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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access REPRODUCTION IN MARES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY(AAU, Anand, 2012) KUMAR, NISHANT; Patel, D. M.The present study on "Reproduction in Mares with Special Reference to Endometrial Biopsy" was carried out on mares of different police head quarters like Anand and Kheda districts. The mare visiting Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand, were also included in the study. The research work included study of normal and abnormal estrous cycle of mare. In this study special emphasis was given on collection of endometrial biopsy for histopathology and blood for different hemato-biochemical parameters. A detailed histopathological study was carried out on endometrial biopsies to know the reproductive status of mares. The research work was carried out on 18 police mares and privately owned mares of Anand and near by Anand area. Each of the three groups had 6 animals and were divided on the basis of reproductive status, viz.. Group 1- Mares with normal estrous cycle, Group 2- Mares with abnormal estrous cycle. Group 3- Mares with infertility. These mares were studied for normal and abnormal estrous cycle, histopathology of endometrial biopsy and hemato-biochemical studies. On the basis of study in 172 mares it was found that mare is a seasonal polyestrous animal with breeding seasons in the months of spring and summer. As day length increases in spring mares show signs of heat and as day length decreases in winter mare were found to be going into deep anestrous condition. The mean estrous cycle length of mares during breeding seasons were found to be 21 ±0.58 days with estrus period of 5-7 (6.07 ± 0.87) days. The signs of estrus include frequent urination, deviating tail away from the perineum, standing still with the hind limbs spread apart, clitoral winking (rhythmic eversion of the clitoris), squealing, kicking and sensitivity over the flanks, hindquarter, and abdomen. The recently parturited mares were showing foal heat between 7-13 (9.38 ± 2.57) days of parturition. The mean estrous cycle lengths of abnormal cyclic mares was 10 ± 2.32 days (Short) and 32 ± 3.6 days (Long) during breeding season of spring and summer months. The abnormal cyclic mare were also shown wide range of estrus period of 3- 10 (5.6 ±2.8) days. Endometrial biopsy and histopathology studies indicated normal endometrium exhibiting mild to moderate neutrophil infiltration, specially in case of estrus period. In estrus the epithelial cells were tall cuboidal to low columnar and progressing to high columnar during diestrus. Acute endometritis was characterized by accumulation of inflammatory cells (neutrophils), mild to moderates stromal fibrosis, stromal oedema, congestion of blood vessels and accumulation of inflammatory exudates which may be temporary in nature. Chronic endometritis was characterized by moderate to severe endometrial gland atrophy, extensive fibrosis (i.e., more than five layers of fibrocytes around endometrial glands) and mononuclear cell (specially lymphocytes) infiltration. In some cases diffiisely less density of endometrial glands were found The serum calcium levels of normal cyclic, abnormal cyclic and infertile mares were 12.09 ± 0.14, 11.04 ± 0.15 and 10.62 ± 0.10 mg/dl, respectively and was found to differ significantly to each other. The serum magnesium levels of normal cyclic, abnormal cyclic and infertile mares were 2.13 ± 0.06, 1.96 ± 0.03 and 1.85 ± 0.03 mg/dl. The serum phosphorus levels of normal cyclic, abnormal cyclic and infertile mares were 3.86 ± 0.07, 3.22 ± 0.10 and 2.63 ± 0.11 mg/dl. Both serum magnesium and serum phosphorus levels were significantly lower in infertile than normal and abnormal cyclic animals.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF REPEAT BREEDING IN GIR COWS USING HORMONAL THERAPY(AAU, Anand, 2012) PARMAR, SACHIN VINODBHAI; PATEL, J. A.This study was carried out on 24 repeat breeding Gir cows of Muniseva Ashram Gaumandir, Goraj, Waghodiya, Vadodara, during the period from October 2011 to March 2012, to evaluate the relative efficiency of various hormonal treatments towards enhancing their reproductive performance together with the evaluation of weekly plasma progesterone profile and various blood biochemical and macro-micro minerals from the day of treatment up to 6 weeks post-treatment. All the breedable females (n=215) of the herd were screened clinically and by per rectal examinations to know the incidence of reproductive problems. Twenty four repeat breeding cows selected were divided at random .in to four groups, 6 animals in each. Animals of group I were treated with single i/m injection of 0.02 mg buserrlin acetate (GnRH analogue; 5 ml Receptal, Intervet India Ltd.) and those of Group II with single i/m injection of 1500 lU hCG (Chorulon, Intervet India Ltd.) immediately after natural breeding, while animals of Group III were administered with 500 mg of hydroxy-progesterone caproate (Proluton depot, Zydus Cadila.) on 6th day of natural breeding and those of Group IV bred at estrus without any treatment served as control. