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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF SEED DORMANCY AND OTHER QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Kumar, S. Sudheer; Patel, S. A.In groundnut the cultivars of Spanish bunch and Valencia types (subspecies fastigiata) are extensively cultivated due to their shorter duration, ease in harvesting and fits well in the intensive cropping system. These varieties when grown in Summer germinate in situ due to untimely rains at maturity and the losses due to this preharvest sprouting is 20-50%. The cultivars of Virginia runner and bunch (Subspecies tiypogaea L.) are of late maturity and have appreciable period of seed dormancy, hence they are not preferred in multiple cropping systems. In these areas Spanish bunch type cultivars with two or three weeks of dormancy can prevent the losses due to preharvest germination. Therefore it is essential to introduce seed dormancy from subspecies tiypogaeato fastigiata. Hence the present investigation was carried out to screen genotypes from these two subspecies, to identify donor parents for seed dormancy and to study the gene effects for seed dormancy and fourteen other quantative characters. The experiments were conducted at Plant Breeding Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, during Summer-92, Kharif-93, Summer-93 and Kharif-94. The screening studies revealed that four genotypes of subspecies fastigiata i.e. TG-17, ICGS-37, ICGS-19 and J-11 had fl^esh seed domnancy of 20-30 days. Eight genotypes (i.e. M-13, GG-11, JSP- 22and JSP-23 (Virginia runner), TMV-10. G-201, Kadiri-3 and TG-22 (Virginia bunch)) from subspecies hypogaea var. hypogaea had dormancy period of more than 30 days. The variety Somnath (Virginia mnner) and GG-20 (Virginia bunch) were found to be non- dormant. The crosses were made among three non-dormant females (i.e. Somnath, Chico and JL-24) and five dormant males (i.e. GG-11, JSP-23, TMV-10, G-201 and J-11) in line xtester design. The parents and F1s were studied for three seasons (Kharif-93, Summer-93 and Kharif-94). The line x tester analysis revealed that the magnitude of gca variance was greater than sea variance for all the characters studied on pooled basis except number of mature pods suggesting that additive gene action was predominant for all the character barring number of mature pods in which non- additive gene action was predominant. The interaction of parents with seasons was significant for all the characters except pod width, harvest index and haulm weight. The interaction of hybrids with seasons were significant for all the traits barring number of primary branches, suggesting that all these traits are influenced by environment. The results of combining ability effects for pooled data revealed that Somnath was good combiner for seed dormancy, pod and seed characters, whereas Chico was good combiner for early flowering and number of immature pods. The female parent JL-24 was good combiner for all the characters barring seed dormancy, days to flowering and number of primary branches. In males GG-11, JSP-23 and TMV-10 were good general combiners for seed dormancy and some of the pod characters while G-201 and J-11 were good combiners for earliness and shelling out-turn. In hybrids Somnath x J-11 and JL-24 x JSP-23 were good specific combiners for seed dormancy JL-24 x GG-11 for early flowering, Somnath x G-201 and Chico x JSP-23 for number of mature pods, Somnath x TMV-10 for pod width and Somnath x G-201, JL-24 x GG-11, and JL-24 x J-11 for pod yield. Additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in the expression of various characters in all the six crosses except seed dormancy in cross 5, days to flowering in cross 2 and 4, number of immature pods and pod length in cross 6, pod width in cross 5,10-pod weight in cross 1 and cross 6,100 - kernel weight in cross 1, Shelling out-turn In cross 6 and cross 4, haulm weight and harvest index in cross 3 and pod yield in cross 1. Additive gene effects were involved in the expression of seed dormancy and pod width in cross 5 and pod length and pod width in cross 6. The characters like days to flowering in cross 6, number of [nature pods in crosses 1, 3 and 4, 10 pod weight in cross 1, 100-kernel weight in cross 1, shelling out-tum In crosses 1 and 4, harvest index in cross 3 and pod yield in cross 1 were solely governed by non- additive gene effects. In cross 5, additive gene effects solely governed the expression of seed dormancy, while in cross 6 additive and dominant gene effects was involved. In all other crosses seed dormancy was governed by additive, dominant, and digenic epistatic interactions, with substantial amount of additive gene effects. Hence pedigree method of breeding can be helpful to improve seed dormancy in Spanish bunch types. Plants with Spanish bunch growth habit should be identified and screened for seed dormancy through field sprouting test conducted 30 days after maturity. If desirable recombinants are not available then cyclic method of breeding would be appropriate. In all crosses most of the characters were governed by both additive and non-additive gene effects hence cyclic method of breeding would be appropriate to accumulate genes desirable for these traits, however pedigree method of breeding would be helpful to achieve the goal to certain extent. For the characters which are solely governed by additive gene effects simple selection from F2 and handling the subsequent generations through pedigree method will be help to improve these characters. The traits which are exclusively governed by non-additive gene effects are difficult to improve in absence of practical utility of heterosis breeding in groundnut.ThesisItem Open Access COMBINING ABILITY, HETEROSIS, INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND CORRELATION STUDIES IN EARLY SEGREGATING GENERATIONS OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(AAU, Anand, 1996) DHIMMAR, ZAVER R.; Patel, S. A.The present investigation was carried out to identify superior parents and crosses for pod yield and thirteen