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ThesisItem Open Access Socio-Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Jammu Division(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Ridham; Khandi, S.A.The livestock sector plays an important role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries like India. However, the effects of several infectious diseases and natural calamities are mostly felt by people with rural backgrounds as they entirely depends on agriculture and animal rearing practices for their source of income. The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the socio-economic impact of lumpy skin disease on the dairy farmers of UT of Jammu and Kashmir. An ex-post facto/exploratory research design was used for the study with the selection of 2 districts, Jammu and Udhampur through purposive sampling whereas selection of 8 blocks, 16 villages and 160 respondents was done through simple random sampling technique. The data was collected with the help of structured interview schedule through personal interview technique. Majority of the farmers were middle aged, having poor education with diversified occupation, having medium herd size of 3-4 animals. They had poor social participation, extension contact and mass media exposure. Majority of the respondents (81.25%) observed that the cross-bred cattle were significantly more affected than the desi cattle (p<0.01) for LSD. The sale and price of milk was significantly affected during the outbreak as reported by 88 per cent respondents (p<0.01). Sale and transportation of livestock across districts or states were badly affected due to the ban imposed by the state/UT government as reported by 63 per cent respondents. Significantly higher percentage of respondents (62.50%) observed delayed heat period in their cattle after vaccination (p<0.01). One of the major finding of the study was mortality in the cattle herd as observed by 61.25 per cent respondents (p<0.05). Majority of the respondents (95%) had already vaccinated their livestock against LSD (p<0.01) and found the vaccine effective in combating the disease (93.75%).The outbreak trends of the disease revealed that district Ramban surpassed other districts in percentage of positive cases of desi/non-descript cows (64.50%) while Rajouri (100%) was the district with maximum percentage of positive cases of cross-bred cows. Our results indicate a significant socio-economic impact of LSD on the farmers of Jammu division.ThesisItem Open Access Awareness and Consumer Acceptance of Cultured Meat(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-12-12) Choudhary, Farzana; Khandi, S. A.The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness and acceptance of cultured meat in UT of Jammu and Kashmir (n = 400) and to study the perception of meat scientists of India (n=51) about cultured meat. The post-graduate students (n = 295) and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons (n = 105) were selected as respondents by random sampling method. The data was collected with the help of an interview schedule developed for the respondents of Jammu and Kashmir and through questionnaire for meat scientists. Questionnaire was developed as a google form to evaluate meat scientists’ perception of cultured meat in India. The link to the questionnaire was sent to the meat scientists through email and the responses were received in Google drive. Majority of the respondents of Jammu and Kashmir were male (54.25%), ate meat at least twice a week (40.50%) and preferred red meat (65.75%). About (17.00%) of the respondents supported cultured meat and also choose it as the preferred meat whereas the majority (81.25%) preferred conventional meat. About (27.50%) of the respondents agreed to try cultured meat at least once and at a higher price (11.25%). Liking for regular meat (36.25%), fear of new untested technological products (27.50%) and high cost (13.00%) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The respondents believed that, cultured meat does not seem to be healthier (91.00%) and society should not rely on this type of production (22.50%) and quick transition can be risky (48.75%). The respondents agreed that it seems to be harmful to the health (86.00%) and there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (52.50%). The study also evaluated perception of meat scientists and SWOT analysis of cultured meat using meat scientists (n=51) as a respondents. The majority of the meat scientists were male (70.00%), ate meat at least twice a week (34.00%) and preferred red meat (80.00%). About (25.00%) of the scientists supported cultured meat whereas the majority (49.00%) preferred conventional meat. About (38.00%) agreed to try cultured meat at least once and at a higher price (6.00%) and were willing to replace conventional meat with it (6.00%). Liking for regular meat (58.00%), fear of new untested technological products (21.00%) and high cost (19.00%) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The meat scientists believed it does not seem to be healthier (44.00%) than regular meat as its benefits are often grossly overstated (61.00%) and quick transition can be risky (58.00%). The meat scientists agreed that there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (61.00%) and low carbon footprint (61.00%). The results of the SWOT analysis revealed that ‘highly skilled ambitious professionals’ was perceived as the main strength by a majority of the meat scientists (80.85%). The meat scientists (93.33%) perceived ‘difficult, challenging and time-consuming technological advancements and small-scale and high-cost of production’ as the main weaknesses. Meat scientists (87.23%) perceived ‘high demand for meat products’ and ‘growing middle class and population growth’ as the major opportunities. Majority of the scientists (91.30%) perceived a ‘lack of information about social acceptance’ as the major threat.