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vials on day 0 (estrus) and then at weekly interval up to 6 weeks post-breeding in GnRH, LH and control groups, except in progesterone group in which blood was collected on day 0 (estrus), day 6 just before treatment) and then at weekly interval up to 6 weeks. Plasma samples separated were stored deep frozen at -20°C with a drop of Merthiolate until analyzed. The incidence of repeat breeding was almost similar in adult cows and heifers (46.87 vs 45.45%) with an overall incidence of repeat breeding as 46.51 (100/215) per cent. The incidence of anestrus condition was observed to be higher in cows than the heifers (25.00 vs 18.18 %) with an overall mean of 23.25 (50/215) per cent. In repeat breeding Gir cows, the first service and overall conception rates obtained following hormonal treatment with GnRH were 50.00 and 66.66, with LH 83.33 and 83.33 and Progesterone 50.00 and 66.66 per cent, respectively, with an overall mean of 61.11 and 72.22 per cent. These figures were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those (16.66 and 33.33 %) obtained in untreated control repeat breeding cows. The pooled mean plasma progesterone concentrations in all three hormones GnRH, LH/hCG and progesterone treated and control group were 3.712 ± 0.377, 4.823 ± 0.371, 3.973 ± 0.458 and 2.813 ± 0.381 ng/ml, respectively, with an overall mean of 3.830 ± 0.205 ng/ml. The progesterone value was at basal level on the day of estrus, which increased significantly (P<0.05) by 7th day post-estrus, fluctuated insignificantly till 6th week with the peak value on 5th week post-oestrus. In LH treated cows, the mean plasma progesterone value was significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to control group (4.823 ± 0.371 vs 2.813 ± 0.381 ng/ml). The mean plasma P4 levels in conceived and non-conceived groups were 5.266 ± 0.277 and 2.394 ± 0.207 ng/ml (P <0.01). The progesterone concentration in conceived group remained more or less at constant high level till 6th week post-breeding, while in non-conceived cows it showed rising trend up to 2nd week followed by drop on 3rd week (1.016 ± 0.171 ng/ml), which then again rose gradually and significantly to reach second peak on 5th week (4.616 ± 0.394 ng/ml), again dropped at 6th week and thus showed a cyclic trend suggestive of repeat estruses. The overall mean values of biochemical constituents, viz., plasma total protein, total cholesterol and triglycerides were 9.786 ± 0.084 g/dl, 217.857 ± 2.570 mg/dl and 61.008 ± 1.137 mg/dl, respectively. There was no any significant difference among treatment groups as well as between conceived and non-conceived groups, or even between weeks within the group. However, the mean plasma concentration of cholesterol was lower in LH treated group as compared to untreated control group. The overall mean values of macro-minerals, viz., calcium, inorganic phosphorus, Ca:P ratio and magnesium were 11.918 ± 0.159 mg/dl, 8.193 ± 0.123 mg/dl, 1.516 ± 0.032 and 1.818 ± 0.028 mEq/L without significant differences between conceived and non-conceived groups or between weeks, except Ca:P ratio and magnesium. The mean plasma magnesium levels in GnRH, LH and Progesterone treated groups were 2.341 ± 0.047, 1.731 ±0.023 and 1.620 ± 0.021 mEq/L, respectively. The differences among treated groups were significant (P<0.05) only for this trait. The overall mean values of trace elements, viz., zinc, iron, copper and manganese were 1.549 ± 0.008 ppm, 2.119 ± 0.023 ppm, 0.779 ± 0.005 ppm and 0.090 ± 0.001 ppm, respectively. The mean concentrations of zinc and copper were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in three treated (GnRH, LH and Progesterone) groups as compared to untreated control repeat breeding cows. The values were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in conceived group as compared to non-conceived group for zinc (1.587 ± 0.012 vs 1.511 ± 0.011 ppm), iron (2.238 ± 0.018 vs 2.001 ±0.038 ppm), copper (0.834 ± 0.007 vs 0.724 ± 0.002 ppm), and manganese (0.094 ±0.001 vs 0.087±0.001 ppm), and they varied significantly between weeks for copper and manganese also. Overall, the plasma P4 profile helped to monitor the cyclic rhythm of repeat breeder cows and the hormonal therapy, especially LH, was found highly effective in solving repeat breeding problem in Gir cows of the herd investigated.