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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND ECONOMICS OF REARING OF WEANED LAMBS AND KIDS UNDER FEEDLOT PRODUCTION SYSTEM(AAU, Anand, 1994) SAIYED, LIYAKATALI H.; PATEL, ASHOK M.The growth trials on twenty four each of weaner lambs and kids were conducted. The animals were assigned to dietary treatments on body, weight basis, under feedlot comprising of conventional (T1) or non-conventional (T2) concentrate mixture, ad lib. dry fodder and a limited quantity of green fodder in order to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR (1985). Each group of goats had Marwari, Zalawadi and Surti kids and that of sheep Marwari, Patanwadi and Merino x Patanwadi lambs. The non-conventional concentrate mixture contained Mango seed Kernel (25%) and Babul pods (23%). The lamb growth trial lasted for 180 days and that for kids 210 days during which the animals attained live weight acceptable in the local market. The average daily dry matter intake during the entire experimental period in terms of g/day, g/kg w0.75 and as percent of body weight in conventional and non-conventional group was recorded to be 532.83±9.94, 72.28±1.69 and 3.83±0.13 and 566.75 ±10.49, 75.02±1.78 and 3.86±0.13 respectively. The corresponding figures in kids were 370.42±8.11, 60.38±1.61 and 3.35±0.12 for conventional and 371.94±8.55, 62.25±1.70 and 3.46±0.13 in nonconventional group. The treatment means did not differ significantly in both the species. The concentrate to roughage ratio under T1 and T2 group of lambs was recorded to be 54.25 : 45.75 and 53.89 : 46.11 and the same for kids was 55.25 : 44.75 and 53.33 : 46.67. The treatment groups did not differ from each other. The water intake of lambs in conventional and nonconventional group was 1.4 ± 0.11 and 1.58 ± 0.12 1/day and the same for the kids of respective groups was 0.807±0.08 and 0.938±0.08 1/day. The water intake (l)/kg dry matter intake under T1 and T2 groups of lambs was 3.12 ± 0.25 and 3.29 ± 0.16, respectively and the corresponding figures for kids were 2.10+0.20 and 2.54±0.21, respectively. These values were statistically similar. At the end of experimental feeding the lambs in T1 and T2 groups attained 19.3310.76 and 19.72±0.80 kg, respectively and the same for kids was recorded to be 16.10 ± 0.60 kg and 15.26 ± 0.63 kg, respectively, which were statistically similar. The average daily gain in lambs of T1 and T2 was 51.94 ± 2.84 and 49.04 ± 2.99 g and for kids of respective groups was 42.16±1.76 and 39.53±1.85 g.ThesisItem Open Access THE EFFECT OF RESTRICTED FEEDING DURING GROWING PERIOD AND STOCKING DENSITY DURING LAYING PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND LAYING PERFORMANCE OF FLOOR REARED EGG-TYPE CHICKENS(AAU, Anand, 1993) SINGH, K. RASHBEHARI; PATEL, ASHOK M.An experiment was carried out in floor-reared Random Bred Control Population (RBCP) strain of White Leghorn to study the effect of restricted feeding (T1, Ad-lib., T2, skip-two-days a week and T3, 75 per cent ad-lib.)during growing period (9-20 weeks of age) and stocking density (2.5, 2.0 and 1.5 ft2 space per bird for S1, S2 and S3 treatments respectively) during 20-72 weeks of laying period and their interaction on the development and laying performance. The average body weight of the birds under different treatment groups at 9 weeks of age was at par. While at 20 weeks of age, ad-lib, skip-two-days and 75 per cent ad-lib, birds weighed 1281.42±6.97, 1174.91±6.19 and 1009.19±5.76 g respectively and they differed significantly to each other. During 9-20 weeks, T1, T2 and T3 birds gained 738.62, 629.64 and 470.14 g respectively. During growing period the average feed consumption of T1, T2 and T3 birds was 65.50±2.23, 57.91±2.51 and 47.05± 2.09 g/bird/day respectively and differed significantly (P<0.01), T1 and T2 birds consumed significantly less feed for each kg body weight gain (6.959 and 7.048 kg respectively) than those by T3 (7.958 kg) birds.