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Open Access
Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus and the evaluation of the extracts of Carica papaya and Juglans regia for their scolicidal effect
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-17) Ahmad, Peerzada Rouf; Malik, M. A.
The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis was determined in 1254 small ruminants (723 sheep and 531 goats) and 305 dogs, including 122 pet dogs visiting small animal clinics, 183 stray dogs in Jammu division for a period from March, 2021 - August, 2022. Among sheep and goats, 209 animals (sheep = 137 and goats = 72) were found infected with hydatidosis with the overall infection rate of 16.67% (sheep = 18.95% and goats = 13.56%). Among different organs examined, the highest infection rate was recorded in liver as 56.94% (sheep = 59.85% and goats = 51.39%), followed by lungs as 31.58% (sheep = 29.93% and goats = 34.72%) and least as mixed infection in liver and lungs as 11.48% (sheep = 10.22% and goats = 13.89%). The overall fertility rate of hydatid cysts from slaughtered sheep and goats was found to be 66.03%. A total of 23.44% of the cysts were found to be sterile and 10.52% cysts were calcified. In terms of the different cyst size of slaughtered sheep, the fertility rate of hydatid cysts was 60.87%, 75.42% and 50.0% for cyst size <4cm, 4-8cm and >8cm, respectively. In terms of the different cyst size of slaughtered goats, the fertility rate of hydatid cysts was 52.38%, 84.21% and 46.15% for cyst size <4cm, 4-8cm and >8cm, respectively. Among dogs, high prevalence was observed in stray dogs (34.43%) as compared to pet/companion dogs (2.45%). Molecular prevalence based on copro pcr was conducted, in which the overall prevalence of Echinococcus was found to be 14.09% [stray (22.95%); pet (0.82%)]. The ethanolic extracts of Juglans regia and Carica papaya showed significant scolicidal activity against E. granulosus, under in-vitro conditions with reference to the known standard drug “Praziquantel”. Against Juglans regia, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (88.58%), 20 min. (91.24%), 30 min. (93.16%) and 40 min. (96.64%). Against Carica papaya, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (82.95%), 20 min. (85.83%), 30 min. (90.23%) and 40 min. (92.95%). For the identification of Echinococcus species from cyst of sheep, goats and humans, a PCR protocol employing the Cox1 primers was used. The amplified products of PCR were electrophoretically separated on agar gels (1%) and analysed in a gel documentation system. Clear amplification was noticed at 440 bp for sheep, goat and human. The eluted products were commercially sequenced in an automatic DNA sequencer at Biokart India Pvt. Ltd. Kasturi Nagar, East of NGEF, Bangalore. A total of five sequences were submitted to NCBI GeneBank. The generated Cox1 partial sequences were assigned the accession numbers as: dog (ON427821), goat (ON427822), sheep (ON427823), human1 (OP215294) and human2 (OP215295). All the Cox1 sequences from Dog, goat, sheep and humans were clustering in same clade, irrespective of their geographical location, representing the cycle of transmission in Jammu region as Echinococcus granulosus G1-G3 complex.
Open Access
Awareness and Consumer Acceptance of Cultured Meat
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-12-12) Choudhary, Farzana; Khandi, S. A.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness and acceptance of cultured meat in UT of Jammu and Kashmir (n = 400) and to study the perception of meat scientists of India (n=51) about cultured meat. The post-graduate students (n = 295) and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons (n = 105) were selected as respondents by random sampling method. The data was collected with the help of an interview schedule developed for the respondents of Jammu and Kashmir and through questionnaire for meat scientists. Questionnaire was developed as a google form to evaluate meat scientists’ perception of cultured meat in India. The link to the questionnaire was sent to the meat scientists through email and the responses were received in Google drive. Majority of the respondents of Jammu and Kashmir were male (54.25%), ate meat at least twice a week (40.50%) and preferred red meat (65.75%). About (17.00%) of the respondents supported cultured meat and also choose it as the preferred meat whereas the majority (81.25%) preferred conventional meat. About (27.50%) of the respondents agreed to try cultured meat at least once and at a higher price (11.25%). Liking for regular meat (36.25%), fear of new untested technological products (27.50%) and high cost (13.00%) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The respondents believed that, cultured meat does not seem to be healthier (91.00%) and society should not rely on this type of production (22.50%) and quick transition can be risky (48.75%). The respondents agreed that it seems to be harmful to the health (86.00%) and there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (52.50%). The study also evaluated perception of meat scientists and SWOT analysis of cultured meat using meat scientists (n=51) as a respondents. The majority of the meat scientists were male (70.00%), ate meat at least twice a week (34.00%) and preferred red meat (80.00%). About (25.00%) of the scientists supported cultured meat whereas the majority (49.00%) preferred conventional meat. About (38.00%) agreed to try cultured meat at least once and at a higher price (6.00%) and were willing to replace conventional meat with it (6.00%). Liking for regular meat (58.00%), fear of new untested technological products (21.00%) and high cost (19.00%) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The meat scientists believed it does not seem to be healthier (44.00%) than regular meat as its benefits are often grossly overstated (61.00%) and quick transition can be risky (58.00%). The meat scientists agreed that there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (61.00%) and low carbon footprint (61.00%). The results of the SWOT analysis revealed that ‘highly skilled ambitious professionals’ was perceived as the main strength by a majority of the meat scientists (80.85%). The meat scientists (93.33%) perceived ‘difficult, challenging and time-consuming technological advancements and small-scale and high-cost of production’ as the main weaknesses. Meat scientists (87.23%) perceived ‘high demand for meat products’ and ‘growing middle class and population growth’ as the major opportunities. Majority of the scientists (91.30%) perceived a ‘lack of information about social acceptance’ as the major threat.
