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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence Studies in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 2023-11-23) Ali, Anayat; Kumar, SanjeevThe present investigation entitled “Genetic Divergence Studies in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) was conducted during the year 2022-2023 in the Experimental Field of Division of Vegetable Science. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 20 genotypes. Data on 22horticultural traits was recorded as per standard procedure. Data on mean performance of genotypes revealed that Khanyari (SKUAST-K)was the highest yielder followed by Saag Kashmiri Munawari andKhanyari also performed better for other importantdesirable traits viz. plant height,number of leaves per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pickings per plant, duration of picking. The analysis of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient variance revealed highermagnitude of PCV than the corresponding GCV for all characters which indicated effect ofenvironment on the trait expression. Highest PCV and GCV were obtained for number of siliqua per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance wasobserved for number of siliqua per plant showing the influence of additive gene action on thecharacters hence, may be useful for selection. Seed yield per plant with number of pickings per plant showed positive and significant correlation, leaf yield per plant and leaf yield per hectare showed negative and significant correlation with days to first leaf picking. Leaf length, plant height, no. of siliqua per plant and germination percentage showed maximum directeffect on seed yield per plant. Genetic diversity was evaluated using D2analysis. Seven differentconstellations were formed comprising of 17 genotype of Kale as three genotypes did not enter the reproductive phase. Maximum number ofplant progenies were present in Cluster I followed by Cluster II. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between Cluster II and Cluster IV, whereas maximum intra cluster distance was observed in Cluster II. Cluster III had maximum mean value for charactersviz, plant height, number of leaves per plant, no. of nodes per plant no. of pickings per plant, duration of pickings,leaf yield per plant, leaf yield per hectare and germination percentage. This indicated that plantprogenies from these clusters can be selected for specific economic characters for furtherutilization in hybridization programme.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and Management of Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii in Maize(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 2023-11-23) Dar, Nisar Ahmad; Singh, A.K.The present research study entitled , “Epidemiology and Management of Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii in Maize” was carried out to study the various aspect of the disease i.e., status of BLSB and the relationship of weather parameters with disease development and manage the disease through host resistance and chemical means and biocontrol agents. During the Kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022, data revealed that the overall disease incidence and disease severity in the Jammu Division ranged from 24.54-38.82 per cent and 9.71-26.70 per cent with an overall mean disease incidence and disease severity of 31.46 and 19.53 per cent respectively.The BLSB of maize had a significantly negative correlation with maximum temperature, minimum temperature and non significantly positive correlation with rainfall and showed positive significantly correlation between morning and evening relative humidity.Among Ninety one maize cultivars/genotypes were screenedunder artificially epiphytotic conditionsonly three cultivars/genotypes were found resistant.Among nine fungicides, antibiotic and three biocontriol agents, trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole, fluxopyroxad+ difenocanozole and Trichoderma harzianumproved highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the test fungus (Rhizoctonia solani). Under artificial (field) conditions, the maximum per cent disease incidence was controlled by the treatments T9 (Trichoderma harzianum (ST) + Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin (FS)) (22.08 %) with per cent disease control of (56.64 %) and T11 (Trichoderma harzianum (ST) + Fluxapyroxad + Difenoconazole (FS) ) (23.95 %) (54.19) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Characterization And Protein Expression Analysis Of Common Bean Under Mineral Stress(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-01-04) Farooq, Asmat; Sharma, VikasCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important legume for human consumption and majorly limited by reduced phosphorus levels in soil. Improving P use efficiency in legumes is a worldwide challenge and the present study was carried out on P stressed common bean to compare differences in the morphological, physiological, biochemical and structural parameters under in vitro conditions. The study was a multi-omic approach (such as proteomics, transcriptomics, phenomics, ionomics as well as metabolomics) to analyze the impact of mineral stress. The results indicated that mineral stress induces large disturbances inside the plant which causes profound metabolic changes (e.g., in photosynthesis, energy generation, cell wall composition, generation of secondary metabolites, free amino acids, antioxidants, osmolyte production) and leads to inhibition of plant growth and development. It was observed that there was significant variation in the morphological, physiological, biochemical as well as structural parameters of common bean shoot under P stress as compared to the plant growing in presence of P or control (P+). FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, SEM-EDX and fluorescence spectroscopy, assisted in validating the modifications in structural and metabolic composition of plant under P deficiency stress. The proteomic analysis was carried out using SDS-PAGE (gel based) as well as LC-MS (gel free) to identify the proteins that are responsible for providing adaptation to the plant under essential mineral deficiency stress. Candidate proteins identified may contribute shoot adaptation to P deficiency and may be useful for improvement of common bean. The two differentially