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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND OTHER QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN FORAGE COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)(AAU, Anand, 1982) Kandalkar, Vasant S.; Sanghi, A. K.The experimental material consisted of 190 populations which included 10 parents, 45 F1s, 45 F2s and 45B1s and 45 B2s. The experiment was conducted in a compact family block design at the Forage Research Project, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand in summer and monsoon seasons of 1980 to obtain information related to gene action, heterosis and inbreeding depression. Observations were recorded on 15 characters, viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, first internode length, stem girth, number of leaves per plant, leaflet length, leaflet width, petiole length, leaf thickness, leaf area per plant, leaf weight per plant, stem weight per plant, leafiness percentage, green fodder and cry matter yield per plant.ThesisItem Open Access INDUCED MUTATION STUDIES FOR CERTAIN CHEMICAL (CARCINOGENIC) AND AGRONOMIC TRAITS IN BIDI TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L.)(AAU, Anand, 1983) Sasikumar, B.; Patel, G. J.Tobacco (N. tabaccum) is one of the important cash crops of India. Among the various types of tobacco produced in the country, Bidi tobacco occupies an important position contributing about 38 per cent of the total tobacco production. Over the last two decades a 200 per cent increase in bidi tobacco yield has been attained by improved genotypes developed at Anand. Having achieved this quantitative leas, scientific attention is now being concentrated for the qualitative improvement of bidi tobacco with emphasis on health aspects. It is now more or less well established that bidi smoking is also injurious to health.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES IN FORAGE SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)(AAU, Anand, 1982) PATHAK, HIRA CHAND; Sanghi, A. K.Six sorghum male sterile lines were crossed with 18 diverse pollinators in a line x tester design. The resulting 108 hybrids and 24 parents were grown separately in a contiguous block in four environments during kharif, 1981 and were evaluated for 16 forage characters. The objective of the study was to investigate the magnitude of heterosis, combining ability, genetic divergence among parents, character associations, genotype x environment interactions and phenotypic stability of genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF YIELD AS WELL AS SPOTTED BOLLWORM INFESTATION AT SQUARE STAGE AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES IN COTTON (G. hirsutum L.)(AAU, Anand, 1990) VASHI, D. R.; JAISANI, B. G.Cotton occupies second position for hectarage in the country and ranks first for total production. With a view to increase productivity, a better understanding of the genetics of seed cotton yield and its attributes as tell as resistance / tolerance to spotted bollworm a major deterrent factor in increasing productivity of cotton, is essential. Hence the present study was initiated. The experimental material comprised of the diallel set (excluding reciprocals) of nine elite cotton genotypes. In all , 36 F1s and nine parental lines were sown in randomised block design, replicated twice at Anand. The spacing used was 1.2 m x 0.6 m. The observations on ten characteristics were recorded the data were analysed using Method II , Model 2 of Griffing (1956). The genetics of yield as well as resistance / tolerance to spotted bollworm was studied under natural infestation at square stage using intravarietal recombinant. The inter character association as well as cause and effect relationship (Wright, 1921) were also studied for various traits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF RECOMBINANT AND POLLEN GRAINS IRRADIATED POPULATIONS OF BIDI TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1989) PATEL, JAYUSHKUMAR N.; JAISANI, B. G.Tobacco is an important cash crop of India. Gujarat occuping second position in tobacco area at national senario enjoys first position for production and productivity. Gujarat produces bidi, chewing, hookah (N. tabacum) and rustica tobacco. Bidi tobacco covers about 85 per cent of the total tobacco hectarage of Gujarat and shares about 90 per cent of the total bidi tobacco production of the country Bidi tobacco is indegenous to India. Considerable crop improvement work has been done in this crop but very limited information is available about the genetic variability for yield and other traits present in this crop as viell as the effect of mutagens on bidi tobacco. The present study was, therefore, taken up at the Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand during the years 1985-86 through 1987-88 to study the effect of pollen grains irradiation on the yield and other traits of bidi tobacco (cultivar GT 5), to compare the variability induced by pollen grains irradiation in the M1, M2 and M3, as conpared to the F1, F2 and F3, generations, the interrelationship existing among cured leaf yield and its attributes, as well as to study the response of bidi tobacco M1 and F1 plants to anther culturing. The experimental material comprised of four bidi tobacco varieties viz., Gujarat Tobacco 5 (GT 5), Anand 2 (A 2), Anand 119 (A 119) and Gujarat Tobacco 4 (GT 4); their F1 (GT 5 X A 2, GT 5 X A 119 and GT 5 x GT 4), F2 and F3 generations as well as the M1, M2 and M3 generations of GT 5 where 2, 4 and 6 Kr X-ray irradiated pollen grains were used. The experimental material was studied using randomized block design with four replications during 1985-86 and three replications in the remaining two years of study. The characters studied were days to flower, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, spangle score, cured leaf yield per plant, leaf curl incidence, nematode index, nicotine