other characters through combining ability, heterosis and inbreeding depression studies in F2 and/or F3 generation and to estimate parentwise and cross-cum-generationwise correlations of pod yield with thirteen morphological characters in five different crosses involving parents from three growth habits. Three females were crossed with five males in line x tester design. The experiment was planted in kharif 1994 using parents, F2S and F3S at the Gujarat Agricultural University Campus, Anand. Analysis of variance revealed that genotypes differed significantly for all the fourteen characters under study. The linextester analysis indicated significant differences among F2S and F3S for all the characters barring number of immature pods. Thus expression of characters remained consistent in F2S and F3S. Therefore for the studies of diiferent genetic aspects like combining ability, heterosis and inbreeding depression, F2 and F3 can also be used. Consistent predominance of either additive or non-additive variance components was observed for ten characters viz., height of main stem, number of mature pods, pod length, pod width, 10-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, haulm weight, pod yield, days to flower, number of mature pods and shelling per cent and this suggests that if quantity of F2 seed is inadequate, combining ability studies can be delayed upto F3 generation without losing precision. Additive gene action was predominant over nonadditive one for first seven characters implying that pedigree or bulk method can be used to improve these characters. In case of characters like days to flower, number of mature pods and shelling percentage non-additive gene action was predonunant in both the generations suggesting cyclic method of breeding for improvement in these characters. For this elite plants should be propagated after harvest and used for inter se mating. Four characters viz., length and number of primary branches, number of immature pods and harvest index showed predominance of additive component in F2 and non-additive in F3. Based on results in F3 generation cyclic method of breeding is suggested for these traits. The result of combining ability in F2 and F3 generations revealed that among females Somnath was found consistently good combiner for days to flowering, number of primary branches, pod length and width and pod and kernel size; JL-24 for pod and kernel size and pod yield and Chico for shorter primary branches. Among males JSP-23 was found consistently good general combiner for reduced plant height, pod length and pod and kernel size, G-201 for reduced fodder weight, J-11 for early flowering and reduced fodder weight and TMV-IO for pod width. The crosses showing better per se performance in both F2 and F3 generations could be considered promising for obtaining desirable transgressive segregants. Cross 8 (Chico X J-11) was consistently better for vegetative characters like early flowering, shorter primary branches and reduced fodder weight and cross 5 (Somnath x JSP-23) for fruit characters like number of mature pods and pod length, width and yield. Cross 12 (JL- 24 X GG-11) and Cross 15 (JL-24 x JSP-23) were consistently better for number of mature pods and kernel size and pod yield. Results regarding specific combiners over both the generations for pod yield and other characters were not as encouraging as was in the case of general combiners. For reducing plant height Cross 14 (JL-24 x G-201) was promising in both the generations. For increasing pod length Cross 13 (JL-24 x J-11) emerged as good combination in both the generations. For other characters including number of mature pods, pod and kernel size and pod yield not a single cross exhibited significant sea effects in both the generations. Desirable better parent heterosis over both the generations was observed only in one character i.e. number of primary branches. In three other characters viz., height of main axis, length of primary branches and pod length one or two crosses showed better parent heterosis either in F2 or F3 generation. In rest of the characters desirable better parent heterosis was not observed. Undesirable inbreeding depression in F3 was common in all the characters. Among parentwise correlations the correlations of pod yield with days to nower, plant height, immature pod number, pod length and width and harvest index were non-significant in both the parents of all the three habit groups. For the remaining characters significance of correlations varied either with habit groups or with genotypes within the habit groups or with both. Looking at cross-cum-generationwise correlations, in general, the correlations of pod yield, wherever significant, were positive with all the thirteen characters. Correlations of pod yield with five characters viz., mature pod number, pod and kernel size, haulm weight and harvest index were consistently positive and significant over generations and crosses. This suggests that there is no need of studying cross-cumgenerationwise correlations for these characters and that selection for higher pod number and larger pod and.kernel will be the usefijl ways to improve pod yield in both the generations of all crosses. Among fi-uit characters viz., number of immature pods, pod length and width and seed recovery correlations were consistent over two generations in some of the crosses and inconsistent i.e. significant in F2 and non-significant in F3 or vice versa in others. This suggests study of that cross-cum-generationwise correlations will be more fi-uitflil. Similarly correlations of pod yield with different vegetative characters like days to flowering, height of main stem and length and number of primary branches should be estimated crosswise and generationwise as these correlations were not consistent over crosses. Higher frequency of non-significant correlations of pod yield with days to flower and height of main stem indicates some possibility of developing high yielding early and dwarf genotypes. Predominance of positive correlations of number of primary branches' with pod yield imply the need for induction of more branches on the main stem during embryonic development and/or early phase of plant growth.