identified shoot proteins - homocysteine methyltransferase and DDB1-CUL4 associated factor 1 like, are located in the cytoplasm and nucleus respectively. Both genes expressed 2.56 and 3.13 fold expression under P deficiency common bean shoot which validated their expression at the transcription level using qRT-PCR. To conclude, common bean is thus, an excellent model to understand the biology of mineral stress tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Market Integration And Export Performance Of Apple Of The Union Territory Of Jammu And Kashmir(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-21) Sharma, Eva; Kachroo, JyotiApple (Malus pumila), an economically significant crop cultivated in the temperate regions of India, contributes majorly to the revenue of the UT of Jammu and Kashmir. It, therefore, becomes imperative to study its conduct internationally. For this reason, the present study entitled as “Market integration and export performance of apple of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir” was undertaken to bring forth an analysis of trends in area, production, productivity and export of apple; examine the extent of integration among the domestic markets and the markets of top importers of apple from India and determine the direction and instability in apple exports. The data collected through secondary sources like Directorate of Horticulture, Kashmir; Directorate of Horticulture (Planning and Marketing), Narwal, Jammu; UN Comtrade; APEDA Agri-exchange etc, was scrutinized using statistical and econometric measures like Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), cross-correlation formula and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)-Revealed Trade Advantage (RTA) indices. The results had shown a CAGR (%) value of 3.06, 3.61, 0.54 and 3.18 for area, production, productivity and exports of apple of the UT, indicating growth during the time frame under study. It was also found that the J&K apple market was moreclosely correlated in terms of prices with Iran and UAE, whereas the overall average apple prices in India influenced the markets of all major apple importers (Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Bangladesh and Nepal) and hence, showed healthy relationship with all of them. However, the RCA-RTA indices revealed that the rate of increase of apple exports has been comparatively lower than that of imports resulting in trade disadvantage for the country and loss of competitiveness in global apple trade. The instability index for the UT of J&K which considered factors like area, production, productivity and export of apple, the outcomes showed relatively low instability, falling within the range of 0-15. In simpler terms, the study found out that while India’s apple exports have been growing, they haven’t kept up with imports, leading to trade challenges, but the apple industry in J&K remains relatively stable.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of yield traits in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea(L.) Czern.&Coss.](Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-01) Kumari, Lalita; Rai, S.K.The study titled "Genetic analysis of yield traits in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.]" was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the experimental farm of the division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, as well as the molecular laboratory of the divisionof Plant Breeding and Genetics at SKUAST, Jammu. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the 40 advanced breeding lines/ genotypes across two seasons for all studied traits. Highest GCV and PCV, high heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded for seed yield per plant and number of secondary branches per plant in both the seasons. Highest divergence occurred between cluster IV (DRMR-4005, Kranti & RH-1209) and cluster V (PM-195)followed by cluster II (PM-125) and IV (DRMR-4005, Kranti & RH-1209). Seed yield per plant contributed maximum to the diversity followed by main shoot length and siliqua length. The genotypes under study were also characterized for genetic diversity with the help of 10 SSR markers. Among them, 4 were polymorphic, with the PIC value ranging from 0.44 - 0.75. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient also diversified the genotypes into 5 clusters with cluster II carrying only two genotypes i.e., RSPR-01 and RH-406. The examination of both morphological and molecular aspects has unveiled a noteworthy extent of genetic diversity within advanced breeding lines/ genotypes which can be used as parents in further breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Assessing Quality of Beewax and Pesticides Residue in Jammu Region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-29) Yadav, Virandra; Sharma, DevinderThe present investigation entitled “Assessing quality of beewax and pesticides residue in Jammu Region” was conducted at the Experiential Learning Unit of Beekeeping, Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha (SKUAST-J). 30 samples of pure beewax and CFS (comb foundation sheet) were collected during the surveyed of apiaries from different region of Jammu. The physico- chemical analysis of pure beewax and CFS was performed for various parameters (melting point, specific gravity, total volatile matter, saponification value, acid value, ester value and ester acid ratio) as per standards protocol of cf sheets. The melting point of pure beewax ranged from 61.1 to 65.3 ºC, with the highest melting point of 65.3 ºC was reported from Reasi. The melting point ranged from 62 to 64.8 ºC in CFS (comb foundation sheet) samples obtained from different locations. The specific gravity of pure beewax ranged from 0.951 to 0.979, with the highest value of 0.979 reported from Reasi. The specific gravity ranged from 0.951 to 0.978, with the highest value (0.978) recorded in samples from R.S. Pura. The total volatile matter content of pure beewax ranged from 0.312 to 0.358, with the highest value of 0.358 reported from R.S pura and the lowest value (0.312) from Reasi. The total volatile matter of cf sheets ranged from 0.306 to 0.348. The saponification values of pure beewax and CFS ranged from 85.84 to 93.93 and 87 to 91.89 mg/KOH, respectively. The acid value of pure beewax ranged from 18.09 to 23.86 mg/KOH, with the highest value (23.86 mg/KOH) reported from Vijaypur (Samba). Whereas, acid values of CFS ranged from 18.4 to 23.9 mg/KOH. The ester value of pure beewax ranged from 61.99 to 71.9, whereas that of CFS ranged from 64.08 to 71.15. The ester acid ratio of pure beewax ranged from 3 to 3.96, whereas that of CFS ranged from 2.71 3.85. Furthermore, 20 samples of beewax collected from different locations were analyzed for pesticide residue by using GC-MS. All the beewax samples were free from pesticide residues i.e., BDL (below detection limit). All beeswax samples analyzed were in accordance with the regulation limits of the FSSAI and national standards and were free of any contamination and pesticides.ThesisItem Open Access Consumer Behaviour Towards Fish Consumption In Jammu(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-12-04) Azfar, Aiman; Singh, Sanjay PrakashThe present study entitled “CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FISH CONSUMPTION IN JAMMU” was carried out with the purpose to understand consumer’s behavior and constraints faced by fish consumers in the study area. Fish is very important source of protein and other elements for the maintenance of healthy body as it is one of the most important sources of animal protein, vitamins, and minerals, in order to assess the fish consumption pattern among the people of Jammu, we chose the convenience sampling technique to conduct the survey among the respondents. The sample size consists of 100 respondents consists of (50) Consumers, (50) producers. Using a well-designed validated questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed statistically using appropriate statistical tools. The storage and transportation facilities of Raw fish in Jammu District has been done on their own and the government do not provide any of those facilities The study aimed to identify the factors influencing consumer preferences, attitudes, and purchasing patterns related to fish products. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the subject. The qualitative phase consisted of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with a diverse sample of consumers in Jammu. These discussions unveiled various factors shaping consumer choices, including cultural and traditional preferences, health considerations, availability, pricing, and convenience. Additionally, the qualitative analysis delved into the role of social influences, such as family, peers, and cultural norms, in shaping fish consumption habits. Lack of government initiatives is one of the major constraints in fish Marketing analyzed by the method of Garrett ranking technique. In Jammu district, there is a lack of information flow between the Government producers and local traders of fish which is also a main constraint.ThesisItem Open Access Market Dynamics of Walnut in Jammu and Kashmir(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-08-25) Bhat, Faheem Jabbar; Bhat, AnilThe Present study entitled 'Market Dynamics of walnut in Jammu and Kashmir” was undertaken in view to study the trends in area production and productivity of walnut and study arrival and price of walnut in markets of Jammu and Kashmir and their marketing pattern. The study began with the formulation of an Interview Schedule Performa which was tested and different errors were rectified and the collection of the data from the districts of study area namely Doda, Poonch, Kupwara and Anantnag. The parameters like area, production and productivity were recorded during the study. The arrival and price of the study area was observed and indexes were also formulated for the same data. The collection of data was collected from two producer ways and results are obtained from it. Doda, Poonch and Kupwara and Anantnag showed varying trends in production, area under cultivation, and productivity. In district Doda of the study area the production values display significant fluctuations, ranging from 4,672 tonnes in 2011 to 18,395 tonnes in 2022 with CAGR 4.65%. The district was recorded to have highest productivity CAGR of 4.65% in comparison other district of the study area. The Arrival rates of walnuts varied across months with peak arrivals in October and November and similar prices also fluctuated across months as well. The marketing pattern involves two channels i.e., Channel I and Channel II which including direct sales to local retailers and sales through Farmer's Cooperative (F/C) agent retailers respectively. The Producers' share in consumer rupee varied based on the chosen marketing channel and it was found to be in the range of 52.70 to 67.41 and 60 to 62 for channel I and II respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth and Yield of African Marigold (Tageteserecta L.) variety Pusa Narangi Gainda(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-17) Akhter, Iram; Dogra, SheetalThe present investigation entitled “Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth and Yield of African Marigold (Tageteserecta L.) variety PusaNarangiGainda” was carried out at Experimental Farm, ACHR Udeywala, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammuduring2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and comprised twelve treatments viz., 100 %RDF + FYM (Control), 100 % RDF + Vermicompost, 100 % RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 100 %RDF + FYM + Vermicompost, 100 %RDF +FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, 100 % RDF + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB, 75 % RDF + FYM (Control), 75 % RDF + Vermicompost, 75 % RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 75 % RDF + FYM + Vermicompost, 75 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + PSB and 75 % RDF + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB.The maximum plant height (57.05 cm), plant spread (42.07 cm E-W and 41.07 cm N-S direction), number of primary branches per plant (10.07), earliest days taken to flower bud initiation (52.60 days), days taken to first flower appearance (20.61 days), maximum flowering duration (69.80 days), flower diameter (7.49 cm), number of flowers per plant (37.10), average flower weight (10.00 g), shelf life (8.73 days), flower yield per plant (0.371 Kg), flower yield per plot (9.27 kg), flower yield per hectare (185.44 q), higher chlorophyll (47.94 mg/g)and carotenoid content (0.94 mg/g) , and highest B:C ratio was observed with the application of 100 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + PSB.