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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING JIVANTI (Leptadenia reticulata) AND BYPASS FAT IN TOTAL MIXED RATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND MILK PRODUCTION OF SURTI GOATS(ANIMAL NUTRITION RESEARCH DEPARTMENT COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) DEVALIA BHARATKUMAR RAVJI; Dr. R. S. GUPTAThe study was conducted in two phases to evaluate the effect of feeding bypass fat and jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata) supplemented total mixed ration (TMR) comprising of 60: 40 concentrates: jowar hay for lactating Surti goats on feed intake, rumen fermentation, digestibility of nutrients, milk yield, feed conversion efficiency and cost of feeding.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION IN TOTAL MIXED RATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH(ANIMAL NUTRITION RESEARCH DEPARTMENT COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2016) HARSHALA A. THUBE; Dr. R.S. GUPTAThe present study was conducted in two phases to optimize the level of inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes in Surti kids. In Phase-I, in vitro studies were conducted to arrive at the optimum level of incorporation of fibrolytic enzymes in wheat straw based total mixed ration (TMR). On the basis of the results of in vitro fermentation of TMR incorporated fibrolytic enzymes at different levels used as substrate, the optimum level of each was selected, for the in vivo study (Phase II).ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF GROWING CROSSSBRED CALVES USING COMPLETE FEEDS BASED ON AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS AND NON - CONVENTIONAL FEEDS(AAU, Anand, 1999) Pandya, Paresh R.; Desai, M. C.A of growth experiment of 40 weeks duration was carried out on eighteen crossbred (J x K and HF x K) calves to study the feasibility of utilization of complete feeds as ration of growing calves. The three treatments were T1: conventional complete feed with 30 % wheat straw as basal roughage and 70 % conventional concentrate ingredients , T2 : Nonconventional complete feed with 30 % sugarcane bagasse as basal roughage and nonconventional feed ingredients viz, Prosopis juliflora pods, managed kernel, Babul seeds chuni, corn steep liquor and T3: control- representing conventional system of feeding concentrates and roughage separately. Completely randomized design was followed. The calves under T1 and T2 were fed respective complete feeds ad lib. Where as the calves under T3 were offered concentrate mixture to meet Itheir DCP requirement as per ICAR (1985) standards and ad lib. wheat straw. Two kg 'NB-21 fodder was provided daily to ail the calves to meet their vit. A requirement. The complete feeds were prepared in complete feed plant using 8 mm screen. The values for modules of uniformity were 2:4:2 for distribution of corse: medium: fine particles in both the complete feeds. The complete feeds T1 and T2 contained 12.74 % 12.14 % DCP and 55.71 % and 58.63 % TDN, respectively. The results revealed non significant treatment differences for total and average daily weight gain and various body measurement. The average gain in weight was 418, 476 and 473 g, respectively in T1, T2 and T3. The dry matter intake kg per day per animal, per 100 kg body weight and g per kg metabolic body weight were at par in all the treatment indicating that both the complete feeds were palatable to calves and they consumed sufficient complete feeds. The daily intake of CP and DCP in both,, the complete feeds (T1 and T2) were similar to that of control (T3). But TDN intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 than T1 and T2- The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were within the normal range in all the treatment groups with non significant treatment differences for digestibility of DM, ether extract and CF. However, digestibility coefficient of CP was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T3 than T2 but T1 