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF SALT RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Chaudhari, Pravinbhai Pratapbhai; Badaya, S. N.The present investigatin was undertaken to study the genetics of salt resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study was comprising of 60 genetically diverse rice cultures for screening in petriplates using 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 EC mmhos/cm saline solutions (NaCl) and the seed germination percentage, plumule length and radicle length was observed. On the basis of these observations 20 cultures were isolated and the same were screened under the same levels of salinity in plastic trays filled with sand. The seed germination, seedling height and root length was recorded. The same cultures were also screened at 7-8 EC mmhos/cm level in earthen pot. The growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were recorded for 16 characters. From these experiments, five resistant /tolerant and two susceptible cultures were selected and a set of diallel cross including reciprocals were prepared for further study in pots with normal and saline environments. Reduction in seed germination, plumule length and radicle length was observed. The reduction was increased with increase of salinity levels in petriplate experiment. Similar reduction was also observed in plastic tray experiment, using 20 rice varieties. The same 20 rice varieties were also screened in earthen pots having saline and normal soils and the observations on growth parameters, yield, yield contributing characters and grain quality were recorded. The significant mean square analysis indicated the variability among genotypes and the environments and the significant genotype X environment interaction revealed that the there was inconsistent behaviour of genotypes over the environments. The reduction in the growth parameters, yield, yield attributes and quality characters were observed. The least affected genotypes (IET-7337, Jaya, SLR-51214, CR-138-928 and Mahsuri) and most affected genotypes (IR-28 and GR-11) due to salinity were isolated and used in diallel mating design for studying genetics of salt resistance in rice. The diallel analysis was carried out as suggested by Haymans (1954) and Griffing (1956). Analysis of variance revealed that considerable genotypic variability was present among the parents as well as their crosses for all the characters, except, no.of sterile spikelets per panicle in saline condition, indicating the selected materials was appropriate for genetic analysis. Analysis of variance for combining ability showed that the both general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sea) variances were highly significant for all the traits, showing the importance of both additive and non-additive types of gene effects for the expression of different characters. The gca/sca ratio indicated the preperance of additive gene effects for plant height, grain yield per plant, straw yield per plant, dry matter produced per plant, harvest index, no.of fertile and sterile spikelets grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight, while for all other characters, nonadditive type was predominant. The degree of dominance revealed that the overdominance of consistent nature in both the environment for most of the characters, but the expression of partial dominance was observed for plant height, grain yield per plant, 1000 grain weight in both environments, dry matter produced per plant, no.of sterile spikelets per panicle and grain length in normal and maturity days, harvest index and grain breadth in saline conditions. Additive and dominance gene effects were significant for all the traits, except root/shoot ratio and grain breadth under both normal and salinized conditions. The additive component was higher than the dominance component for grain yield per plant, plant height, straw yield per plant and 1000 grain weight under both the environments. Higher value of additive gene effect was observed for grain yield per plant in saline condition. Salinity suppressed to a greater extent the dominance effect, contributing to the expression of grain yield, suggesting that varieties with predominantly more additive genes for grain yield would perform better in saline soil. The dominant genes were more than the recessive in the parents for all the traits, expect, grain yield per plant, dry matter produced per plant and harvest index. Asymmetrical gene distribution of genes with positive and negative effects was observed for all the characters. Number of groups of dominant genes controlling the characters was one to two. Heritability in narrow sense was highest in 1000 grain weight and lowest in flag leaf area, whereas most of the characters expressed moderate (medium) heritability in both the enviornments. When the parents were scored for gca effects across the traits, Jaya (P2) ranked first as best general combiner for yield and yield components followed by parents IET-7337 (Pi) and SLR-51214 (P3). Crosses IET-7337 x GR-11, Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x IR-28 and Jaya x GR-11 were the best specific combinations, when they were scored for sea across the traits. The crosses Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x Mahsuri, Jaya X IR-28, SLR-51214 x CR-138-928, SLR-51214 x Mahsuri, and SLR-51214 X GR-11 showed good heterobeltiosis and crosses, IET-7337 X Mahsuri, Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x IR-28 and Jaya x GR-11 exhibited good heterosis over mid parent in normal environments, while, in saline environment only four crosses, Jaya x GR-11, Jaya x IR-28, Jaya x IET-7337 and IET-7337 X Mahsuri showed significant and positive heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant and some other traits. From the results, it is clear that almost all combinations involving Jaya, IET-7337 and SLR-51214 as one of the parents possessed significant heterosis and heterobeltiosis, good sea effect for grain yield per plant and its component.