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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    GROSS AND BIOMETRICAL STUDIES ON THE SKULL OF THE WILD CARNIVORES
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) Pandya, Sweta P.; Vyas, Y. L.
    The biometrical and topographical study was carried out on skulls of 15 lion. 7 tiger. 14 leopard and 6 hyena. The study was carried out at Sakkarbaug zoo, Junagadh (Gujarat ). The study revealed that the average skull length was 30.92, 29.51, 22.84 and 23.23 cm: skull width was 21.33, 20.37, 14.66 and 15.03 cm respectively m Hon, tiger, leopard and hyena, where as the skull index was found to be 69,09. 69 05, 64.28 and 64.66 respectively. Based on skull index, the skulls of lion and tiger were found to be brachycephalic type, where as that of leopard and hyena were found mesaticephalic type. The skull base length were 27.50, 26,24, 20.60 and 20.35 cm: skull weight ( without mandible ) were 0.749, 0.614, 0.302 and 0.354 kg while total skull weight were 1.088, 0.900, 0.446 and 0.575 kg, respectively in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena Various cranial parameters like cranial length, cranial width, cranial index, cranial height and cranial volume were found to be 18.99, 18.24, 15.50 and 15.58 cm; 8.34, 8.16, 6.76 and 5.48 cm; 43.04, 44.74, 43.61 and 35.17; 10.67, 9.60, 8.22 and 7.81 cm and 197.33, 225.0, 163.85 and 108.33 in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena respectively. The cranium was found longer and wider in Hon and tiger than that of leopard and hyena. The cranial volume was found highest in tiger followed by lion, leopard and least in hyena. The height of foramen magnum was found to be maximum in tiger than other three species. It was also higher in lion and leopard than hyena (P< 0.01). However, the width of foramen magnum was statistically similar in lion and tiger as well as in leopard and hyena. The mean values of facial length, width and index in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena were 12.51, 11.65, 7.97 and 7.03 cm; 14.18, 13.50, 9.89 and 9.38 cm and 114.11, 116.09, 124.61 and 133.39 respectively. The facial length and width were statistically similar in lion and tiger and in leopard and hyena, with the highest length and width in lion followed by tiger, leopard and hyena. However, the facial index was the highest in hyena ( P < 0.001 ) and the least in lion. The circumference of orbit was 17.83, 17.45, 14.75 and 11.52 cm, respectively in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena with the values higher ( P < 0.01 ) in lion and tiger than leopard and hyena and in leopard than hyena. The average length of bones forming orbital rim was 5.83, 6.03, 4.78 and 3.85 cm for frontal bone; 2.68, 2.29, 2.20 and 1.90 cm for lacrimal bone and 6.56, 6.35, 5.76 and 4.01 cm for malar bone, respectively in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena. In all the species, the percent contribution of malar bone was the highest followed by frontal bone and lacrimal bone . The vertical diameter of orbit was 5.49, 5.50, 4.44 and 3.43 cm where as the transverse diameter was 4.45, 4.15, 3.35 and 2.65 cm in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena, respectively. Both the diameters were significantly higher in lion and tiger than those of leopard and hyena. Both the diameters were also significantly higher in leopard than those of hyena. The vertical diameter was greater than transverse diameter in all the species, indicating some what ovoid shape of orbit. The orbital depth was 8.50, 8.05,7.23 and 6.38 cm in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena, respectively (P<0.01). The orbital space was significantly higher in lion (19.19cm2 )and tiger (17.94 cm2 ) than that of leopard ( 11.43 cm2) and hyena ( 7.16 cm2 ). It was also significantly higher in leopard than that of hyena. Orbital volume also showed same trend with the values 84.21,70.53, 43.26 and 23.66 cm^ respectively, in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena. The distance between two orbits was the highest in lion (10.14 cm) followed by tiger (9.77 cm), leopard (7.29 cm) and hyena (7.19 cm ). The length of nasal bone was 7.67, 8.07, 5.65 and 5.43 cm, where as width across nasal bones was 5.58,5.57,3.61 and 2.20 cm, respectively in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena. The differences for length were non-significant between lion and tiger as well as between leopard and hyena. But the width was significantly higher in lion and tiger than leopard and hyena and also in leopard than hyena. The length was more as compared to width in hyena than that of alj other three feline species. The average palatine length was 