and T2 were at par. Organic matter digestibility was higher (P<0.01) in T2 than T1 but T3 was at par with both the complete feeds. Digestibility coefficient of NFE was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T1 than T3 where as T2 was at par with T1 and T3. Balances of N, P and Ca were positive in all the treatments. The efficiency of feed utilization (DM intake per kg gain) was similar in all the groups but efficiency of protein utilization (DCP intake per kg gain) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T2 than T1 and T3 and energy utilization (TDN intake per kg gain) was higher (P<0.01) in both complete feeds (T1 and T2) than control (T3). The results on plane of nutrition of calves revealed that the calves under all the treatment groups were on recommended (ICAR, 1985) plane of nutrition except 4.24 % and 3.20 % lower TDN intake than recommended levels in T1 and T2 respectively. Ruminal pH was within the normal range under all the three treatments. However, it was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T3 than T1 and T2. The TVFA content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 (control) than T1 and T2. The SRL total nitrogen and protein nitrogen were at par in all the treatments but, NPN, soluble nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 (control) than T1 and T2. The economics of feeding showed 30.71 % and 36.90 % less feed cost per kg weight gain in T2 (nonconventional complete feed) than T3 (control) and T1 (conventional complete feed) respectively. Over all results suggested that both the complete feeds were quite palatable to the calves and can be fed to growing crossbred calves without any adverse effects. Complete feed based on agro industrial by products and non conventional feeds has further reduced the cost of feeding due to low feed cost. Long term studies are required to see the effect of complete feeds based on different roughage levels and particle size on growth performance and health of growing calves.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF FEEDING BYPASS PROTEIN AND FAT ON MILK PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES OF DAHOD DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2009) VAHORA, S. G.; PARNERKAR, SUBHASHEighteen Mehsani buffaloes in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were selected to conduct on-farm trial at the Jalat and Borkheda villages of Dahod district for 150 days duration. The animals were selected on the basis of their average daily milk yield of last lactation, present daily milk yield, fat % and body weight. The experiment was initiated on 5th day of lactation. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments i.e. T1 (Control) and T2 (Bypass protein) and T3 group (Bypass protein and bypass fat). There were six animals in each group. The experiment was conducted following Completely Randomized Design. All the experimental buffaloes were individually offered a basal diet of green shedha grass (5 kg) and wheat straw ad lib along with required amount of concentrate mixtures to meet their protein and energy needs for maintenance arid for milk production as per NRC (2001). The CP requirement of control group buffaloes was worked out and was supplied through 1.5 kg cotton seed cake; 1.5 kg gram chuni and the remaining from Type n compound concentrate mixture as per ISI (1979) Specification. The UDP requirement of treatment groups' (T2 and T3) buffaloes was worked out and was supplied through 1 kg formaldehyde (HCHO) treated guar meal and 2 kg cotton seed cake. The remaining quantity of CP required in treatment groups was supplied through gam chuni (up to 1.5 kg) and from compound concentrate mixture, so as to make the control and treatment ration isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The commercial bypass fat supplement, Megalac was provided to buffaloes in T3 group @ lOg/kg milk yield as per the recommendation of the manufacturer M/s. Vetcare India Ltd., Bangalore.ThesisItem Open Access METHANE MITIGATION