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of training to farm women on value addition of milk(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2020-12-23) Kumari, Aditya; Kumar, Dr. PranavIndia is one of those countries where the farm gate level cost of milk production is the lowest. The overall value-added products contribute to 35% of the India’s total dairy market and together commodity products contribute to nearly 65% of market share. Value-addition work is a vehicle for women’s empowerment. Keeping in view the importance of value addition of milk in enhancing the socio-economic as well as decision making components of empowerment of farm women and also the entrepreneurial abilities, a number of training programmes had been organised by Livestock Products Technology division of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Jammu in different blocks of Jammu district under DST (GoI) funded project.As no assessment study regarding value addition of milk was earlier conducted from any area or region, therefore ‘Assessment of training to farm women on value addition of milk’ in Jammu district of UT of J&K was undertaken. The data were collected from 2 blocks of Jammu district taking 100 female respondents(50 beneficiaries and 50 non beneficiaries). Among the socio-personal and economic profile of farm women, it was found that majority of trainee respondents were young, either middle pass or matriculate, having marginal land holding and nuclear family, medium herd size, low experience in dairy farming and value addition of milk but they (82%) had high income from dairying (by selling milk and milk products) after getting training as compared to non -trainees. It was also found that trainee farm women had significantly higher mass media exposure and extension contact as compared to non-trainee farm women. It was also revealed that on an average trainees had 76.36 liters of milk per day at their disposal for value addition of milk, whereas, non-trainees had only 31.80 liters of milk per day. Majority (86%) of the trainee respondents were sure and confident that selling milk after value addition was more profitable venture than selling liquid milk as well as good source of employment generation. Income from dairying constituted 88 per cent of total annual income of trainee respondents, whereas, in case of non-trainees it was64 per cent. This shows farm women after getting training on value addition of milk received 24 per cent more income from dairying (mainly from value addition of milk).Trainee farm women had high to medium level of knowledge regarding value addition of milk, whereas, non-trainee had medium to low level.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of Improved Small Ruminant Practices by the Pastoralists of Jammu and Kashmir State(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2019-02-14) Khandi, Shafkat Ahmad; Bhushan, Dr. BharatThere are nearly 200 million pastoralists in the world generating income, where conventional farming is limited or not possible. Pastoralists are the people who derive more than 50 percent of their income from livestock and over 90 percent of animal consumption from natural pasture or browse. Pastoralists mainly depend on three resources livestock, pasture and water and for this purpose they migrate and this is the only way for they can survive and sustain the ecological balance of nature. The pastoralists in Jammu and Kashmir still follow their traditional occupation of rearing animals and their condition has still remained unchanged. In this context a study was conducted in the Jammu and Kashmir state entitled “Adoption of Improved Small Ruminant Practices by the Pastoralists of Jammu and Kashmir State” with a view to document the knowledge and adoption of improved small ruminant practices. The data was collected from 400 pastoralists belonging to Kathua, Jammu, Anantnag and Leh district of Jammu and Kashmir with the help of structured interview schedule containing selected dependent and independent variables, through personal interview technique. Majority of the pastoralists were middle aged, having poor education, engaged in caste occupation and were having marginal landholding and possessed medium herd size of 58 small animals. Further, most of the respondents had medium family size, with average of 6 family members. The social participation and mass media exposure of majority of the respondents were medium. They had poor extension contact. The income of the majority of respondents from livestock rearing was ` 59290 per