Open Access
“Effect of dietary inclusion of phytogenic feed additives on the performance of layer quail”
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Kour, Gagandeep; Khan, Nazam
In order to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different phytoadditives (PFA) over the performance of layer quails, 360 birds of same hatch (6 weeks old) were randomly distributed into eight groups (n=45), having three replicas of fifteen quail layers. These eight dietary groups were: Negative control (NC; basal diet with no additive), positive control (PC; herbal growth promoter- Reproforte plus™ @ 500gm per ton feed), whereas T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups were supplemented with 1% dietary additive viz. turmeric, garlic, fenugreek, cumin, aloe vera and oregano powder, respectively. These additives were fed for 22 weeks. Results of body weight change (g) and feed intake showed no difference, but egg number and FCR was improved in treatment groups during first three months of production. PFA supplementation significantly increased the egg weight, being higher in PC, T1, T2, T4 whereas, shape index was higher in PC and T1 groups. Haugh unit and albumin index was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1, but yolk index showed no change. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly reduced on PFA supplementation (lowest in T1, T2, T3), whereas antioxidant activity of quail eggs was significantly improved in all PFA fed groups with highest in T1. At trial completion, yolk color estimated by hunter’s colorimeter was also higher in T1. No effect was observed on nutrient metabolizability and carcass traits, but intestinal micrometry parameters viz. length of villi and villi to crypt ratio in duodenum; luminal epithelial height and gland diameter in jejunum and gland diameter in ileum was found higher in PFA fed groups. In blood biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol was reduced (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups, whereas, LDL was significantly reduced in T3. Sensory evaluation of meat revealed that color and appearance was better in T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups, whereas overall acceptability was higher in PC, T3, T4, T5 and T6. Egg sensory attributes were not affected during first three months, but at 4th & 5th month, yolk color was higher in T1 and aroma was better in T2 during the 5th month. The cost benefit ratio was highest in T1, T3 and T5 groups, with lowest values in T6. It may be concluded that all supplemented phytoadditives improved the production traits, but turmeric fed group performed the best among all additives.
Open Access
“Intra and extra ocular prosthesis implantation in dogs”
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-04-03) Pandey, Priyanka; Dr. Ashok Kumar
Overall incidence of eye affections in the present study was recorded as 2.07% out of which 5.96% dogs were affected with incurable, injured or diseased eye conditions. Highest incidence (35.10%) of various eye affections was recorded in Labrador dogs with cataract (21.52%) being the most common eye affection in middle age male dogs. A total of 14 dogs affected with incurable, injured or diseased eyes were selected for the present study. Non-descript (64.29%) male animals in the age group of 0-5 year (57.14%) were maximally affected with incurable, injured or diseased eyes. Traumatic/accidental injury (50.00%) emerged to be the major cause of eye injury. Physiological and haemato-biochemical examination of each animal were estimated before starting the treatment which were within the normal physiological range. These 14 dogs were randomly divided in to two groups each consisting of seven dogs. In group I, evisceration technique was performed by placement of intraocular silicone prosthesis and extraocular prosthetic eye with conformer shell. In group II, evisceration technique was performed by placement of intraocular silicone prosthesis and extraocular prosthetic eye without conformer shell. Ultrasonographic biometry of intra-ocular structures in all the fourteen dogs (Normal healthy eye) was performed for the measurement of ocular structures to determine the size of the intra and extra ocular implant. Tarsorrhaphy was performed additionally in both the groups. Evisceration surgery, intraocular silicon ball implantation, with or without placement of conformer shell and fixation of extraocular prosthetic eye was easily done in all the seven cases of group I and group II, four weeks after evisceration surgery, fornix healed completely and was dry in both the groups. Extraocular prosthetic eye was smoothly fitted under sedation in all the fourteen dogs. Few complications (14.28% dogs) were observed in both groups post operatively. However, only in one dog of group I showed continuous scratching and ocular discharge on 90th post-operative day. Disruption of sutures was observed on 4th post-operative day in one dog of group II. Post-operative medication used in both the groups reduced congestion, pain, inflammation, irritation, lacrimation, discharge and bacterial infection considerably in all the dogs. Hence, it is recommended to use a combination of both prosthesis for a perfect solution to retrieve a normal looking and moving eye after evisceration.