THROUGH FEEDING LEGUME STRAW BASED TOTAL MIXED RATION SUPPLEMENTED WITH SOLID STATE FERMENTATION BIOMASS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE(AAU, Anand, 2016) SHERASIA, PANKAJ L; Pandya, Paresh RThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding groundnut straw (Arachis hypogaea) based total mixed ration (TMR) supplemented with solid state fermentation (SSF) biomass on nutrients intake, digestibility of nutrients, rumen parameters, rumen microbial protein synthesis and enteric methane (CH4) emission in crossbred cattle. In order to optimize the level of inclusion of groundnut straw for maximum DM and OM digestibility and minimum CH4 production, the groundnut straw was incorporated from 10 to 60% in the TMRs replacing wheat straw. After optimizing the level of inclusion of groundnut straw, the TMRs were formulated with optimum level of groundnut straw and different level of SSF biomass (1 to 10%). Based on maximum in vitro DM and OM digestibility and minimum in vitro methane production, optimum level for inclusion of SSF biomass was also worked out.In vitro studies with different levels (10-60%) of groundnut straw revealed that apparent and true dry matter digestibility improved at all inclusion levels of groundnut straw in TMRs, as compared to control group. However, a significant (P<0.05) improvement in apparent (10.43%) and true (9.51%) DM digestibility was observed at inclusion of 30% groundnut straw, replacing 30% wheat straw in TMR. Similarly, in vitro methane production decreased in all groundnut straw based TMRs, compared to TMR without groundnut straw (2.89 ml/100 mg DM), and the highest decrease (2.61 ml/100 mg DM) was observed at 30% inclusion level, which was significantly (P<0.01) lower by 9.69% than the value observed in control group. Thus, TMR with 30% groundnut straw, 30% wheat straw and 40%) concentrate was further studied with different levels of SSF biomass. In vitro studies with 30%) groundnut straw and different levels of SSF biomass (1-10%)) indicated that apparent and true dry matter digestibility improved significantly (P<0.0]) by 14.36 and 12.92%>, respectively at 5.0%) inclusion levels of SSF biomass. Similarly, in vitro CH4 production of TMRs with 30%o groundnut straw and different level of SSF biomass revealed that the highest decrease in in vitro CH4 production (1.67 ml/100 mg DM) was observed at 5.0%) inclusion level of SSF biomass, which was significantly lower by 16.91%o (P<0.01) than the value observed in control group. Based on the overall results of in vitro studies, TMR with ratio of 40:30:30 for concentrates: wheat straw: groundnut straw with 5.0% SSF biomass was used for further in vivo studies. In vivo experiment was conducted on 6 adult crossbred cattle for 120 days, using Switch Over Design. The animals in control group (T1) were fed TMR with 40%) concentrate and 60% wheat straw. The animals in experimental group T2 were fed TMR with 40% concentrate, 30% wheat straw and 30% groundnut straw, whereas, animals in T3 group were fed as T2 with 5.0%) SSF biomass, replacing wheat straw on part basis. At every fortnight interval, the amount of SSF biomass in group T3 was adjusted depending upon the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase enzyme to ensure the uniform supply of enzyme activity throughout the experiment.ThesisItem Open Access THE EFFECT OF FEEDING BYPASS FAT AND YEAST (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) SUPPLEMENTED TOTAL MIXED RATION ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEANER SURTI KIDS(AAU, Anand, 2014) SHANKHPAL, S. S.; PARNERKAR, SUBHASHThe studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding bypass fat and yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplemented total mixed ration comprising of 60: 40 concentrates: Jowar hay on the growth performance of weaner Surti kids. Based on the in vitro studies, the improvement in digestibility of DM, OM and maximum gas production; the optimum levels of live yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bypass