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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access SALICYLIC ACID-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AGAINST ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne incognita) IN CHICKPEA, Cicer arietinum (L.)(AAU, Anand, 2002) ARUNA, K. V. S.; TALATI, J. G.Investigations were carried out at the Departments of Biochemistry and Nematology, B.A.College of Agriculture, G.A.U., Anand during rabi 2001-2002, to study the effect of exogenous salicylic acid on the induction of resistance through biochemical changes in chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Study on development of PR proteins by exogenous SA revealed that SA applied as seed treatment was found to be more effective in inducing PR proteins in chickpea seedlings compared to foliar spray or their combinations. Another experiment was conducted to study the effect of SA on different resistance inducing biochemical parameters viz., sugars, amino acids, proteins, phenols and enzymes using three methods of SA application viz., seed treatment, seed treatment + spray and foliar spray. The results conclusively proved that although the application of SA in all the three methods, effectively enhanced production of all biochemical parameters under study in chickpea. However, seed treatments produced more significant effects than the other treatments. Among the different concentrations used under each method of application, 1500 ppm was more effective followed by 1000 ppm and 500 ppm. This implies that resistance in plant against M. incognita increases with increase in concentration of SA, irrespective of the method of application. Enzyme activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase increased more at later stages of growth (45 & 60 DAS) in contrast to enzyme activities of phenylalanine amonia lyase (PAL), Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) and β-glucosidase in the initial growth stages (30 & 45 DAS). Total soluble sugars decreased with increase in plant age whereas free amino acids, proteins and phenols increased with plant age. No isozymes of peroxidase were detected in both root and leaves due to the SA treatments. All these biochemical changes brought about by the application of SA induced resistance in chickpea against M. incognita which was observed by a decrease in the root-knot index. The third experiment organized to study the effect of SA in inducing resistance at two inoculum levels of M. incognita, showed no significant variation in total phenols and enzyme activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase with increase in the inoculum level. The decrease in the root-knot index due to the SA treatments was more at lower inoculum level (1000 J2/plant) than at higher inoculum level (10,000 J2/pIant). All the three experiments conclusively proved that exogenous SA induced plant defence mechanism in chickpea by various biochemical changes which effects the life cycle and development of M. incognita.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL AND METABOLIC STUDIES IN PADDY (Oryza sativa L.) IN RESPONSE TO SALINITY(AAU, Anand, 2005) SUTHAR, VARSHABEN PARSOTAMBHAI; Bhatnagar, R.Salinity like drought, remains as one of the world's oldest and most serious environmental problems. Mistakes made by the Sumerians in the Tigris and Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia over 4000 years ago are being repeated today in almost every major irrigation development in the world. Excessive irrigation and inadequate drainage are the principal causes of this build up of salinity. The saline agriculture technology is an alternative approach for effective utilization of salt affected soils, which involves the cultivation of salt tolerant species/crop cultivars. The closely related genotypes differing in salt tolerance can be studied for the elucidation of adaptive characteristics. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for about 2.4 billion people. Rice is a species whose recent evolutionary history has been in fresh water marshes, it can be adapted to water logged condition, possessing a welldeveloped root oxidation properties. Four genotypes of paddy (Dandi, CSR-1, IR-36 and GR-3), differing in salt tolerance were grown at 3 and 5 EC (dSm-1) salinity to study the effect of salinity at germination (15 DAG) and vegetative (45 DAG) stage, respectively. Genotype CSR-1 recorded the highest germination percentage, which was at par with Dandi whereas GR-3 recorded the minimum germination percentage. Dandi recorded the highest total soluble sugar, proline, total phenols and chlorophyll content. Among these total soluble sugar and proline content increased whereas the concentration of chlorophyll decreased up to 5 EC salinity. However, maximum increase in proline content with salinity was noticed in GR-3. Although salinity inhibit hydrolyzing enzyme, due to decreased water uptake, the maximum activity of hydrolyzing enzymes like α-amylase and protease as well as ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase (oxidative enzymes) were recorded in Dandi. The SOD activity was the highest in GR-3 where as IR-36 recorded the maximum catalase activity.