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON EFFICIENCY OF GROWTH, GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS IN RELATION TO ONSET OF PUBERTY IN F1 AND INTER SE MATED JERSEY x KANKREJ MALE CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1992) Singh, Laishram Sharat Kumar; Patel, J. M.Post-weaning growth performance, efficiency of gain, gonadal development and sequential development of sexual behavioural components were studied under standard feeding and management in 4 Jersey x Kankrej halfbreds (JKF1) and 6 Jersey x Kankrej inter se mated (JK inter se) male calves from 17 weeks through 67 weeks of age at Livestock Research Station, Anand. The factor or traits studied to characterise puberty in these crossbreds included age, body weight, testicular size, histological changes of testes, sexual behaviour, age of complete penile release and age of first semen donation. Certain biochemicals and hormones related to reduction were assessed to ascertain puberty and sexual maturity obtained from the above mentioned events. The histological development of testis was studied in another 40 JK crossbreds by collecting testes at different ages from birth to 16 months.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICIENCY OF MILK PRODUCTION IN INTER-SE MATED JERSEY x KANKREJ CROSSBREDS ON FREE CHOICE AND CONTROLLED FEEDING(AAU, Anand, 1993) KHADKE, DNYANDEO TUKARAM; PATEL, J. M.An investigation was undertaken at Livestock Research Station, Anand utilizing 30 lactating inter-se mated Jersey x Kankrej cows, to study the lactation performance and efficiency of milk production under three different treatments with free choice and controlled feeding system. Twelve cows in T1 group offered ad-lib. Green fodders and special concentrate mixture at the rate of 40 percent of the milk production, whereas twelve cows in control group (T2) were fed as per ICAR (1985) standard. In T3 group, 6 cows (first calvers ) were offered ad-lib. roughage and ad-lib. Ordinary concentrate. He experiment was carried out for a period of six months (26 weeks) from the 3rd day post-partum.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT GENETIC GROUPS OF GIR CROSSBRED(AAU, Anand, 1995) Nagare, Walmik K.; Patel, Ashok M.The total 3235 records of Gir halfbreds, triple breds and their interse crosses from 1972-1992 were collected from All India Co-ordinated Research Project on cattle, MPAU, Rahuri (RCDP) M.S. The least squares analysis (Harvey, 1990) was carried out to assess the influence of genetic groups, the year of calving and season of calving on growth, reproductive and productive traits, in addition to the herd structure, mortality, disposal pattern of animals, reproductive wastage and the heterosis. The significant genetic group differences for growth, reproduction and production traits were observed, indicating genetic variability to improve these traits through selection. The least squares means for body weights of FG halfbreds were significantly heavier at all ages to JG counter part. Birth weight was 26.51 ± 0.76, 21.54 ± 0.83, 26.45 + 0.64, 24.86 ± 0.68 and 31.11 ± 0.76 kg in FG, JG, FJG, JFG and BFG groups and for IFG, IFJG, IJFG and IBFG interse, it was 25.84 ± 1.04, 25.54 ± 0.69, 23.41 + 0.77 and 27.96 ± 0.68 kg respectively. FG gained superiority over other grades for body weights at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months, weight at first service and weight at first calving also. Year of birth had highly significant variations for body weight at different ages, whereas season of birth showed nonsignificant effect on growth rates during different ages except at 6 months. Amongst three breed crosses BFG (313.79 ± 6.10 kg) heifers were heavier by 6.19 kg than FJG (307.69 ± 5.60 kg) and by 24.2 kg than JFG (289.59 ± 5.56 kg) at 18 months age. BFG and FJG were at par but differd significantly than JFG while interse, IFJG, IJFG, IBFG and IFG weighed 293.31 ± 5.10, 269.03 ± 6.15, 287.75 ± 5.49 and 287.01 ± 8.24 kg respectively, estimating a loss of heterosis to the tune of 4.65, 7.99, 8.30 and 21.58 percent. The overall growth rate from birth- 3 mo; 3-6, 0-6, 6-12, 0- 12, 0-18 month, 12 months -AFS and from AFS to AFC was 370, 483, 425, 580, 498, 490, 356 and 324 g/day and was the highest during 6-12 months of age. AFC was observed to be 839.36 + 14.11, 801.54 ± 16.52, 821.50 ± 13.06, 827.23 ± 13.41, 855.55 ± 13.54 and 923.27 ± 14.83, 857.78 ± 10.10, 884.23 ± 13.06, 917.63 ± 12.07.days in FG, JG, FJG, JFG, BFG, IFJG, IJFG, IBFG and IFG respectively. The respective least squares means for service period were 123.02 ± 5.13, 101.72 + 7.46, 120.32 + 5.71, 106.46 ± 6.23, 114.66 + 5.93, 140.43 ± 5.69, 125.81 + 7.31, 145.95 ± 6.67 and 130.78 + 7.56 days; the dry period was 80.52 ± 3.33, 70.63 ± 5.19, 76.42 ± 4.03, 66.38 ± 4.63, 78.65 ± 4.41, 87.38 ± 3.65, 79.37 ± 5.45, 86.21 ± 4.71 and 