fat was decided as 2% for incorporation in TMR. Twenty-four growing Surti kids of similar body weight were randomly allotted to four groups, six in each and were individually fed for 15 days preliminary feeding and 120 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR (1998) standards. The kids were fed TMR with no bypass fat and yeast (TO; TMR with 2% yeast (T2); TMR with 2% bypass fat (T3) and TMR with a combination of 2% each of yeast and bypass fat (T4) The average daily gain was 63.74 ± 0.54, 80.22 ± 0.38, 67.43 ± 0.68 and 88.50 ± 0.26 g in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.01) from each other. The highest gain was in T4 followed by T2, T3 and T1 groups. Similarly, the increase in the body measurements viz. increase in body length (10.00 ± 0.82, 10.83 ± 1.08, 10.83 ± 1.08, 9.67 ± 0.67 and 12.00 ± 0.82 cm), height (15.00 ± 0.58, 16.67 ± 0.67, 14.17 ± 1.19 and 16.33 ± 1.20 cm) and heart girth (15.33 ± 0.67, 16.83 ± 0.75, 15.67 ± 0.49 and 17.33 ± 1.09 cm) of kids in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively, indicating that the gain in body length, height and heart girth was numerically higher in T4 kids compared to Ti, T2 and T3 groups. However, the treatment groups did not differ (P>0.05) from each other significantly. The average daily DMI of experimental kids in Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups during digestion trial was 603.13 ± 17.04, 625.51 ± 15.48, 615.02 ± 11.89 and 639.40 ± 10.94 g/day and when expressed as kg/lOOkg body wt. was 4.37 ± 0.10, 4.25 ± 0.10, 4.40 ± 0.13 and 4.21 ± 0.09 and the same in terms of g/kg wt. was recorded as 84.12 ± 1.37, 84.13 ± 1.32, 84.95 ± 1.82 and 83.00 ± 1.24. The DM intake of experimental kids did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The average digestibility coefficients of nutrients in Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups for DM (62.24 ± 0.37, 63.90 ± 0.31, 62.82 ± 0.23 and 64.52 ± 0.36%); OM (65.70 ± 0.38, 67.28 ± 0.32, 65.82 ± 0.23 and 67.80 ± 0.36 %); CP (67.37 ± 0.56, 68.34 ± 0.22, 68.14 ± 0.30 and 68.83 ± 0.23%)%); EE (71.05 ± 0.42, 70.90 ± 0.30, 75.68 ± 0.21 and 77.67 ± 0.25%); CF (63.27 ± 0.25, 66.79 ± 0.44, 62.69 ±0.16 and 67.89 ± 0.23%); NDF (56.69 ± 0.39, 60.17 ± 0.23, 57.70 ± 0.21 and 60.24 ± 0.22%); ADF (49.65 ± 0.45, 51.57 ± 0.23, 48.87 ± 0.05 and 50.50 ± 0.33%) and hemi-cellulose (68.37 ± 0.98, 75.63 ± 0.65, 72.76 ± 0.65 and 76.70 ± 0.36%) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in groups supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone (T2) and combination of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bypass fat (T4) group. But the groups did not differ with respect to digestibility coefficient of NFE (65.99 ± 0.68, 67.06 ± 0.54, 65.99 ± 0.35 and 66.95 ± 0.53%). The average DCP content of T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups (7.34 ± 0.06, 7.34 ± 0.02, 7.42 ± 0.02 and 7.42 ± 0.02 %) were statistically similar, but the TDN content of the T4 group (63.17 ± 0.32) was significantly (P<0.01) higher than T1 (61.46 ± 0.34), T2 (62.54 ± 0.29) and T3 (62.45 ± 0.21) groups which did not differ from each other. The respective cumulative intakes in Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups during 120 days of DM (72.13 ± 1.83, 74.22 ± 1.89, 73.24 ±1.61 and 74.92 ± 1.47 kg), CP (11.51 ± 0.29, 11.71 ± 0.30, 11.67 ± 0.26 and 11.78 ± 0.23 kg) and that of TDN (44.35 ± 1.23, 46.42 + 1.25, 45.75 ±1.12 and 47.32 ± 0.90 kg) were statistically (P<0.05) similar.