 to 21% CP and in third treatment (T3) Formulated mlk replacer (consisting of Soymeal, Maize, Soy seed, Casein and Molases) with 24% crude protein. In addition to this, Amul Dan and Lucerne Hay was also offered to the calves.