content and sugar content. In vitro pollen embryogenesis response was studied using 10 genotypes viz., four parents, three mutant entries (M1) and three entries of first filial generation. The characters studied were per cent anther response, days to plantlet formation and number of plantlets per productive anther. The results revealed that the genotypes showed significant variation for all the traits studied. Among parents, Gujarat Tobacco 5 was found to be a better parent for plant height, number of leaves per plant, cured leaf yield per plant, leaf curl incidence, root-knot nematode index and nicotine content, while Anand 119 was b e t t e r for early flowering and sugar content, whereas Gujarat Tobacco 4 was better for leaf length and leaf breadth. Among crosses, GT 5 x GT 4 was found to be a better cross for all the traits studied barring days to flower and sugar content. The results further revealed that most of the traits (plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, cured leaf yield, nematode index and nicotine content) were governed by nonadditive effects. While number of leaves per plant was governed by additive effects. Days to flower was governed by nonadditive as v/ell as additive effects. The findings revealed that pollen grains irradiation at 2,4 and 6 Kr doses of X-ray was not effective to induce genetic variability for developing variants which could either contribute for yield improvement or more tolerance to leaf curl and root-knot nematode diseases than the base parent GT 5 (the best parent for most of the characters). Probably the polyploid nature of the crop was responsible for this behaviour. The cause and effect analysis revealed that number of leaves per plant, plant height, days to flower and leaf breadth were important attributes contributing directly or indirectly to cured leaf yield per plant of bidi tobacco. In order to improve the yield of bidi tobacco, i t would be desirable to develop a gene pool by crossing GT 5 with GT 4 and cyclic method of breeding coupled with inter se mating of desired recombs be used, while selecting elite recombs due weightage should be given to above mentioned traits to develop a cultivar having more cured leaf yield coupled with tolerance to leaf curl and rootknot nematode diseases. The differential behaviour of genotypes for pollen erribryogenesis response was observed for the per cent anther response/ days to plantlet formation and the number of plantlets per productive anther. These traits were governed by non-additivity and were independent of each other. Anand 2 was a better parent for high anther response and early plantlet formation, while A 119 and GT 4 were better for number of plantlets per productive anther. It is feasible to develop a genetype having high anther response, early plantlet formation and more plantlets per productive anther by following cyclic method of breeding involving A 2, A 119 and GT 4 as parents.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF SEED DORMANCY AND OTHER QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Kumar, S. Sudheer; Patel, S. A.In groundnut the cultivars of Spanish bunch and Valencia types (subspecies fastigiata) are extensively cultivated due to their shorter duration, ease in harvesting and fits well in the intensive cropping system. These varieties when grown in Summer germinate in situ due to untimely rains at maturity and the losses due to this preharvest sprouting is 20-50%. The cultivars of Virginia runner and bunch (Subspecies tiypogaea L.) are of late maturity and have appreciable period of seed dormancy, hence they are not preferred in multiple cropping systems. In these areas Spanish bunch type cultivars with two or three weeks of dormancy can prevent the losses due to preharvest germination. Therefore it is essential to introduce seed dormancy from subspecies tiypogaeato fastigiata. Hence the present investigation was carried out to screen genotypes from these two subspecies, to identify donor parents for seed dormancy and to study the gene effects for seed dormancy and fourteen other quantative characters. The experiments were conducted at Plant Breeding Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, during Summer-92, Kharif-93, Summer-93 and Kharif-94. The screening studies revealed that four genotypes of subspecies fastigiata i.e. TG-17, ICGS-37, ICGS-19 and J-11 had fl^esh seed domnancy of 20-30 days. Eight genotypes (i.e. M-13, GG-11, JSP- 22and JSP-23 (Virginia runner), TMV-10. G-201, Kadiri-3 and TG-22 (Virginia bunch)) from subspecies hypogaea var. hypogaea had dormancy period of more than 30 days. The variety Somnath (Virginia mnner) and GG-20 (Virginia bunch) were found to be non- dormant. The crosses were made among three non-dormant females (i.e. Somnath, Chico and JL-24) and five dormant males (i.e. GG-11, JSP-23, TMV-10, G-201 and J-11) in line xtester design. The parents and F1s were studied for three seasons (Kharif-93, Summer-93 and Kharif-94). The line x tester analysis revealed that the magnitude of gca variance was greater than sea variance for all the characters studied on pooled basis except number of mature pods suggesting that additive gene action was predominant for all the character barring number of mature pods in which non- additive gene action was predominant. The interaction of parents with seasons was significant for all the characters except pod width, harvest index and haulm weight. The interaction of hybrids with seasons were significant for all the traits barring number of primary branches, suggesting that all these traits are influenced by environment. The results of combining ability effects for pooled data revealed that Somnath was good combiner for seed dormancy, pod and seed characters, whereas Chico was good combiner for early flowering and number of immature pods. The female parent JL-24 was good combiner for all the characters barring seed dormancy, days