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION IN TOTAL MIXED RATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN KIDS(AAU, Anand, 2016) THUBE, HARSHALA A.; GUPTA, R. S.The present study was conducted in two phases to optimize the level of inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes in Surti kids. In Phase-I, in vitro studies were conducted to arrive at the optimum level of incorporation of fibrolytic enzymes in wheat straw based total mixed ration (TMR). On the basis of the results of vitro fermentation of TMR incorporated fibrolytic enzymes at different levels used as substrate, the optimum level of each was selected, for the in vivo study (Phase II). Eighteen Surti kids of similar body weight were randomly allotted in to two groups of nine each and were individually fed for 15 days under preliminary period and 120 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR (1998) standards. The kids were fed TMR with no fibrolytic enzymes (T1); and TMR with 0.05% fibrolytic enzymes (T2) The average daily DM1 of kids in T1 and T2 groups during digestion trial was 659.33 ± 8.11 and 649.13 ±6.61 g and when expressed as kg/100 kg body weight was 4.44 ± 0.11 and 4.20 ± 0.0.05 and the same in terms of g/kg W0.75 was recorded as 87.11 ± 1.48 and 83.29 ± 0.70. The DM intake of experimental kids did not differ significantly (P>0.05) when expressed in terms of absolute intake or intake per 100 kg body weight. However, when expressed in terms of DMI/ kg metabolic body weight a significant difference was noted. The average digestibility coefficients (%) of nutrients in T1 and T2 groups were 60.83 ± 1.24 and 60.89 ± 0.99 for DM, 63.99±1.17 and 64.49±0.94 for OM, 64.17 ± 1.14 and 64.26 ± 0.88 for CP, 45.50 ± 2.08 and 49.90 ± 2.02 for CF, 71.77 ± 1.00 and 72.18 ± 0.66 for NFE, 54.77 ± 1.69 and 59.76±0.84 for NDF, 47.99 ±2.16 and 52.39 ± 2.03 for ADF and 69.45 ± 1.74 and 73.12 ± 1.26 for HC of experimental kids under T1 and T2 groups respectively. The cumulative DM I of experimental Surti kids was 77.40±1.07 and 77.10±0.68 kg/head for 120 days in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The treatment groups did not differ from each other. The average conversion efficiency for DM (kg/kg gain) was 8.63 ± 0.22 and 7.73 ± 0.27, forCP (kg/kg gain) was 0.94 ±0.10 and 0.91 ± 0.09, for DCP 0.67 ± 0.03, and 0.62 ± 0.03 and for TDN (kg/kg gain) was 5.07 ± 0.20 and 4.59 ± 0.20 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The groups differed significantly (P<0.01) from each other. The average daily gain was 78.24 ± 2.25 and 86.36 ± 2.98 g in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.01) from each other. The increase in the body measurements viz. increase in body length and height at wither of Surti kids under T2 group was numerically higher in comparison to Surti kids under T1. However, the heart girth was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 group as compared to T1 (control). The respective values of T1 and T2 groups for rumen parameters: pH (6.34 and 6.20); total N (79.85 and 90.06 mg/dL); NH3-N (19.42 and 23.86 mg/dL), non protein nitrogen (12.72 and 15.42 mg/dL), TCA precipitable-N (38.18 and 44.01 mg/dL) and total volatile fatty acids (7.41 and 9.07 mM/dL), under the treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other except for rumen pH. The blood samples collected during experimental feeding, the average total protein, average albumin, average globulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, urea and creafinine concentrations were 6.24 ± 0.33 and 6.02 ± 0.17 g/dL, 3.26 ± 0.08 and 3.29 ± 0.07 g/dL. 2.99 ± 0.28 and 2.73 ±0.16 g/dL. 50.65 ± 1.35 and 50.95± 1.09 mg/dL, 53.55 ± 2.81 and 53.60 ± 2.07, 37.95 ± 2.02 and 39.30 ±1.10 mg/dL 14.37 ±0.54 and 12.51 ± 0.39, 30.80 ± 1.16 and 26.80 ± 0.83 and 0.80 ± 0.02 and 0.74 ± 0.03 in T1 and T2 group, respectively, which did not differ from each other. The average values (U/L; mean ± SE) of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SCOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of experimental Surti kids in T1 and T2 groups were 31.25 ± 1.18 and 29.25 ± 0.57, 78.10 ± 1.98 and 80.00 ± 2.30, 69.78 ± 8.30 and 48.72 ± 3.25, respectively. The values were comparable between the two dietary treatment groups. These liver enzyme profiles are considered generally as indicators of alterations in body tissue and organs especially that of the pathological changes. The feed cost in terms of Rs/kg gain in T1 and T2 groups was Rs. 134.29 ± 3.33 and 127.25 ± 4.43, respectively. The feed cost per unit gain was statistically lower in group supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes than the control kids (P<0.05). The results indicated that inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes @ 0.05% in TMR (60:40 concentrate: roughage) for growing Surti kids resulted in 10.38% better growth, improved rumen fermentation, increased digestibility of CF and fibre fractions significantly and feed conversion efficiency with 5.53% reduction in feed cost per kg gain in weight as compared to control group.