Open Access
Molecular studies on the prevalence of Tick borne Haemoprotozoan and Rickettsial infections in Canine and vector ticks
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-31) Sharma, Sabhyata; Yadav, Anish
The present study was conducted from August, 2020 to October, 2022 to determine the prevalence of haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infections in clinically suspected canines and vector ticks of Jammu region.The overall prevalence of tick borne haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infections in canine population of Jammu region was recorded as 24.3% (n= 92/378). The overall prevalence of Babesia canis vogeli was 10.58% (40/378) followed by Ehrlichia canis (7.67%, 29/378), mixed infections (3.70%, 14/378), Babesia gibsoni (2.11%, 8/378) and Hepatozoon canis (0.26%, 1/378). Out of total prevalence, Babesia canis vogeli was recorded with higher prevalence in dogs followed by Ehrlichia canis, Babesia gibsoni and Hepatozoon canis. Categorically, among the age groups of dogs, the prevalence of haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infection was significantly (p˂0.05) high in 6-12 months (52.77%) of age group as compared to 1year and above (14.22%) age group of canine. Monsoon recorded significantly (p˂0.05) highest infection rate (27.40%) as compared to winter (6.90%). As per breed, German shepherd were shown non-significantly (p>0.05) higher prevalence of 39.7%. Males showed non-significantly higher infection (25.5%) as compared to females (20%). Haematological alterations in infected group of canines revealed significant drop in mean values of haemoglobin count, platelet count, packed cell volume count and Total erythrocyte count as compared to healthy control group of canines.A blood sample was considered as positivefor Ehrlichia canis when amplified with the size of 380bp product. Similarly, product size of 602bp, 671bp and 666 bp were yielded by Babesia canis vogeli, Babesia gibsoni and Hepatozoon canis, when amplified by targeting 18S rRNA genefor all three of the parasites. A total of four PCR products comprising Babesia canis vogeli and Ehrlichia canis, representing different isolates of Jammu region were sent for sequencing. The sequence information received was analysed using Basiclocal alignment search tool (BLAST, NCBI) and DNA Star, Laser gene software. The submitted sequences of Babesia canis vogeli and Ehrlichia canis belonging to Jammu region are under process with NCBI. Identification using standard keys and tick mounting procedures revealed that all the ticks collected from 257 tick infested dogs were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The prevalence of tick infestation was recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher among 6-12 months (82.29%) of age group in monsoon season (86.98%). German shepherd breeds (86.79%) were at higher risk of gaining infection while males (77.34%) were recorded with significantly higher tick infestation as compared to females (48.36%). Standardisation and optimization of PCR on ticks revealed the presence of DNA of Babesia canis vogeliand Ehrlichia canis, in vector ticks, collected from suspected canines of Jammu region.At the last phase of the study period, duplex PCR was also standardized for simultaneous detection of Babesia canis vogeli and Ehrlichia canis was performed using the similar primers which we used in molecular studies for blood and vector tick samples, respectively at the annealing temperature of 52ºC.