year and were having 31 years of average experience in livestock rearing. Pastoralists fared well in terms of economic motivation. However, majority had semi-nomadic pastoral system. The marketing system was rather limited. None of the pastoralists had obtained any formal training in improved small ruminant rearing practices. Majority of respondents (57.75%) were having medium level of knowledge (49.86%), whereas, 24 percent had low knowledge (49.27%) and only 18.25 percent respondents had high knowledge level (56.46%). Positive significant association of knowledge with education, occupation, landholding, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, income from livestock rearing, economic motivation, and marketing system was observed. However, negative significant association of knowledge with pastoral system was observed. Majority of respondents (47.75%) were having medium adoption (46.60%) followed by low adoption (39.01%) of small ruminant practices by 32.25 percent of respondents. The respondents of the high adoption level (55.30%) constituted 20 percent of the total. Positive significant association between adoption and education, occupation, land holding, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, income from livestock rearing, and economic motivation was observed, while, negative significant association of adoption with pastoral and marketing system was observed. Constraints like increasing input costs makes it difficult to achieve profitability was the most serious constraint perceived by the pastoralists followed by lack of good quality breedable animals and non-availability of veterinary surgeons. However, inadequate knowledge to detect signs of heat in animals was the least serious constraint perceived by the pastoralists.ThesisItem Open Access Designing of an Interactive Web Module for Dissemination of Need Based Information on Broiler Farming(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2019-02-27) singh, Rahulpreet; Kumar, Dr. PranavICTs are changing all the spheres of human lives. Hence, livestock/poultry extension also no exception to this. It is also expected that the ICT led extension systems are going to act as a key agent for changing livelihood situation and poultry farmers’ lives by improving access to information and sharing knowledge. Internet and telecommunication technology have made the world a global in a real sense. Communication network satellites provide the quickest and the cheapest data transfer to all parts of the world. As the traditional livestock extension mechanism for transfer of technology have numerous limitations, so the IT enabled extension tools and techniques have become an unavoidable necessity for organizations especially those involved in technology transfer. In this context the study entitled “Designing of an Interactive Web Module for Dissemination of Need Based Information on Broiler Farming’’ (BROILEARN) was undertaken for designing a need based web module on scientific broiler farming after analyzing the existing knowledge level of broiler poultry farmers as well as assessment and prioritization of information needs as perceived by broiler poultry farmers pertaining to scientific broiler poultry farming in Jammu district of J&K state. The study was also conducted to identify and document the constraints in adoption of scientific broiler poultry farming by following constrains in adoption of scientific broiler practices by following the traditional methods of extension communication. The total sample size comprised of 100 broiler poultry farmers. On analysis of existing knowledge level of broiler poultry farmers, it was revealed that majority (70%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge pertaining to scientific broiler farming. The assessed and prioritized information needs of broiler poultry farmers in the following order of importance or preference: housing, nutrition, general management, healthcare and bio-security, chick quality and brooding. After priotization of information of information needs, an interactive IT enabled need based broiler poultry web module BROILEARN was developed by using latest Microsoft. Net (2010). The developed web module consists of comprehensive information on scientific broiler farming covering important aspects like housing, breeds of chicken, nutrition, brooding, poultry diseases, poultry farm equipment and recent trends in poultry farming like poultry insurance, finance, contract farming, value addition, record keeping etc. The web pages on the broiler farming were developed in English (universal language). All the information was given in the form of interactive manner along with appropriate pictures, diagrams, and web links. The major constraints in adoption of scientific broiler farming by following the traditional methods of extension communication as perceived by broiler poultry farmers were ‘less government support’, ‘high cost of treatment and veterinary charge’, ‘frequent outbreaks’ fluctuating market price of live broiler birds’ ‘Poor public relation of extension workers’ ‘communication gap between farmers and ICT developers’. The developed web module BROILEARN can be used by uploading it on University website and divisional information kiosk. The