86.95 ± 5.60 days and the calving interval was 414.77 ± 4.31, 392.85 ± 6.71, 409.65 + 5.21, 398.92 + 5.98, 410.33 ± 5.00 and 428.99 + 4.71, 420.02 + 7.04, 435.42 ± 6.08 and 413.57 ± 7.24 days in interse, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access AN ANALYSIS OF HERD STRUCTURE, HERD PERFORMANCE AND LABOUR UTILIZATION PATTERN IN KANKREJ AND CROSSBRED HERDS(AAU, Anand, 1995) Burte, Ramesh Ganu; Patel, J. M.An analysis was performed to study the herd structure, herd performance and labour utilization pattern in crossbred and Kankrej herds. The Jersey X Kankrej crossbred herd of LRS, Anand and two Kankrej herds of LRS, SKNagar and CBF, Thara were selected for the study. Data were compiled from different production and reproduction records over the period of April 1980 to March 1992. The average herd strength was 240.38 ± 7.24, 325.29 ± 15.32 and 237.00 ± 8.13 for Anand, SKNagar and Thara respectively. It differed significantly (P < 0.05) for three herds between different years. Significantly higher herd strength, was noticed at SKNagar. The average total cow units, heifer units and cow:heifer ratio was 90.15 ± 4.26, 108.04 ±7.97, 92.55 ± 8.50; 64.19 ± 2.46, 83.30 + 8.53; 47.15 ±1 .78 and 1 : 0.71, 1 : 0.82, 1 : 0.51 at Anand, SKNagar and Thara farms, respectively. The average cow units and heifer units differed significantly between years over the period. In crossbred herd mean wet and herd averages were found to be 7.77 ± 0.37 and 4.78 ± 0.37 which varied significantly among various years. The overall milch:dry ratio was 60.65:39.35 in the herd. In Kankrej, herd and wet averages were 4.72 ± 0.30 and 2.46 ± 0.30 kg, for SKNagar and 4.63 + 0.12 and 2.67 ± 0.15 for CBF, Thara. These values differed significantly between different years. The mean milchidry ratio of animals was 50.11:49.89 for SKNagar and 55.05:44.95 for Thara. The least squares analysis was performed to study the effect of non-genetic factors on different herd life productive/ reproductive traits in J X K crossbred and Kankrej breeds. The herd life traits like LN, HLMY, HLPP, AVPL, ULS, AVULS and productive/reproductive traits like FLY, FCI, FLL, ADY/FLL, ADD, NPP and AGD were considered for both breeds. The overall least squares means for Kankrej herd of SKNagar and Thara for LN, HLMY, HLPP and" ULS were 3.39 ± -0.14, 5862.22 + 74.82 kg, 1061.64 + 47.65 days, 1682.22 + 74.82 days and in crossbreeds 4.85 + 0.37, 12870.86 + 1073.32 kg, 1431.33 ± 110.29 days and 1970.91 ± 147.54 days, respectively. Non-significant effect of period and season of calving was seen on all above traits in crossbreds. However, traits like LN, HLMY, HLPP, ULS differed significantly due to period and season of calving in Kankrej breed. The effect of herd in Kankrej was .non-significant for all traits except ADY/FLL. The lactation trend in J X K crossbred indicated third lactation as mature lactation with mean lactation yield of 2793.80 ± 96.33 kg. Non-significant .differences between lactations were noticed. The lactation trend showed that the Jersey X Kankrej cows can be kept in the herd upto 6th lactation. However at SKNagar and Thara, the maximum yield was seen in fourth (1690.53 ± 84.80 kg) and fifth lactation (1657.57 ± 134.01 kg) in Kankrej breed. The average monthly labour units and monthly skilled labour utilized were 668.94 + 36.39 and 185.85 ± 12.28 units, respectively for gaushala " operations at Anand. Both the parameters differed (P < 0.05) significantly between years for labour consumption. The labour efficiency in terms of milk produced per labour and per skilled labour was 19.42 ± 1.29 kg and 71.24 + 4.81 kg respectively. In SKNagar herd, average consumption of labour and skilled labour was observed to be 704.48 ± 29.02 and 149.88 ± 16.61 units with the overall milk production per labour and per skilled labour was 10.83 ± 0.96 kg and 54.17 kg, respectively. The monthly labour and skilled labour units showed significant variation bfetween years over the period. On an average 488.45 ± 12.86 labour units were used in gaushala of Kankrej herd at Thara. Labour units differed significantly among different years under study. The milk production per labour was noticed to be 14.52 ± 0.56 kg. The adult units per labour was seen to be 6.92 ± 0.32, 8.82. ± 0.77 and 9.08 ± 0.41 units at Anand, SKNagar and Thara farms, respectively. Significantly higher adult units were maintained per labour at SKNagar and Thara