Open Access
Pathology and Host Immune Response in Pigeons Affected with Newcastle Disease Virus
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-27) Andrabi, Syedah Asma; Nashiruddullah,Nawab
With the intent to study the prevalence and pathology of Newcastle disease in pigeons and backyard fowl flocks, localities around Ranbir Singh Pura and Jammu city were investigated for outbreaks of the disease from March 2021 to September 2022. The disease was suspected in sixteen pigeon (Columba livia domestica) flocks and five flocks of backyard fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), with 89.66% and 100% morbidity and approximately 81.8% and 91.5% mortality rates, respectively. Chiefly neurological signs in pigeons, and predominantly respiratory and/or enteric clinical signs in fowls were recorded. Gross lesions in pigeon were subdural haemorrhages, meningeal congestion or haemorrhages in the brain stem and lungs but rarely in the proventriculus. In fowls, gross lesions were mainly manifested by vascular derangement, causing haemorrhages on proventriculus and enteric mucosa and corresponding necrotizing enteritis. Haemorrhages were evident in most of the organs of the respiratory tract, while mild congestion of meninges was noticeable in few birds. Microscopic lesions in both pigeons and fowl validated the gross lesions typical of Newcastle Disease, pertaining to the neurotropic form in pigeons and viscerotropic form in fowls. Preliminary diagnosis was also based on Haemagglutination assay showing 78.7% positivity with clinical samples. Confirmation of the disease in all clinical samples and infected allantoic fluids was done using Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting a partial Fusion protein gene. Six isolates, three from each pigeon and fowl ND outbreaks from different geospatial locations of the region were sequenced and allotted accession numbers from GenBank. Sequence comparison of isolates showed five of the six isolates with close homology (99.6-100%) to each other. Deducted amino acid sequence at the Fusion protein cleavage site showed a 112R-R-Q-K-R*F117 velogenic motif for all pigeon and fowl isolates. Biological characterization also showed velogenic pathotypic traits with indicators like Mean Death Time (MDT <60 hrs), and pronounced cytopathic effect (CPE) in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three pigeon isolates and two fowl isolates clustered within genotype II, and one of the fowl isolate clustered with sub genotype VII.1.1. Experimental trial was conducted in 45 healthy pigeons divided into three groups consisting of pigeons inoculated with genotype II NDV pigeon isolate (Group-I) and genotype VII NDV fowl isolate (Group-II), respectively via intranasal and intraocular route. Control group was mock infected with PBS. Signs, gross and histopathological lesions were recorded on 1st, 3rd and 7th day post infection along with mRNA expression of selected innate immune proteins (Pattern Recognition Receptors( PRR’s): TLR-7, TLR-3 and RIG-1), anti-viral inflammatory cytokines/ chemokines (CCL-5, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-1β) and apoptotic factors (BCL-2). Progressive signs and lesions were apparent in both the groups after 3 dpi. Lesions were predominantly associated with nervous system in Group-I birds and respiratory and enteric system in-Group-II birds. In general, increased mRNA expression of PRRs was evident in both groups; and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) and chemokines (CCL-5) in the spleen, lung and brain was fairly up-regulated as compared to the mock-infected control birds in both the groups, signifying a robust innate and anti-viral inflammatory response. Delayed expression of BCL-2, an anti-apoptotic factor was evident in lungs while early expression in spleen in both the groups. Strain homology, unique mutations and establishment of experimental infection in heterologous host could suggest the possible cross-transmission potential between avian species and emerging threats of circulating ND viruses in the region.
Open Access
“Comparative anatomical study on the stomach of adult Bakerwali goat and non-descript goats and sheep of Jammu region”
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-04-11) Sasan, Jasvinder Singh; Suri, Shalini
The present study was conducted on the stomach of adult Bakerwali goat, non-descript goats and non-descript sheep of Jammu region. The rumen was bag-like with mucosa studded with tongue-shaped to leaf-like ruminal papillae which were uniformly distributed in adult Bakerwali goat and non-descript goats whereas unevenly distributed in non-descript sheep. Ruminal pillars in adult Bakerwali goat and non-descript goats were studded with papillae but in non-descript sheep, pillars were devoid of papillae. Interior of reticulum had honeycomb-like appearance. Secondary and tertiary crests were prominent in non-descript sheep. Omasum was oval shaped organ containing numerous page-like structures known as omasal laminae. The 4th order laminae were more prominent in adult non-descript sheep. Abomasum presented longitudinal folds in fundus and thick ridges in pylorus. The total empty weight of rumen and abomasum was highest in adult Bakerwali goat whereas the total empty weight of reticulum was highest in non-descript goat. The total empty weight of omasum was highest in non-descript sheep. The caudal transverse pillar was thicker than cranial transverse and longitudinal pillars. The height and width of ruminal papillae was highest at cranial sac. Papillae density was highest at ventral sac. SEF was highest at cranial sac. In all the three species, the length and width of cellulae reticuli were greater towards greater curvature. Length, width and height of omasum were highest in adult Bakerwali goat. Number of omasal laminae was significantly higher in adult non-descript sheep. Number of abomasal folds was greater in adult Bakerwali goat, although the difference was non-significant. Histologically, forestomach was lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina muscularis mucosae was absent in rumen, confined to the primary reticular crest of reticulum and was distinct in omasum. Tunica muscularis had inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. In all the three species, length of ruminal papillae was highest at cranial sac. Length of primary reticular crest was highest in adult Bakerwali goat. Tunica mucosa of abomasum had cardiac, fundic and pyloric glands. Lamina epithelialis mucosae included gastric pits and was lined by simple columnar epithelium. Cardiac glands were simple straight branched tubular and presented mucous cells with few parietal cells. Fundic glands varied from simple straight tubular to branched tubular glands in Bakerwali goat and non-descript sheep. In non-descript goats, fundic glands were organized in distinct lobules. Mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells with few argentaffin cells were present. Pyloric glands were simple, straight branched tubular glands which were composed of typical mucous acini with flat nuclei towards the base. Lamina muscularis mucosae was better developed in pyloric region. The histochemical distribution of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, basic proteins, glycogen and sudanophilic lipids was seen in different compartments of stomach. The study revealed that the distribution of these histochemical moieties did not vary among the three species. However, the reaction was variable in different compartments of stomach.