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF SALT RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) CHAUDHARI, PRAVINBHAI PRATAPBHAI; BADAYA, S. N.The present investigation was undertaken to study the genetics of salt resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study was comprising of 60 genetically diverse rice cultures for screening in petriplates using 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 EC mmhos/cm saline solutions (NaCl) and the seed germination percentage, plumule length and radicle length was observed. On the basis of these observations 20 cultures were isolated and the same were screened under the same levels of salinity in plastic trays filled with sand. The seed germination, seedling height and root length was recorded. The same cultures were also screened at 7-8 EC mmhos/cm level in earthen pot. The growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were recorded for 16 characters. From these experiments, five resistant /tolerant and two susceptible cultures were selected and a set of diallel cross including reciprocals were prepared for further study in pots with normal and saline environments. Reduction in seed germination, plumule length and radicle length was observed. The reduction was increased with increase of salinity levels in petriplate experiment. Similar reduction was also observed in plastic tray experiment, using 20 rice varieties. The same 20 rice varieties were also screened in earthen pots having saline and normal soils and the observations on growth parameters, yield, yield contributing characters and grain quality were recorded. The significant mean square analysis indicated the variability among genotypes and the environments and the significant genotype X environment interaction revealed that the there was inconsistent behaviour of genotypes over the environments. The reduction in the growth parameters, yield, yield attributes and quality characters were observed. The least affected genotypes (IET-7337, Jaya, SLR-51214, CR-138-928 and Mahsuri) and most affected genotypes (IR-28 and GR-11) due to salinity were isolated and used in diallel mating design for studying genetics of salt resistance in rice. The diallel analysis was carried out as suggested by Haymans (1954) and Griffing (1956). Analysis of variance revealed that considerable genotypic variability was present among the parents as well as their crosses for all the characters, except, no.of sterile spikelets per panicle in saline condition, indicating the selected materials was appropriate for genetic analysis. Analysis of variance for combining ability showed that the both general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) variances were highly significant for all the traits, showing the importance of both additive and non-additive types of gene effects for the expression of different characters. The gca/sca ratio indicated the preponderance of additive gene effects for plant height, grain yield per plant, straw yield per plant, dry matter produced per plant, harvest index, no.of fertile and sterile spikelets grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight, while for all other characters, non-additive type was predominant. The degree of dominance revealed that the overdominance of consistent nature in both the environment for most of the characters, but the expression of partial dominance was observed for plant height, grain yield per plant, 1000 grain weight in both environments, dry matter produced per plant, no.of sterile spikelets per panicle and grain length in normal and maturity days, harvest index and grain breadth in saline conditions. Additive and dominance gene effects were significant for all the traits, except root/shoot ratio and grain breadth under both normal and salinized conditions. The additive component was higher than the dominance component for grain yield per plant, plant height, straw ill yield per plant and 1000 grain weight under both the environments. Higher value of additive gene effect was observed for grain yield per plant in saline condition. Salinity suppressed to a greater extent the dominance effect, contributing to the expression of grain yield, suggesting that varieties with predominantly more additive genes for grain yield would perform better in saline soil. The dominant genes were more than the recessive in the parents for all the traits, expect, grain yield per plant, dry matter produced per plant and harvest index. Asymmetrical gene distribution of genes with positive and negative effects was observed for all the characters. Number of groups of dominant genes controlling the characters was one to two. Heritability in narrow sense was highest in 1000 grain weight and lowest in flag leaf area, whereas most of the characters expressed moderate (medium) heritability in both the enviornments. When the parents were scored for gca effects across the traits, Jaya (P2) ranked first as best general combiner for yield and yield components followed by parents IET-7337 (P1) and SLR-51214 (P3). Crosses IET-7337 x GR-11, Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x IR-28 and Jaya x GR-11 were the best specific combinations, when they were scored for sca across the traits. The crosses Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x Mahsuri, Jaya x IR-28, SLR-51214 x CR-138-928, SLR-51214 x Mahsuri, and SLR-51214 x GR-11 showed good heterobeltiosis and crosses, IET-7337 x Mahsuri, Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x IR-28 and Jaya x GR-11 exhibited good heterosis over mid parent in normal environments, while, in saline environment only four crosses, Jaya x GR-11, Jaya x IR-28, Jaya x IET-7337 and IET-7337 x Mahsuri showed significant and positive heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant and some other traits. From the results, it is clear that almost all combinations involving Jaya, IET-7337 and SLR-51214 as one of the parents possessed significant heterosis and heterobeltiosis, good sea effect for grain yield per plant and its component.