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ThesisItem Open Access “Intra and extra ocular prosthesis implantation in dogs”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-04-03) Pandey, Priyanka; Dr. Ashok KumarOverall incidence of eye affections in the present study was recorded as 2.07% out of which 5.96% dogs were affected with incurable, injured or diseased eye conditions. Highest incidence (35.10%) of various eye affections was recorded in Labrador dogs with cataract (21.52%) being the most common eye affection in middle age male dogs. A total of 14 dogs affected with incurable, injured or diseased eyes were selected for the present study. Non-descript (64.29%) male animals in the age group of 0-5 year (57.14%) were maximally affected with incurable, injured or diseased eyes. Traumatic/accidental injury (50.00%) emerged to be the major cause of eye injury. Physiological and haemato-biochemical examination of each animal were estimated before starting the treatment which were within the normal physiological range. These 14 dogs were randomly divided in to two groups each consisting of seven dogs. In group I, evisceration technique was performed by placement of intraocular silicone prosthesis and extraocular prosthetic eye with conformer shell. In group II, evisceration technique was performed by placement of intraocular silicone prosthesis and extraocular prosthetic eye without conformer shell. Ultrasonographic biometry of intra-ocular structures in all the fourteen dogs (Normal healthy eye) was performed for the measurement of ocular structures to determine the size of the intra and extra ocular implant. Tarsorrhaphy was performed additionally in both the groups. Evisceration surgery, intraocular silicon ball implantation, with or without placement of conformer shell and fixation of extraocular prosthetic eye was easily done in all the seven cases of group I and group II, four weeks after evisceration surgery, fornix healed completely and was dry in both the groups. Extraocular prosthetic eye was smoothly fitted under sedation in all the fourteen dogs. Few complications (14.28% dogs) were observed in both groups post operatively. However, only in one dog of group I showed continuous scratching and ocular discharge on 90th post-operative day. Disruption of sutures was observed on 4th post-operative day in one dog of group II. Post-operative medication used in both the groups reduced congestion, pain, inflammation, irritation, lacrimation, discharge and bacterial infection considerably in all the dogs. Hence, it is recommended to use a combination of both prosthesis for a perfect solution to retrieve a normal looking and moving eye after evisceration.ThesisItem Open Access “Study on thoracic radiography in dogs”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-06-26) Rupali Khajuria; Dr. R. B. KushwahaThe present study was conducted on 34 dogs brought with a history of respiratory and/or cardiac signs to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura-Jammu from November, 2020 to July, 2021 with the objective to study the occurrence of different thoracic diseases in dogs, to correlate the physical, clinical and haematological observations with that of the radiographic findings and to study the suitability of different radiographic views in interpretation of different thoracic diseases. Patient data, physiological, haematological, and radiological parameters were recorded. The obtained data were compared with mean ±SE values of 6 normal dogs. The occurrence of thoracic diseases at VCC during the study period was 1.79%. Cardiac and pulmonary diseases was common than other diseases. Male, aged dogs and Labrador retriever breeds were affected more. The chief clinical signs were dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, coughing, and inappetence to anorexia. There was no significant differences in the haematological parameters amongst the different thoracic diseases except TLC value which was significantly higher in the cases of tracheal collapse. VHS values were non-significantly higher in cardiac patient. CTR values were significantly higher in cardiac and tracheal collapse cases. A/R4, V/R4, A/V, CVC/Ao, CVC/VL, CVC/R4 ratios were reliable than their individual values. Radiographic parameters were not changed significantly in different views. Increased lung opacity, airbronchogram, and loss of cardiac silhouette were the characteristic radiographic signs of pulmonary edema. In cardiac diseases, overall or individual enlargement of heart with higher VHS/CTR value were common radiographic signs. In pleural effusion, loss of cardiac and diaphragmatic silhouette and leafing of lung lobes were radiographic signs. Narrowing of trachea was the characteristic sign of tracheal collapse. There were no relation with physiological, clinical, and haematological values with different thoracic diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Diagnosis and management of osteoarthritis in canines(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2023-04-03) Kour, Pavneet; Bhardwaj, H.R.The present study included 20 dogs suffering from hip joint osteoarthritis were presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) of SKUAST-J during the study period-Nov. 2021 to