13.64, 13.77, 9.94 and 10.83 cm with the values higher ( P<0.01 ) in lion and tiger than leopard and hyena. But differences were non-significant between lion and tiger as well as between leopard and hyena. The palatine width was found significantly higher ( P<0.01 ) in tiger than that of other species, and also in lion than that of leopard and hyena. The differences between later two were non-significant. The dental formula revealed same i.e. I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2 and M 1/1 in lion, tiger and leopard. However, it revealed I3/3, C 1/1, PM3/3 and M2/2 in hyena. The hyena had one premolar in upper jaw as well as one premolar in lower jaw more than lion, tiger and leopard. The distance between upper canine teeth was 6.85, 6.83, 4.53 and 4.95 cm and between lower canine teeth was 6.06, 6.29, 3.76 and 4.48 cm, respectively in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena. The differences between lion and tiger as well as between leopard and hyena were non-significant but the distance between upper canine in lion and tiger was significantly higher than that of leopard and hyena indicating himting of large ungulates like buffalo / cattle. The differences in distance was only non-significant between lion and tiger in lower jaw. The length of upper canine was 3.97, 4.03, 2.83 and 2.66 cm and lower canine was 3.16, 3.54, 2.71 and 2.49 cm in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena respectively. The length of upper canine were found more compare to lower canine in all 4 species. Similar trend was also observed for width and depth of upper and lower canine teeth. The length was statistically similar in lion and tiger as well as in leopard and hyena but was significantly higher in previous two than that of later two species. The length of molariform tooth raw in upper jaw was 6.54, 6.33, 4.64 and 6.76 cm and in lower jaw was 6.12, 6;04,4.91 and 6.88 cm in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena, respectively. The length of molar tooth raw was significantly (P<0.01) higher in lion and tiger than leopard and hyena in upper jaw but it wais significantly higher in hyena than that of other species in lower jaw. The average length of mandible was 19.08, 17.40, 13.54 and 14.25 cm in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena with the values at par in lion and tiger as well as in leopard and hyena. However, the width of mandible was significantly (P<0.01) more in lion (3.28 cm) than that of tiger ( 2.51 cm), leopard (1.71 cm) and hyena (1.84 cm ). The mandibular height up to condyle and coronoid process in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena was 4.17 and 9.24,4.19 and 9.16,3.04 and 7.14 and 2.65 and 6.74 cm, respectively. Both the heights were significantly higher in lion and tiger than those of leopard and hyena. The average weight of mandible was 0.338, 0.271, 0.145 and 0.221 kg in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena, respectively. The average length of symphysis mandibularis was significantly higher in lion ( 6.58 cm ) and tiger (6.68 cm ) than leopard (4.47 cm ) and hyena ( 4.75 cm ). Similar trend was also observed for distance between inner surface of mandibular rhamus. The distance of mandibular foramena- from posterior border was 5.20,4.65,3.45 and 3.22 cm, respectively in lion, tiger, leopard and hyena. The gross observations revealed well developed frontal fossa in felines but it was absent in hyena. The external sagittal crest was very prominent in hyena than lion, tiger and leopard. The temporal lines were in form of crest in hyena. The hamulus was prominent and pointed in felines but in hyena it was blunt. The infra orbital foramina was one or two in lion but only oiie in tiger, leopard and hyena. The mantel foramina were three in tiger, two in lion and leopard and one in hyena. The pointed nasal spines were two in lion and tiger but one in leopard and hyena which gave semicircular shape in lion and ' V shape in tiger at caudal end of palatine bone. The incissors were three in pair in all the species. The premolars were three in upper jaw and two in lower jaw in felines while hyena contained one more premolar in both the jaws than felines. The last premolar in all the species was the carnassial tooth. The molars were one in both the jaws in all the species. The shape of piriform apparatus on ventral aspect of skull was 'artist's heart' shape in all the feline species but in hyena, it was oval shaped.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Anatomical Studies On Development Of Skin In New Zealand White Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
    (Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2007) Purushotham, G; Vyas, Y.L.