herds. The average monthly green fodder production of 158.78 ± 8.15; 107.63 ± 7.09, 57.17 ± 1.51 tonne and average fodder production per labour of 224.56 ± 10.25 kg, 60.33 ± 9.61 kg and 59.61 ± 3.94 kg was observed for Anand; SKNagar and Thara farms, respectively. Significantly higher green fodder production was seen at the Anand farm. The average consumption of concentrate, green and dry fodder on adult units basis was observed to be 3.12 ± 0.18, 34.78 ± 1.09, 1.90 ± 1.29 kg; 1.54 ± 8.28, 17.59 ± 0.89, 4.49 ± 0.30 kg and 3.19 + 0.09, 12.89 ± 0.57, 4.09 ±0.59 kg, for Anand, SKNagar, Thara farm, respectively. On an average daily milk yield over the period was 7.78 ± 0.37, 4.72 + 0.30 and 4.62 ± 0.13 kg for three respective farms. Significantly higher daily feed consumption and daily milk yield was noticed in crossbred than Kankrej breed. In crossbred herd of Anand, overall higher frequency of calving (38.68%) was observed from February to May followed by (32.31%) June to September and the lowest (29.00%) during October to January. However, in Kankrej herd of Thara higher frequency was observed from December to March (43.86%) followed by April to July (30.53%) and lower in August to November (25.62%). Similarly overall higher frequency of calving (61.66%) was observed from December to May followed by (38.35%) in June to November at SKNagar herd. The economic efficiency in terms of average lOFC and lOFLC at Anand was found to be Rs. 60194.36 and Rs. -23368.45, respectively over the period.-However at Kankrej farms of SKNagar and Thara all years showed negative values with average of Rs. -394444.69, -478293,44 and -699504.32, -587400.35, respectively for IOFC & IOFLC.ThesisItem Open Access FEED LOT PERFORMANCE OF GROWING LAMBS ON COMPLETE FEED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA PODS(AAU, Anand, 1992) RAVIKALA, K. A. L.; PATEL, A. M.An experiment was carried out on 6 months old growing lambs from 4-4-90 to study the effect of feeding different levels of prosopis juliflora pods (T1 : 0 per cent, T2 : 15 percent and T3 :30 per cent on various parameters as growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, water intake, digestibility, nitrogen phosphorus and calcium balance, rumen parameters blood picture, wool and carcass traits and economics under feed lot production system.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON DRAFT PERFORMANCE AND CERTAIN RELATED ASPECTS IN KANKREJ AND CROSSBRED BULLOCKS(AAU, Anand, 1998) Dhangar, Mahesh R.; Patel, Ashok M.An investigation was undertaken at the Department of Livestock Production, Veterinary College, Anand to study draft performance of Kankrej and Jersey x Kankrej bullocks. A total of 6 bullocks of each breed were subjected to carting loads equivalent to (pay load) 150% (340 kg), 200% (620 kg), 250% (900 kg) and 300% (1180 kg) of body weight, and to agricultural operations. The work trials were conducted for 3 hours in both, morning and afternoon sessions of stressful (standard weeks 19 to 23; THI 88.15 ± 0.70) and comfort (standard weeks 49 to 52 and 1 to 3; THI 74.04 ± 0.41) seasons. The carting trials were carried out using single animal pneumatic tyred bullock cart on the kutcha farm roads. The single plough operation of 3 hours duration at vapsa condition of sandy loam soil was followed by double planking for 1 1/2 hrs in each session. The strain gauge type load cell (fit to telescopic beam of cart and plough) along with digital indicator was used to record pull exerted by the bullocks while different work. The body weight and body length of crossbred bullocks were significantly greater by 37.86 kg and 1.65 cm while the height at withers being lesser by 1.96 cm than those of Kankrej (539.70 kg; BL 165.14; H Th!s 142.67 cm), This resulted into greater angle of pull at A carting and agricultural operations in Kankrej as compared to crossbreds. The bullocks of both the breeds aged 8.33 yrs and were healthy (Hb, 11.40 ± 0.08 gm%) . The pulling force, speed of travel and hp production at carting were higher (P<0.01) respectively by 2.47, 8.09 and 10.71 % in crossbreds than in Kankrej (40.50 ± 0.62 kg, 3.83 ± 0.03 km/hr, 0.56 ±0.01 hp). The hp output by a pair of bullocks averaged 1.07 and 0.52 at ploughing and planking respectively.The draft generation and work output while carting different load units indicated a curvilinear relationship between load intensity and draft production. Breed x load