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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PERIPARTUM NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION ON UTERINE INVOLUTION AND POSTPARTUM FERTILITY IN CROSSBRED COWS(AAU, Anand, 2015) KHARSYNTIEW, THEODORE VIVIAN; PANCHAL, M. T.This study on ''Effect of peripartum nutritional supplementation on uterine involution and postpartum fertility in crossbred cows" was conducted during Nov. 2014 to May, 2015 at Livestock Research Station, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. A total of 20 advanced pregnant Holstein Friesian crossbred cows of 2-4 parity were divided into two equal groups under: Control (Group I) and Treatment (Group 11) groups. The control cows were maintained on standard routine farm feeding schedule and the animals under treatment group were subjected to nutrient supplementation composed of area specific mineral mixtures @ 50 g/day and bypass fat @ 100 g/day two weeks each prior to and after calving and thereafter (S 15 g/1 of milk production, limiting to 200 g/day till 60 days postpartum. All the cows were subjected to gynaeco-clinical and sonographic observations, using a 5-10 MHz linear transducer, at weekly intervals postpartum along with blood collection at fortnightly intervals with three days sampling interval around one week peripartum for estimation of hormones and blood biochemical constituents. Animals detected in oestrus after 60 days of calving were inseminated and were followed till 90 days postpartum for postpartum first oestrus and conception. The main objective was to study the effect of peripartum nutritional (multiminerals and bypass fat) supplementation on uterine involution and postpaitum fertility in crossbred cows. On day 7 postpartum, gravid and non-gravid uterine horns of both the groups were lying cranial and ventral to pelvic brim in abdominal cavity as large, soft, flabby water bag like structures in all the animals. The gravid and non-gravid uterine horns were found to be larger than the cervix. In the subsequent days postpartum, the genitalia reduced even further, regaining the tonicity and elasticity. The gross involution of the uterus was observed to be completed by 24.50+1.14 and 23.80+1.14 days in the cows under control and treatment groups, respectively. The wall of the cervix appeared as bright hyperechoic structure, while its lumen was found to be hypoechoic with bright hyperechoic spots denoting the cervical folds. The wall of the uterine horns was hyperechoic with anechoic lumen with hyperechoic spots (lochia). The echogenicity was pronounced with an increase in postpartum intervals. The middle uterine arteries were represented as dark circular anechoic structures and the uterine caruncles were represented as a bright hyperechoic structures. The cervical and uterine horns (gravid and non-gravid) diameters showed a decreasing trend from day 7 to 42 postpartum differing non-significantly between groups, with reduced wall thicknesses. Caruncles reduced in size with subsequent days postpartum, with no significant differences between the groups. The diameter of middle uterine arteries reduced in the days following postpartum with varying significance (p<0.01). The middle uterine artery ipsilateral to gravid horn varied significantly (p<0.05) from the contralater non-gravid uterine horn. The mean diameter of the cervix decreased significantly (p<0.01) from days 7 to 28, with no significant changes thereafter. The uterine diameter also reduced significantly (p<0.01) from day 7 to 28 postpartum, with no statistical differences. The mean thickness of the cervical wall in animals of Control and Treatment Groups reduced significantly (p<0.01) from day 7 to 35 postpartum, with no fiirther reduction between day 35 and 42 postpartum and no statistical differences between the groups. The mean thickness of the gravid and non-gravid uterine horns decreased significantly (p<0.01) from day 7 to 28 postpartum and without any significant reductions from days 28 to 42 postpartum in both the groups with no statistical differences. The mean intervals for uterine involution (cervix and uterine horns) were 31.97±1.82 and 31.27±1.41 days for Control and Treatment Group, respectively. The mean interval of first postpartum oestrus observed in the cows under Control Group was 42.32±4.14 days, whereas it was 38.00±1.95 days in Treatment Group, with statistically significant (p<0.05) difference. The mean service period in the cows under Control and Treatment Groups were 100.67±5.60 and 85.22±7.17 days, respectively. The pregnancy rate and services per conception in Control and Treatment Groups were 60.00 and 80.00 % and 1.89±0.20 and 1.56±0.18, respectively. The mean plasma progesterone values were maximum (>6 ng/ml) on day 14 prepartum in both the groups, which declined significantly (p<0.01) on day 3 prepartum reached to the basal levels (<1 ng/ml) on the day of calving. Subsequently the values for both the groups varied non-significantly around the basal level on days 3 and 14 postpartum. Thereafter, these levels showed a rising trend on days 28 and 42 postpartum, however, there was no statistical difference between the two groups, except on day 42 postpartum. The mean plasma oestradiol values were at its peak on the day of calving (p<0.01). Thereafter, there was a rapid fall in the levels from the day of parturition to day 3 postpartum and remained low till recrudesce of follicular activity around day 35 postpartum. The mean plasma Cortisol values in both the groups were at the basal level (6 to 10 ng/ml) between day 14 and 3 prepartum. Cortisol levels increased rapidly nearly to three times on the day of parturition to reach a peak (p<0.01). Thereafter, the levels decreased significantly on day 3 postpartum in Control cows with non-significant fluctuations on all subsequent days studied. However in cows under Treatment Group, the mean plasma Cortisol level decreased non-significantly on day 3 postpartum. Then the