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETY IDENTIFICATION(AAU, Anand, 2004) SINGH, DIWAKAR; Talati, J. G.Investigations were carried out at the Departments of Biochemistry, Agriculture Botany & Biotechnology, B.A. College of Agriculture, A.A.U., Anand and Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences, A.A.U., Anand, to study and compare biochemical techniques along with traditional techniques for Rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety identification. Study on morphological and chemical tests revealed that it could be useful for grouping of rice varieties/genotypes, while, modified phenol test was useful to identify all fourteen rice varieties/genotypes. Proximate analysis was carried out to study the nutritional composition of milled rice. Nutritional composition showed little variation and thus, was not useful for varietal identification. Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ∝-amylase enzyme activity showed significant differences and could be applied for varietal identification at 5 & 10 days after germination (DAG), 10 DAG and 20 & 30 DAG respectively, while, acid phosphatase and esterase enzyme activity could not provide useful information regarding varietal identification and thus, was not found useful. Electrophoresis of peroxidase (5 & 10 DAG) and esterase (5, 10 & 20 DAG) isozymes was useful for identification of varieties as well as identification of parents and hybrid and may serve as marker isozyme for rice varieties. Similarly Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of seed storage protein and leaf protein (5 DAG) showed variability and could be effectively useiffor identification of rice varieties/genotypes on the basis of variations in banding pattem and intensity of bands. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) produced total 180 useful markers of which 77% were polymorphic. All fourteen varieties/genotypes were classified into three different clusters, where variety P-203 was most diverge one. Varieties could be identified on the basis of specific banding pattern. Parents and hybrid also produced differences in banding pattern and could be identified. IR 58025 A line could also be differentiated from its B line on the basis of differences in banding pattern. All the tests conclusively proved that RAPD, SDS-PAGE and isozyme electrophoresis offer a potentially quick, simple, rapid and reliable method for rice varieties/genotypes identification and recognition of lines. Modified phenol test also proved to be rapid and cheap laboratory chemical test for identification of rice varieties, whereas, other chemical and morphological tests can supplement for varietal identification. RAPD and SDS-PAGE were more useful than isozyme electrophoresis because potential number of loci warn more compared to isozymes.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ISABGOL(AAU, Anand, 2002) MITTAL, BHARTI; BHATNAGAR, R.Plantago ovata Forsk, commonly known as "Isabgol" belongs to the family Plantaginaceae. It is a native of Mediterranean region and is cultivated for its valuable husk. Although, it has various medicinal uses but less exploited for research at biochemical and molecular level. India is the sole country in the world, which commonly cultivates the Isabgol and is the largest exporter for the same. In addition to husk, Isabgol contains sufficient amount of essential amino acids (Lysine and Methionine), which are deficit in cereals and pulses. The seeds of Isabgol can be used as supplement to cereals and pulses. The study showed that the highest amount of oil, husk, total carbohydrates, cellulose and protein are present in the genotypes DM3 (4.06%), EC124345 & JI65 (36%), EC124345 & J165 (63%), EC124345 (7.7%) and DM3 (18%), respectively and present in very low amounts in the genotypes JI10 (3.25%), DM3 (31%), DM3 & DM1 (51%)), DM1 (4.2%) and EC124345&JI65(15%). It was also observed that the activity of peroxidase is more in genotype EC 124345, which is found to be resistant to downy mildew. On the other hand, the activity of polyphenol oxidase is more in the genotype DM3, which is found to be susceptible to downy mildew. Phenotypic variations are very less in Isabgol and the genotypes are mostly classified on the basis of Disease Index, because in Isabgol downy mildew disease is very severe and causes high yield loss. The markers include biochemical constituents (eg secondary metabolites in plants) and macromolecules, viz. proteins and DNA. Analysis of secondary metabolites is, however, restricted to those plants that produce a suitable range of metabolites, which can be easily analyzed and distinguished between cultivars. The metabolites, which are being used as markers, should be ideally neutral to environmental effects or management practices. Hence, amongst the molecular markers used, DNA markers are more suitable and ubiquitous to most living organisms. Genetic maps comprising closely spaced DNA markers are useful for genome analysis. Molecular markers have several advantages over the traditional phenotypic markers that were previously available to plant breeders. These markers are not environmentally regulated and are, therefore, unaffected by the conditions in which the plants are grown and are detectable in all stages of growth. RAPD, CAPS, ISSR and AFLP markers were used in fingerprinting and to examine