and season x load did affect draft performance favouring crossbreds at heavy loads, and higher work production during winter than in summer, whereas breed x season, breed x time (session) of the day and breed x period interactions did not exert significant effect on draft generation and hp production The stride length of Kankrej bullocks was 2.60% shorter (P>0.05) than that of crossbred bullocks (1.54± 0.01 m). It was affected only by period / duration of work. Overall area ploughed in 3 hrs session was 0.371 ± 0.04 hac. The efficiency (area covered per hour) of agricultural operations was significantly affected by breed, type of work, season, time of the day and season x agril. operation interaction. Kankrej bullocks ploughed slightly (P>0.05) deeper (0.04 cm) and yielded wider furrow than crossbreds. The respiration rate increased by 66.13, 32.70 and 0.81% and rectal temperature by 0.61, 0.42 and 0.26% during 1st, 2nd and 3rd hour of work. The interactions indicated a greater rise in the physiological responses of crossbreds than of Kankrej, during summer, afternoon session, as well as at heavier work. The heart rate of working bullocks was 7.33% more (P< 0.05) during summer more. than in winter (73.23/min), similarly 4.65% more during afternoon over morning (74.19/min.). The 30 min of rest following 3 hours of work led the physiological responses to near to prework level. The rate of normalization was greater in crossbreds. Of the crossbred bullocks subjected to different works during summer,33.3% showed profuse salivation or full mouth frothing. Both time taken (post onset of work) for initiation as well as intensification were by affected by intensity of work, being earlier for heavy work load. Distress signs reflecting a slight excitement were observed at 900 and 1180 kg pay loads. Similar distress score of 17-18 (on 40 point scale) after 3 hours of carting of 1180 kg pay load during stressful period (THI, 88.2) was worked out for both the breeds. A 3-hours of work caused significant decline in blood glucose and elevation in blood lactic acid. asma creatinine and haemoglobin levels of the llocks. The alterations were more marked during mmer than in winter and at carting 1180 kg load. Body weight and body length showed positive lationship (r = 0.13 to 0.24) with draft performance aits of the bullocks. e Ambient temperature adversely affected the speed d stride length (r,-0.24 to -0.43; P<0.05).ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION OF AGE AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN BOVINES USING MUZZLE PRINTOMETRY TECHNIQUE(AAU, Anand, 1998) Singh, Narendra Pratap; Patel, Ashok M.The present investigation was carried out to identify and predict the age and production performance of bovines by muzzle printometry technique. A total of 783 animals of various age groups of different bovine breeds viz. crossbred, Jersey, Holstein Friesian, Gir and Kankrej cattle as well as Surti and Jaffarabadi buffaloes maintained at various Livestock Research Stations of Gujarat Agricultural University were included in the present study.A new modified technique was developed for obtaining the clear and quick muzzle print by (a) slightly modifying the curvature of metal pad, (b) applying the sweat pad for checking the sweat and (c) muzzle print on plane thick white duplicating paper.The coding of whole muzzle for identification was done on the basis of muzzle groove and muzzle characteristics. The grooved muzzles were prominent in indigenous breeds of cattle, while buffaloes had incomplete type of groove only. The elliptical shape of groove was maximum (39.8 to 58.3 percent) in all the breeds of cattle, while arrow and bell shaped grooves observed in buffaloes only. It was observed that muzzle prints of buffaloes did not have ridged beads and tubular spaces. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the breeds for various muzzle measurements and characteristics, except ridged beads. Hence, a combined approach of classification , muzzle as a whole with muzzle measurements and characteristics in different sectors of muzzle improved the accuracy of identification.For determining the age, muzzle prints of different breeds were further classified into various age groups for muzzle measurements (basal length, upper length, central length and distance between nostrils) and characteristics (bead, clustered bead, ridged bead and total converted bead).