levels were found to be fluctuating non-significantly for all the subsequent days postpartum. The supplemented cows tended to have significantly (p<0.01) higher Cortisol values than the control cows. The cows under Treatment Group supplemented with peripartum nutrients were having significantly (p<0.05) higher pooled mean blood glucose value than the control cows (59.13±3.06 vs. 64.51±3.10 mg/dl). The peak concentration of mean blood glucose was on the day of calving in both the groups. The observed mean level of plasma total protein (7.65±0.09 vs. 7.65±0.08 g/dl) was found to be varying nonsignificantly between days within the group as well as between the groups. The mean plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration in cows under control group evinced that there was an increase in the value from day 14 prepartum to highest (p<0.01) on the day of calving and thereafter reduced in later postpartum days. The nutrient supplemented cows had their peak mean values on the day of calving which reduced non-significantly in later postpartum days. The overall mean concentration in cows of control group (0.47±0.07 mmol/1) was significantly lower than those of treatment group (0.58±0.09 mmol/1). Irrespective of the groups, the peripartum mean plasma beta-hydroxy butarate (BHBA) values were increased as parturition approached. The values tended to increase fiirther in the early postpartum period to reach a peak (1.21±0.09 and 0.87±0.04 mmol/1 for Groups I and II, respectively) (p<0.01) on day 14 postpartum. Thereafter the values were found to decrease in subsequent days postpartum. The BHBA values tended to be higher in control group (0.67±0.06 mmol/1) than in treated group (0.61±0.08 mmol/1), however, the difference observed was non significant. The mean plasma total cholesterol values in the cows under both the groups gradually decreased as parturition approached. The values tended to reduce at calving and reached to a nadir value at day 3 postpartum. Thereafter, the values again increased in the subsequent days postpartum to reach the highest value (p<0.01) at day 42 postpartum. The overall mean value of treatment group (146.02±6.32 mg/dl) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.01) than that in control group (125.79±7.67 mg/dl). The mean plasma calcium levels in the cows under both the groups decreased significantly (p<0.01) fi-om day 14 prepartum through day 3 prepartum to reach the lowest value on the day of calving. The values then gradually increased in the subsequent days postpartum. The overall pooled mean plasma calcium concentration in the cows of treatment group differed significantly (p<0.05) fi-om the control group. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels were found to be fluctuating nonsignificantly between different time intervals within the group. The overall mean inorganic phosphorus value in control group (5.40±0.29 mg/dl) was significantly (p<0.01) lower as compared to treatment group (5.90±0.30 mg/dl). The mean magnesium concentrations were reduced significantly (p<0.05) at 3 days postpartum. The values, thereafter, increased with subsequent postpartum days to reach values comparable to the prepartum levels. The overall mean plasma magnesium value (3.11±0.07 mg/dl) in cows under treatment group was found to be slightly lower than that of control group (3.16±0.09 mg/dl), however the difference observed was nonsignificant. The highest mean copper values were found on day 3 prepartum and on day of calving. The mean plasma iron concentration showed a consistent increasing trend from day 3 prepartimi to continue during postpartum period. The mean plasma zinc values were found to fluctuate between the pre- and postpartum days with the lowest value on the day of calving. The mean cobalt values showed no distinct changes in the periods studied. No significant differences were observed for micro-mineral values when compared between the groups. It can be concluded that peripartum supplementation of extra bypass fat and mineral mixture for a fortnight before till 60 days postpartum had no significant effect on uterine involution, but had a beneficial effect on the postpartum fertility in terms of early occurrence of postpartum first oestrus and fertile oestrus and certain blood constituents in crossbred cows.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PERIPARTUM NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION ON UTERINE INVOLUTION AND POSTPARTUM FERTILITY IN CROSSBRED COWS(AAU, Anand, 2015) KHARSYNTIEW, THEODORE VIVIAN; Dr. M.T. PanchalThis study on “Effect of peripartum nutritional supplementation on uterine involution and postpartum fertility in crossbred cows” was conducted during Nov. 2014 to May, 2015 at Livestock Research Station, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. A total of 20 advanced pregnant Holstein Friesian crossbred cows of 2-4 parity were divided into two equal groups under: Control (Group I) and Treatment (Group II) groups. The control cows were maintained on standard routine farm feeding schedule and the animals under treatment group were subjected to nutrient supplementation composed of area specific mineral mixtures @ 50 g/day and bypass fat @ 100 g/day two weeks each prior to and after calving and thereafter @ 15 g/l of milk production, limiting to 200 g/day till 60 days postpartum. All the cows were subjected to gynaeco-clinical and sonographic observations, using a 5-10 MHz linear transducer, at weekly intervals postpartum along with blood collection at fortnightly intervals with three days sampling interval around one week peripartum for estimation of hormones and blood biochemical constituents. Animals detected in oestrus after 60 days of calving were inseminated and were followed till 90 days postpartum for postpartum first oestrus and conception. The main objective was to study the effect of peripartum nutritional (multiminerals and bypass fat) supplementation on uterine involution and postpartum fertility in crossbred cows.