Open Access
Development of nanofilms using Catharanthus roseus and Mucuna pruriens for improved lipid oxidative and microbial stability of animal food matrices
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-04-13) Noor, Sabahu; Sunil Kumar
The silver nanoparticle based bioactive edible films were developed to improve storage stability of animal food matrices. The composite films were developed using carrageenan and hemp seed protein and their bioactive properties were improved using Catharanthus roseus (CaNPs) and Mucuna pruriens (MuNPs) based silver nanoparticles. The preservative potential of the developed films was evaluated using composite meat chocolate, cooked chevon, and cheddar cheese as food models. Three types of product samples were developed viz. T0 (samples within control film), T1 (samples packaged within film containing 2% Catharanthus roseus or 1.5% Mucuna pruriens extract), T2 (samples packaged within T2 film containing 2% CaNPs or 1.5% MuNPs). The films were evaluated for various physico-mechanical parameters and the product samples packaged within the films were evaluated for storage quality, chocolate samples for 180 days, chevon for 14 days, and cheese for 90 days. The addition of the extract or nanoparticles significantly (P<0.05) increased the mean values for thickness (mm), density (g/ml), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) whereas decreased the solubility (%), WVTR (mg/mt2), moisture (%), transmittance (%), and lightness (L*) of the films. It also increased (P<0.05) the total phenolic, total flavonoid and radical scavenging and ion reducing potential (DDPH, ABTS and FRAP) of the films. Application of the films significantly (P<0.05) improved lipid stability (free fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and microbial quality (total plate, psychrophilic, yeast/moulds) of the products during storage. A significant (P<0.05) positive impact of the films was also observed on sensory quality of the products. Based on our results, films T2 containing 1.5% MuNPs or 2% CaNPs significantly (P<0.05) improved the storage quality of the products compared to the extract based and control films. The developed films can be successfully used commercially for improving storage stability of animal foods which are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage.
Open Access
Identification of Sustainable Forage Cropping Systems for Round the Year Green Fodder Supply in Irrigated Sub Tropics of Jammu
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-01-02) Mehta, Swati; Sharma, Neetu
An experiment entitled, “Identification of Sustainable Forage Cropping Systems for Round the Year Green Fodder Supply in Irrigated Sub Tropics of Jammu” was conducted at the Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST - Jammu. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon & available nitrogen and medium in available potassium and phosphorous. The experiment consisted of 24 treatments which were laid out in RBD and replicated thrice. The nutrients were applied according to the recommended package of practice. The experimental results revealed that among the different forage cropping system, significantly higher green forage yield of kharif fodder crops was recorded with multicut Sorghum + Maize with root slips of Napier planted in July. However, significantly higher green forage yield of rabi fodder was recorded with Berseem + Oat with root slips of Napier planted in July. Significantly higher nutrient uptake in terms of nitrogen uptake, phosphorus uptake and potassium uptake by kharif and rabi annual fodder with perennial grasses was recorded in multicut Bajra + Maize- Berseem + Barley with root slips of Napier planted in July. However, significantly higher ADF, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose content at each cut was observed in multicut Sorghum + Maize with root slips of Napier planted in July during kharif season and Berseem + Oat with root slips of Napier planted in July in rabi season. Henceforth, based on two years study, it was concluded that multicut Bajra + Cowpea - Berseem + Oats with root slips of Napier planted in July was found to be the best feasible sustainable forage cropping system for round the year availability of quality fodder with the maximum biomass and economic returns it realized higher B:C ratio with the minimum land requirement to feed 10 Adult Cattle Units.

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