to flowering and number of primary branches. In males GG-11, JSP-23 and TMV-10 were good general combiners for seed dormancy and some of the pod characters while G-201 and J-11 were good combiners for earliness and shelling out-turn. In hybrids Somnath x J-11 and JL-24 x JSP-23 were good specific combiners for seed dormancy JL-24 x GG-11 for early flowering, Somnath x G-201 and Chico x JSP-23 for number of mature pods, Somnath x TMV-10 for pod width and Somnath x G-201, JL-24 x GG-11, and JL-24 x J-11 for pod yield. Additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in the expression of various characters in all the six crosses except seed dormancy in cross 5, days to flowering in cross 2 and 4, number of immature pods and pod length in cross 6, pod width in cross 5,10-pod weight in cross 1 and cross 6,100 - kernel weight in cross 1, Shelling out-turn In cross 6 and cross 4, haulm weight and harvest index in cross 3 and pod yield in cross 1. Additive gene effects were involved in the expression of seed dormancy and pod width in cross 5 and pod length and pod width in cross 6. The characters like days to flowering in cross 6, number of [nature pods in crosses 1, 3 and 4, 10 pod weight in cross 1, 100-kernel weight in cross 1, shelling out-tum In crosses 1 and 4, harvest index in cross 3 and pod yield in cross 1 were solely governed by non- additive gene effects. In cross 5, additive gene effects solely governed the expression of seed dormancy, while in cross 6 additive and dominant gene effects was involved. In all other crosses seed dormancy was governed by additive, dominant, and digenic epistatic interactions, with substantial amount of additive gene effects. Hence pedigree method of breeding can be helpful to improve seed dormancy in Spanish bunch types. Plants with Spanish bunch growth habit should be identified and screened for seed dormancy through field sprouting test conducted 30 days after maturity. If desirable recombinants are not available then cyclic method of breeding would be appropriate. In all crosses most of the characters were governed by both additive and non-additive gene effects hence cyclic method of breeding would be appropriate to accumulate genes desirable for these traits, however pedigree method of breeding would be helpful to achieve the goal to certain extent. For the characters which are solely governed by additive gene effects simple selection from F2 and handling the subsequent generations through pedigree method will be help to improve these characters. The traits which are exclusively governed by non-additive gene effects are difficult to improve in absence of practical utility of heterosis breeding in groundnut.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz. TOLERANCE IN TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1983) AMIN, VISHNUPRASAD CHATURBHAI; JAISANI, B. G.Damping-off disease of tobacco nursery caused by Pythium aphanidermatum is a serious problem for successful nursery raising. The severity of pre and post emergence damping of may lead to very poor seedling germination ability. High humidity, high temperature and soil moisture show disease symptoms in very short time spell. Due to its easy control by spray of Bordeaux mixture or any other copper compound, it has not been considered a serious problem worth paying attention by the plant breeders. But due to the spiralling prices of copper compounds, lime and labour charges, it is highly essential to evolve damping-off resistant/tolerant cultivars to keep the nursery cost at low level.ThesisItem Open Access GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTES IN Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench(AAU, Anand, 1991) JADEJA, G. C.; PATEL, G. J.Sorghum, an important millet crop of dry-land agriculture in India, occupies sizable area (9.47 lakh hectares) in Gujarat. As the knowledge of Genotypeenvironment interaction involving locations and plant nutrition levels as well as the stability of genotypic performance over environments helps in selection of elite recombs, the present study was undertaken. The material comprised a local fodder variety C.10-2 and other three cultivars as well as their 32 F5 progenies derived from three crosses having C.10-2 as common parent.The experiment H7 was conducted in Kharif 1988 at Anand and Chharodi using two fertility levels (100-50-0 and 50-25-0 kg NPK/ha). The randomised block design with three replications was used for the purpose and the crop seeding was done at 45 X 15 cm spacing. The observations were recorded for thirteen traits viz.- days to flower, plant height, stem thickness, leaf number per plant, leaf length, leaf width, days to maturity, panicle length, number of primaries per panicle, grain yield per plant, 100 grain weight, number of grains per panicle and dry fodder yield per plant. The data were analysed using methodology suggested by Eberhart and Russell (1966). The results revealed significant G x E interaction for all the traits The regression analysis revealed that linear component of G x E interaction was significant for all the traits, while nonlinear component was significant for days to flower, days to maturity, per plant grain yield and its component characters like panicle length, number of primaries per panicle, 100 grain weight and number of grains per panicle. In general,linear component was predominant for all the traits, suggesting the feasibility of prediction of the performance of genotypes with great reliability. Based on the stability parameters, the genotypes were classified into four groups. Seven F5 progenies have been identified which could be exploited for developing varieties having high grain and dry fodder yield coupled with stability over environments. For combining overall- stability for all the attributes, use of cyclic method of breeding is suggested.