genetic diversity among twelve genotypes of the Plantago ovata Forsk. RAPD and ISSR generated unique profiles for each genotype. CAPS could not distinguish between three of the genotypes DM1, JI10 and GI2, whereas, AFLP could not distinguish between DM1 and JI10. Similarity matrices and dendrograms illustrated the genetic similarities between the different genotypes except some clustering variations, which depend upon the type of marker used. Similarity and variation among the Isabgol genotypes were observed by cluster analysis and dendrograms were constructed, which were compared with the dendrogram from biochemical characters and finally the clustering was done using the plant/per cent disease index (PDI), which formed cluster between the genotypes originated at the same place eg JI10, JI42, JI53 and JI56 (developed at Jagudan) except JI65 which showed the similarities with the genotypes developed at Anand (DM1, DM2, DM3 and DM4).ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR FUSARIUM (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini) WILT RESISTANCE IN CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.)(AAU, Anand, 2003) SREEREKHA, M. V.; BHATNAGAR, R.Cumin is an important spice crop, cultivated mainly in Gujarat, Rajasthan and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Extensive loss occurs to cumin by the wilt disease causing fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini which is very much devastating. Existing germplasm also does not contain a good source of resistance as it has a very narrow genetic base. Onset of pathogen attack causes alteration in physiological and biochemical pathways which can be viewed through the investigation at biochemical and molecular level. Our results suggested that higher levels of total phenols, total carbohydrates, cellulose, total proteins and total free amino acids both before and after infection in GC-3 suggested the role for each of these constituents in a resistant cultivar. On the other hand, higher levels of total soluble sugars and reducing sugars indicated susceptibility to wilt disease as observed in GC-1. Higher enzyme activities such as peroxidase, esterase, β-glucosidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and β-1,3- glucanase in GC-3 again suggested a better resistance mechanism against the disease. Genetic diversity studies revealed a close relationship between GC-1 and GC-3. Gene expression results suggested genotype specific expression, as very less number of transcripts induced were common to all the three genotypes. Out of 204 differentially expressed transcripts, 60 were repressed and the remaining 144 were induced transcripts. Repressed transcript may account for decrease in some of the biochemical constituents. Our protein profiles clearly indicated the genotype specific expression at protein level. Biochemical analysis of cumin callus from different explants suggested the role of different biochemical constituents in callus growth and organogenesis. Significantly higher total carbohydrates, total proteins, total free amino acids, proline, ascorbic acid along with significantly higher activities of enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, esterase and PAL were characteristic of the callus from shoot tip of GC-2 which had better growth and organogenic potential. Protein profile also revealed that higher protein content in callus from shoot tip of GC-2 which was highly organogenic rather than the callus from hypocotyl. The treatment of callus by culture filtrate revealed that culture filtrate at 0.1% was very effective in retaining callus growth and regeneration capacity. Significantly higher total phenols, total carbohydrates and total proteins in culture filtrate treated calli and higher enzyme activities of peroxidase, esterase, PPO, PAL and β-glucosidase revealed a second role for these constituents in callus survival under applied pressure. Our proteomic results suggested that many proteins get induced/repressed as a result of culture filtrate treatment which may alter some of the biochemical pathways for their survival, growth and regeneration.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS OF OSMOPROTECTANTS UPON SODIUM CHLORIDE SALINITY STRESS IN RICE CULTIVARS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2006) MUNGARA BALAKRISHNA; Dr. Y.M. ShuklaSalinity is one of the severe abiotic stresses among the different stresses of paddy crop. Four varieties of paddy procured from Main Rice Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Nawagam were : Jaya, Dandi, CSR-27 – all tolerant and GR-3 – susceptible. These varieties were differing in their degree of salt tolerance. All the varieties were grown in earthen pots up to 15 days following the normal practice of pot culture. Fifteen DAG seedlings after gently uprooting were treated with 100, 150 and 200 mM sodium chloride solution for 24, 48 and 72 h time intervals. Various physiological and biochemical observations were recorded for germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index, chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, proteins, SDS-PAGE, proline content, antioxidants enzymes such as super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, esterase and their isoenzymes and sodium, potassium ions