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF TOTAL MIXED RATION SUPPLEMENTED WITH BYPASS PROTEIN AND YEAST (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANER LAMBS(AAU, Anand, 2015) SHEKH, M. A.; PARNERKAR, SUBHASHThe studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) without or with bypass protein supplemented in total mixed ration comprising of 60:40 concentrates: jowar hay, on the growth performance of Marwari and Patanwadi weaner lambs. The optimum levels of live yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) without or with bypass protein was decided as 1.78 % for incorporation in TMR based on the improvement in digestibility of DM, OM and maximum gas production determined through in vitro studies. Twenty-four growing lambs of similar body weight were randomly allotted to four groups, six in each group and were fed for 15 days preliminary followed by 126 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR (1998) standards. The lambs were fed TMR without bypass protein and yeast (Ti); TMR with 1.78% yeast (Tj); TMR with bypass protein (T3) and TMR with a combination of bypass protein and 1.78% of yeast (T4). The average daily gain was 99.89 ± 14.33, 106.90 ± 16.20, 105.71 ± 15.01 and 129.30 ± 7.29 g in T|, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The treatment groups did not differ significantly from each other. The highest gain "was in T4 which was having 29.44 % higher compared to control group. Similarly, the increase in the body length (7.75 ± 1.83, 10.50 ± 1.97, 8.33 ± 2.07 and 8.50 ± 1.68 cm) and for heart girth (12.75 ± 2.26, 12.25 ±1.91, 14.08 ± 2.13 and 16.67 ± 1.43 cm) of lambs was recorded for T]^ T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The gain in body length and heart girth was 9.68 and 30.74 % higher in T4 lambs compared control (Ti) groups, respectively. The average digestibility coefficients of nutrients in Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups for DM (67.89 ± 0.85, 66.87 ± 1.06, 66.95 ± 0.83 and 68.95 ± 1.06%); OM (70.53 ± 0.89, 70.44 ± 1.02, 69.69 ± 0.82 and 71.54 ± 1.02%); CP (79.04 ± 0.85, 72.34 ± 2.74, 73.28 ± 0.77 and 79.84 ± 2.74%); EE (81.10 ± 1.18, 87.14 ± 1.41, 84.64 ± 0.51 and 85.66 ± 1.41%); CF (72.97 ± 1.03, 71.02 ± 1.02, 70.65 ± 0.64 and 68.83 ± 1.02%) and NFE (65.84 ± 0.98, 67.85 ± 0.72, 66.68 ± 1.11 and 68.52 ± 0.72%) were detemiined. The digestibility of CP was significantly (P<0.05) higher in yeast supplemented alone (T2) and yeast and bypass protein supplemented (T4) group compared to either control or bypass protein alone group. The EE digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control or yeast and bypass protein supplemented group. But the groups did not differ with respect to digestibility coefficient of DM, OM and NFE. The respective cumulative intakes in Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups during 126 days experiment recorded for DM (91.60 ± 1.26, 96.69 ± 1.09, 96.73 ± 0.63 and 99.83 + 0.84 kg), CP (14.22 + 0.20, 14.97 ± 0.17, 14.93 + 0.10 and 15.39 ± 0.13 kg) DCP (11.24 ±0.15, 10.83 + 0.12, 10.94 ± 0.07 and 12.29 ± 0.10 kg) and that of TDN (63.26 + 0.87, 67.31 ± 0.76, 66.34 + 0.43 and 70.35 ± 0.59 kg) were statisticaliy (P<0.05) simiJar. The intake (kg/kg BWG) of the lambs during experimental period in tenns of DM (8.24 ± 1.04, 8.05 ± 0.89, 9.04 + 2.28 and 6.30 ± 0.32); CP (1.28 ± 0.16, 1.25 + 0.14, 1.39 + 0.35 and 0.97 ± 0.05); DCP (1.01 ± 0.13, 0.90 ± 0.10, 1.02 ± 