study concluded with the impression that the developed web module will be effective among the farmers and to a major extent will solve the problems of need based information on scientific broiler farming.ThesisItem Open Access Study of organized and unorganized sector of poultry production in Rajouri District of Jammu and Kashmir state(SKUAST-Jammu, 2017) Choudhary, Mohd Saleem; Kumar, Dr. PranavThe study entitled “Study of organized and unorganized sector of poultry production in Rajouri District of Jammu and Kashmir” was conducted to determine the managemental practices, profitability, employment generation and income utilization under various systems of poultry production and the constraints encountered by poultry farmers in raising poultry. Out of 19 blocks of Rajouri district, five blocks were selected purposively having presence of good number of poultry farmers. A compressive list of both organised and unorganised (backyard) farms were prepared. From the prepared list, 12 poultry farms each from organised and unorganised system of poultry production were selected randomly, making a total of 120 respondents for the study. The data were collected from the selected respondent with the help of structured interview schedule through personal interview technique. Majority of the respondents were middle aged group (51.7%) belonging to schedule tribe (39.2%), having medium size and nuclear type families and were either higher secondary pass (25%) or graduate and above (30%). Majority (63.3%) of the respondents had ‘animal husbandry (including poultry) and agriculture’ as the main occupation. Major portion of the gross income of the poultry farmers were coming from agriculture (23.3%) in case of organized and from services (49%) in unorganised farms, whereas income from poultry rearing were 12.41 per cent and 1.32 per cent from organised and unorganised system respectively. Income generated from the poultry enterprises was mostly used for improvement of poultry farms and general household expenditure in organized and unorganized sector respectively. In both system of poultry production majority of respondents were getting ‘very often’ information from veterinarian (55%) as formal source and from other poultry farmers in the village (25%) as informal source. In organized system semi- intensive and intensive system of poultry rearing were practised whereas, in unorganized system (backyard farming) extensive systems of rearing were followed. Majority of respondents (91.7%) were providing tap water as a source of drinking water to their birds and only 8.3 per cent respondents used water from natural sources such as spring waters (Chashme Wahae) while in backyard system of poultry rearing, respondent used open drains as a source of drinking water. In organized system of poultry rearing, majority (66.7%) of respondents got treatment of their sick birds by veterinary doctors. Major mortality in organised farms were due to outbreak of diseases such as Coccidiosis and IBD affecting the production. In unorganized system, majority (40%) of respondents treated the sick birds by themselves followed by paravets(). Mortality of birds in their farms were due to the attack of predators, other diseases such as Fowl pox, Coccidiosis, IBD and Ranikhet were reported which affects production. Majority of respondents of organized system purchased their chick from Govt. hatchery (60%) and local input dealer/ private hatcheries (40%) respectively while unorganized poultry farmers used natural hatching at home. Majority respondents of organized system sold their birds (broiler) at 6 weeks of age while in unorganised majority of respondents sold their birds after 80 weeks. Majority of respondents disposed their birds when the body weight reached 1.25 kg in organized system and more than the 3 kg in unorganized system. In unorganized system birds were sold on special occasion. In organized system most of the respondents sold their birds through middleman according to the market price. The employment was also higher in organized system of poultry production. The independent variables education (0.0313*), poultry farming experience (0.2034**), training received (0.3241**), flock size (0.4321**), contact with extension agency (0.1278**) and exposure to mass media (0.3216**) had positive and highly significant correlation in organized poultry production while positive and non significant correlations were observed in unorganised poultry production. It was found that age of poultry owners had negative and highly significant correlation with the management practices in both organised (-0.2130**) and unorganized (-0.1423*) poultry production poultry. Family size and size of land holding had positive and non significant correlation in both organised and unorganised poultry production. The main constraints of the organized system of poultry production were high cost of poultry feed and supplements, fluctuating price of chicks, lack of breeding stock, high rate of interest on loan and high incidences of diseases, whereas attack of predators, lack of credit facility, non-availability of improved birds for backyard poultry and lack of extension services were main constraints of the unorganized system of poultry production.