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SEASONAL VARIATION IN SEMEN QUALITY OF SURTI BUFFALO BULLS(AAU, Anand, 2012) KHAWASKAR MEGHA VINOD; Dr. M.T. PanchalThis investigation was carried at the Semen Station, Anand Veterinary College, Anand (Gujarat) on a total of 60 semen ejaculates (10 ejaculates/bull/season) collected from 2 sexually mature bulls over one year period divided in to three seasons (monsoon, winter and summer). The objectives were to study the seasonal variations in the seminal characteristics including acrosomal structures and membrane integrity of sperm, and biochemical and enzymatic profile of seminal plasma, and the interrelationships among the physico-morphological, biochemical and functional attributes of semen of Surti buffalo bulls. The gross and microscopic evaluation of seminal characteristics including cold shock test, hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, methylene blue reduction test and cervical mucus penetration test was carried out as per standard procedures. Initial seminal fructose was estimated by using resorcinol method. Seminal plasma biochemical and enzymatic profiles, viz., total protein, total cholesterol, AKP-ACP and GOT-GPT were determined using standard procedures and assay kits on an auto-analyzer. The data were analyzed statistically using 2 factors factorial CRD on SAS Programme to know the effect of bulls, seasons and bull x season interaction on each of the parameters studied. Finally the correlations between various physico-morphological and biochemical attributes were worked out. The overall mean ejaculate volume, consistency/density score (0-4), initial pH, mass activity (score 0-5), individual sperm motility, sperm concentration, live sperm, total abnormal sperm and sperm with intact acrosome recorded in Surti buffalo bulls’ semen were 3.16 ± 0.76 ml, 3.05 ± 0.92, 6.89 ± 0.16, 2.96 ± 0.18, 71.66 ± 12.37 per cent, 885.42 ± 242.90 millions/ml, 85.75 ± 4.65 per cent, 6.53±1.28 per cent and 90.73 ± 3.16 per cent, respectively. The bulls varied significantly only in their ejaculate volume (P<0.008), sperm concentration (P<0.002) and live sperm per cent (P<0.014). Seasonal influence was significant for ejaculate volume (P<0.002), density score (P<0.05), mass activity (P<0.002), sperm concentration (P<0.047), live sperm (P<0.001), abnormal vi sperm (P<0.003) and intact acrosome (P<0.022). The lowest values observed during winter were for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and live sperm per cent, whereas density, mass activity and individual motility was the lowest during monsoon, and abdormal sperm per cent during summer. However, the bull x season interaction was not significant for any of these attributes. The average values for cold shock resistant (live) sperm, hypo-osmotic swelling reactive sperm, methylene blue reduction time and cervical mucus penetrance score (0-3) for Surti buffalo ejaculates were 53.45 ± 8.30 per cent, 59.28 ± 6.10 per cent, 7.11 ± 1.28 minutes and 2.20±0.74, respectively. The influence of bulls was insignificant on all these traits, however, seasonal influence was significant for cold shock resistant and hypoosmotic swelling reactive sperm (P<0.000). The lowest mean values for all four functional tests were observed during summer and the highest during monsoon, except CMPT which was highest during winter. Further, the bull x season interaction was significant only for cold shock resistant (live) sperm. The overall average seminal plasma contents of fructose, total protein, total cholesterol and enzyme AKP, ACP, GOT and GPT activity recorded were 586.61±65.77 mg/dl, 2.54 ± 0.51 g/dl, 53.71±10.05 mg/dl, 53.71±10.05 KAU/dl, 246.78 ± 27.92 KAU/dl, 57.30 ± 10.73 IU/L and 15.38 ± 5.75 IU/L, respectively. The bulls varied significantly only in their seminal plasma content of fructose (P<0.000), protein (P<0.014) and alkaline phosphatase (P<0.000). Seasonal influence was highly significant (P<0.000) for initial fructose and all four enzymes. The lowest values for fructose, protein, AKP and GPT were observed during summer and for cholesterol, ACP and GPT during monsoon. Further, the bull x season interaction was significant for seminal fructose and total proteins only. The interrelationships between various physico-morphological, functional and biochemical attributes of buffalo semen revealed that the ejaculate volume was significantly correlated with cold shock resistant sperm (0.35), MBRT (0.26), seminal fructose (0.46) and ACP (-0.35). Sperm concentration was significantly correlated with live sperm (0.30), MBRT (-0.31) and seminal AKP (-0.54). Mass activity was significantly correlated with abnormal sperm (-0.26), cold shock resistant sperm (-0.39), seminal fructose (-0.29), GOT (0.44), GPT (-0.28), AKP (-0.39) and ACP (0.26). Initial motility had significant correlation with live sperm (-0.27), HOS reactive sperm (0.25). vii Seminal pH had significant correlation with seminal cholesterol (0.26). Live sperm per cent was significantly correlated with HOS reactive sperm (-0.49), cold shock resistant sperm (-0.56) and seminal AKP (-0.41). The abnormal sperm per cent was significantly correlated with intact acrosome (0.25), cold shock resistant sperm (0.32), seminal fructose (0.33), cholesterol (-0.41), GOT (-0.32), AKP (0.27) and ACP (-0.51). The intact acrosome showed significant correlation with HOS reactive sperm (0.37) and seminal GPT (-0.33), whereas HOS reactive sperm was significantly correlated with live sperm (-0.49), cold shock resistant sperm (0.29) and seminal GOT (0.32). The cold shock resistant sperm was significantly correlated with seminal fructose (0.34), GOT (-0.36), GPT (0.29), AKP (0.59) and ACP (-0.37). The MBRT was significantly correlated only with seminal fructose (0.32). Amongst the biochemical and enzymatic attributes, significant correlations were observed for seminal fructose with seminal GOT (-0.43), GPT (0.36) and ACP (-0.38); seminal total protein with seminal GOT (-0.76); cholesterol with ACP (0.27); seminal GOT with GPT (-0.43), AKP (-0.44) and ACP (0.46); seminal GPT with AKP (0.42), and seminal AKP with ACP (-0.41). In general, the initial semen quality, in terms of physico-morphological and functional attributes, of Surti buffalo bulls under study was of good to average type and was within acceptable limit for use in artificial breeding programme. The seminal plasma profile of biochemical and enzymatic constituents studied was within the normal physiological limit for bovines and indicated optimal functioning of gonads and all the accessory sex glands. Most of the physico-morphological, functional and biochemical/ enzymatic attributes were highly significantly (P<0.001) influenced by the seasons, suggesting that Surti buffalo bulls are sensitive to seasonal variation in agro-climatic conditions of the region. Overall winter season was found to be more congenial for better quality semen production as compared to monsoon and summer season. Significant interrelationships observed between some of the physico-morphological attributes of semen and biochemical constituents of seminal plasma suggested that a good functional coordination existed between gonads and accessory sex glands in the Surti buffalo bulls towards optimizing reproductive functions, and that the assessment of motility, morphology and viability may be sufficient to predict the quality of fresh semen fairly accurately, without going into too clumsy, time consuming tests under routine laboratory procedures.ThesisItem Open Access “MANAGEMENT OF REPEAT BREEDING IN GIR COWS USING HORMONAL THERAPY(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) PARMAR SACHIN VINODBHAI; Dr. J. A. PatelThis study was carried out on 24 repeat breeding Gir cows of Muniseva Ashram Gaumandir, Goraj, Waghodiya, Vadodara, during the period from October 2011 to March 2012, to evaluate the relative efficiency of various hormonal treatments towards enhancing their reproductive performance together with the evaluation of weekly plasma progesterone profile and various blood biochemical and macro-micro minerals from the day of treatment up to 6 weeks post-treatmentThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MAJOR REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN BITCHES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PYOMETRA AND VAGINAL CYTOLOGY(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) AMIT KUMAR GUPTA; D.M. PatelThe present study on “Reproduction in Mares with Special Reference to Endometrial Biopsy” was carried out on mares of different police head quarters like Anand and Kheda districts. The mare visiting Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand, were also included in the study. The research work included study of normal and abnormal estrous cycle of mare. In this study special emphasis was given on collection of endometrial biopsy for histopathology and blood for different hemato-biochemical parameters. A detailed histopathological study was carried out on endometrial biopsies to know the reproductive status of mares. The research work was carried out on 18 police mares and privately