0.26 and 0.78 ± 0.04) and TDN (5.69 ± 0.72, 5.61 ± 0.62, 6.20 + 1.56 and 4.44 ± 0.23) were statistically similar. However, the respective intake (kg/kg BWG) of DM, CP, DCP and TDN was 23.54, 24.22, 22.77 and 21.97 % lower in T4 group compared to control (Ti) group, indicating superiority of the group supplemented with both yeast and bypass protein. The total feed cost in terms of Rs/kg gain in Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups worked out as Rs. 134.25 ± 17.56, 156.44 ± 17.23, 150.27 ± 37.87 and 125.31 ± 6.43, respectively, which was statistically similar. However, the feed cost was 10.07 % lower in T4 group compared to control group, indicating superiority over other groups. The respective values of Ti, T2, T3 and T4 groups for rumen parameters: pH (6.28, 6.29, 6.29 and 6.30); total N (132.13, 143.68, 144.90 and 152.78 mg/dl); ammonia nitrogen (26.43, 23.71, 22.23 and 21.61 mg/dl); non protein nitrogen (19.49, 19.99, 19.62 and 19.67 mg/dl); TCA precipitable-N (112.64, 123.68, 125.28 and 133.11 mg/dl) and total volatile fatty acids (152.63, 138.13, 153.88 and 168.75 mM/dl) were determined. The T4 group had significantly (P<0.05) higher values of total N, TCA precipitable-N and TVFA, indicating that the yeast supplementation with bj^ass protein had a significant effect on the rumen fermentation. The NH3-nitrogen was significantly(P<0.05) lower value in T4 group. The blood samples collected during experimental feeding, showed that the average concentration of total protein (6.98 ± 0.08, 6.88 ± 0.16, 6.96 ± 0.04 and 6.85 ± 0.04 g/dl), albumin (3.90 ± 0.15, 3.78 ± 0.09, 3.75 ± 0.08 and 3.78 ± 0.07 g/dl), blood glucose (50.00 ± 1.11, 52.67 ± 0.67, 50.83 ± 1.36 and 53.00 ± 1.24 mg/dl) and triglycerides (29.50 ± 1.22, 30.08 ± 1.23, 31.33 ± 1.39 and 30.42 ± 0.93) was statistically similar. The groups Ti, T2, T3 and T4 did not differ with respect to serum enzyme ALT (23.50 ± 0.61, 23.75 ± 0.92, 24.33 ± 1.74 and 24.83 ± 0.51 U/L); AST (83.67 ± 2.89, 84.75 ± 3.31 88.00 ± 2.50 and 87.50 ± 2.18 U/L) and AKP (126.17 ± 6.73, 124.08 ± 6.21 125.33 ± 8.26 and 124.50 ± 3.57 U/L) and also for respective serum calcium (9.83 ± 0.2J, 10.06 ± 0.11, 9.93 ± 0.19 and 9.73 ± 0.21 mg/dl); phosphorus (6.38 ± 0.32, 6.21 ± 0.16, 6.49 ± 0.21 and 6.38 ± 0.22 mg/dl); magnesium (2.45 ± 0.10, 2.47 ± 0.16, 2.35 ± 0.08 and 2.40 ±0.16 mmol/L); sodium (145.00 ± 1.72, 147.08 ± 2.55, 144.75 ± 1.76 and 146.50 ± 1.46 mmol/L) and potassium (5.20 ± 0.25, 5.01 ± 0.19, 5.33 ± 0.20 and 5.39 ± 0.16 mmol/L). The overall results indicated that inclusion of live yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisae) @ 1.78 % with bypass protein in TMR (60: 40 concentrate roughage) for weaner lambs although not statistically (P<0.05) different, it resulted in 29.44 % better growth, 22 % higher conversion efficiency of protein and energy and reduced feed cost by 10.07 % compared to control group. Also, the rumen femientation and digestibility of CP and EE were found better in the same group.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION IN TOTAL MIXED RATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN KIDS(AAU, Anand, 2016) HARSHALA A. THUBE; Dr. R.S. GUPTAThe present study was conducted in two phases to optimize the level of inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes in Surti kids. In Phase-I, in vitro studies were conducted to arrive at the optimum level of incorporation of fibrolytic enzymes in wheat straw based total mixed ration (TMR). On the basis of the results of in vitro fermentation of TMR incorporated fibrolytic enzymes at different levels used as substrate, the optimum level of each was selected, for the in vivo study (Phase II). Eighteen Surti kids of similar body weight were randomly allotted in to two groups of nine each and were individually fed for 15 days under preliminary period and 120 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR (1998) standards. The kids were fed TMR with no fibrolytic enzymes (T1); and TMR with 0.05% fibrolytic enzymes (T2) The