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF SALT RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Chaudhari, Pravinbhai Pratapbhai; Badaya, S. N.The present investigatin was undertaken to study the genetics of salt resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study was comprising of 60 genetically diverse rice cultures for screening in petriplates using 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 EC mmhos/cm saline solutions (NaCl) and the seed germination percentage, plumule length and radicle length was observed. On the basis of these observations 20 cultures were isolated and the same were screened under the same levels of salinity in plastic trays filled with sand. The seed germination, seedling height and root length was recorded. The same cultures were also screened at 7-8 EC mmhos/cm level in earthen pot. The growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were recorded for 16 characters. From these experiments, five resistant /tolerant and two susceptible cultures were selected and a set of diallel cross including reciprocals were prepared for further study in pots with normal and saline environments. Reduction in seed germination, plumule length and radicle length was observed. The reduction was increased with increase of salinity levels in petriplate experiment. Similar reduction was also observed in plastic tray experiment, using 20 rice varieties. The same 20 rice varieties were also screened in earthen pots having saline and normal soils and the observations on growth parameters, yield, yield contributing characters and grain quality were recorded. The significant mean square analysis indicated the variability among genotypes and the environments and the significant genotype X environment interaction revealed that the there was inconsistent behaviour of genotypes over the environments. The reduction in the growth parameters, yield, yield attributes and quality characters were observed. The least affected genotypes (IET-7337, Jaya, SLR-51214, CR-138-928 and Mahsuri) and most affected genotypes (IR-28 and GR-11) due to salinity were isolated and used in diallel mating design for studying genetics of salt resistance in rice. The diallel analysis was carried out as suggested by Haymans (1954) and Griffing (1956). Analysis of variance revealed that considerable genotypic variability was present among the parents as well as their crosses for all the characters, except, no.of sterile spikelets per panicle in saline condition, indicating the selected materials was appropriate for genetic analysis. Analysis of variance for combining ability showed that the both general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sea) variances were highly significant for all the traits, showing the importance of both additive and non-additive types of gene effects for the expression of different characters. The gca/sca ratio indicated the preperance of additive gene effects for plant height, grain yield per plant, straw yield per plant, dry matter produced per plant, harvest index, no.of fertile and sterile spikelets grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight, while for all other characters, nonadditive type was predominant. The degree of dominance revealed that the overdominance of consistent nature in both the environment for most of the characters, but the expression of partial dominance was observed for plant height, grain yield per plant, 1000 grain weight in both environments, dry matter produced per plant, no.of sterile spikelets per panicle and grain length in normal and maturity days, harvest index and grain breadth in saline conditions. Additive and dominance gene effects were significant for all the traits, except root/shoot ratio and grain breadth under both normal and salinized conditions. The additive component was higher than the dominance component for grain yield per plant, plant height, straw yield per plant and 1000 grain weight under both the environments. Higher value of additive gene effect was observed for grain yield per plant in saline condition. Salinity suppressed to a greater extent the dominance effect, contributing to the expression of grain yield, suggesting that varieties with predominantly more additive genes for grain yield would perform better in saline soil. The dominant genes were more than the recessive in the parents for all the traits, expect, grain yield per plant, dry matter produced per plant and harvest index. Asymmetrical gene distribution of genes with positive and negative effects was observed for all the characters. Number of groups of dominant genes controlling the characters was one to two. Heritability in narrow sense was highest in 1000 grain weight and lowest in flag leaf area, whereas most of the characters expressed moderate (medium) heritability in both the enviornments. When the parents were scored for gca effects across the traits, Jaya (P2) ranked first as best general combiner for yield and yield components followed by parents IET-7337 (Pi) and SLR-51214 (P3). Crosses IET-7337 x GR-11, Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x IR-28 and Jaya x GR-11 were the best specific combinations, when they were scored for sea across the traits. The crosses Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x Mahsuri, Jaya X IR-28, SLR-51214 x CR-138-928, SLR-51214 x Mahsuri, and SLR-51214 X GR-11 showed good heterobeltiosis and crosses, IET-7337 X Mahsuri, Jaya x IET-7337, Jaya x IR-28 and Jaya x GR-11 exhibited good heterosis over mid parent in normal environments, while, in saline environment only four crosses, Jaya x GR-11, Jaya x IR-28, Jaya x IET-7337 and IET-7337 X Mahsuri showed significant and positive heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant and some other traits. From the results, it is clear that almost all combinations involving Jaya, IET-7337 and SLR-51214 as one of the parents possessed significant heterosis and heterobeltiosis, good sea effect for grain yield per plant and its component.