average daily DMI of kids in T1 and T2 groups during digestion trial was 659.33 ± 8.11 and 649.13 ± 6.61 g and when expressed as kg/100 kg body weight was 4.44 ± 0.11 and 4.20 ± 0.0.05 and the same in terms of g/kg W0.75 was recorded as 87.11 ± 1.48 and 83.29 ± 0.70. The DM intake of experimental kids did not differ significantly (P>0.05) when expressed in terms of absolute intake or intake per 100 kg body weight. However, when expressed in terms of DMI/ kg metabolic body weight a significant difference was noted. ii The average digestibility coefficients (%) of nutrients in T1 and T2 groups were 60.83 ± 1.24 and 60.89 ± 0.99 for DM, 63.99±1.17 and 64.49±0.94 for OM, 64.17 ± 1.14 and 64.26 ± 0.88 for CP, 45.50 ± 2.08 and 49.90 ± 2.02 for CF, 71.77 ± 1.00 and 72.18 ± 0.66 for NFE, 54.77 ± 1.69 and 59.76±0.84 for NDF, 47.99 ± 2.16 and 52.39 ± 2.03 for ADF and 69.45 ± 1.74 and 73.12 ± 1.26 for HC of experimental kids under T1 and T2 groups respectively. The cumulative DMI of experimental Surti kids was 77.40±1.07 and 77.10±0.68 kg/head for 120 days in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The treatment groups did not differ from each other. The average conversion efficiency for DM (kg/kg gain) was 8.63 ± 0.22 and 7.73 ± 0.27, for CP (kg/kg gain) was 0.94 ± 0.10 and 0.91 ± 0.09, for DCP 0.67 ± 0.03, and 0.62 ± 0.03 and for TDN (kg/kg gain) was 5.07 ± 0.20 and 4.59 ± 0.20 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The groups differed significantly (P<0.01) from each other. The average daily gain was 78.24 ± 2.25 and 86.36 ± 2.98 g in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.01) from each other. The increase in the body measurements viz. increase in body length and height at wither of Surti kids under T2 group was numerically higher in comparison to Surti kids under T1. However, the heart girth was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 group as compared to T1 (control). The respective values of T1 and T2 groups for rumen parameters: pH (6.34 and 6.20); total N (79.85 and 90.06 mg/dL); NH3-N (19.42 and 23.86 mg/dL), non protein nitrogen (12.72 and 15.42 mg/dL), TCA precipitable-N (38.18 and 44.01 mg/dL) and total volatile fatty acids (7.41 and 9.07 mM/dL), under the treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other except for rumen pH. The blood samples collected during experimental feeding, the average total protein, average albumin, average globulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, urea and creatinine concentrations were 6.24 ± 0.33 and 6.02 ± 0.17 g/dL, 3.26 ± 0.08 iii and 3.29 ± 0.07 g/dL, 2.99 ± 0.28 and 2.73 ± 0.16 g/dL, 50.65 ± 1.35 and 50.95 ± 1.09 mg/dL, 53.55 ± 2.81 and 53.60 ± 2.07, 37.95 ± 2.02 and 39.30 ± 1.10 mg/dL, 14.37 ± 0.54 and 12.51 ± 0.39, 30.80 ± 1.16 and 26.80 ± 0.83 and 0.80 ± 0.02 and 0.74 ± 0.03 in T1 and T2 group, respectively, which did not differ from each other. The average values (U/L; mean ± SE) of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of experimental Surti kids in T1 and T2 groups were 31.25 ± 1.18 and 29.25 ± 0.57, 78.10 ± 1.98 and 80.00 ± 2.30, 69.78 ± 8.30 and 48.72 ± 3.25, respectively. The values were comparable between the two dietary treatment groups. These liver enzyme profiles are considered generally as indicators of alterations in body tissue and organs especially that of the pathological changes. The feed cost in terms of Rs/kg gain in T1 and T2 groups was Rs. 134.29 ± 3.33 and 127.25 ± 4.43, respectively. The feed cost per unit gain was statistically lower in group supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes than the control kids (P<0.05). The results indicated that inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes @ 0.05% in TMR (60:40 concentrate: roughage) for growing Surti kids resulted in 10.38% better growth, improved rumen fermentation, increased digestibility of CF and fibre fractions significantly and feed conversion efficiency with 5.53% reduction in feed cost per kg gain in weight as compared to control group.