Dec. 2022. Of these, 12 dogs were selected for the treatment protocols, because in 5 cases owners refused to opt for treatment and in 3 cases the condition of dogs was too debilitated to be selected for the treatment protocol and were randomly divided into two groups each consisting of six animals. In Group A, the animals were treated with an injection of meloxicam @0.2 mg/kg for 5 days, an intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) 10 mg on days 0,7,14,21 and 28 and tablet rejoint for 30 days and in Group B, the animals were treated with an injection of meloxicam @0.2 mg/kg for 5 days, intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) 1 ml on days 0,7,14,21 and 28 and tablet rejoint for 30 days. In the present study, OA was more common in middle-aged, male dogs weighing 30 to 40kg. Major symptoms observed were pain, lameness, and unwillingness to walk or climb stairs. The radiographic evaluation proved to be beneficial in diagnosing cases of chronic OA as evidenced by narrowing of the joint space, increased sclerosis around the acetabular rim, flattening of the femoral head, and shallowing of the acetabular rim. Synovial fluid analysis was not helpful in diagnosing either early or chronic OA; however, it helped to distinguish between inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint disorders. Both treatment regimens were successful in reducing clinical symptoms however, no change was seen in the radiographic score after treatment. It was observed that a significant difference occurred in both groups only for pain parameter on day 28 of treatment as compared to day 0. Injections of HA were costly whereas PRP injections were inexpensive but its preparation was cumbersome and maintaining aseptic conditions for making of PRP was difficult.ThesisItem Open Access “Ocular studies in domestic Cat (Felis silvestris catus)”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-08-16) Khurshed, Irfan; Sharma, AnkurBoth eyes of twenty-four Domestic short haired cats (Felis silvestris catus) presented for consultation and elective surgery were investigated for a detailed ocular study. Female cats (62.5%) were over represented in the study. Kittens and young cats below three years of age were presented more in the study. Clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters recorded on day 0 were within the normal physiological range. Gross peri-ocular and ocular examination using focal light source, diagnostic tests and direct ophthalmoscope revealed no aberrant change in the eye structures except bilateral cataract in one patient. Ocular ultrasonography using 8.5 MHz linear transducer with the animal in sternal recumbency could be easily performed. Ultrasonographically, cornea was recognised as parallel echogenic lines separated by anechoic stroma, the anterior chamber was seen as anechoic area posterior to the cornea and the lens was clear and curvilinear in all except in the cataract patient where it was hyperechogenic or opaque. Vitreous body was observed as anechoic region behind the lens. Measurements of ocular biometry were performed for both the eyes which were statistically insignificant between each other. Exfoliative cytology and Giemsa staining of the corneo-conjuctival surfaces revealed superficial epithelial cells in all tested samples with 20% cellularity and fairly presented cytoplasmic and nuclear details. Microbial samples yielded 66.67% isolates of Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp. and E.coli spp. which were the main bacterial organisms identified. These were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, neomycin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and moxifloxacin antibiotics.ThesisItem Open Access Analgesic efficacy of peri-operative lignocaine in cattle undergoing intestinal surgery(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-09-19) Kotwal, Vishal; Bhadwal, Mohinder SinghThe study on analgesic efficacy of perioperative lignocaine in cattle undergoing intestinal surgery was conducted on 24 cattle suffering from intestinal obstruction due to intussusception, brought to Veterinary clinical complex, SKUAST- Jammu. To evaluate Lignocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) as a peri-operative analgesic in cattle and to compare the analgesic effect of Lignocaine CRI and local infiltration in mesentery in cattle undergoing intestinal surgery. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D) with six animals in each group. Group A and C received only CRI of lignocaine @ 25µg/kg/min. and 50µg/kg/min., respectively. Whereas groups B and D received local infiltration of lignocaine into the mesentery @ 0.7 mg/kg of body weight and CRI of lignocaine @25µg/kg/min. and 50µg/kg/min., respectively. Local infiltration at the site of incision with lignocaine @ 3mg/kg was done before the start of CRI @ 1.3mg/kg given through the intravenous route over a period of 5 minutes. History of colic, anorexia, decreased water intake, and cessation of faeces were consistent. Animals were presented with dehydration, and abdominal distension. On per rectal examination empty rectum with no or scanty black or normal coloured faeces with mucus threads, palpation of dilated intestinal loops and hard mass were found. On ultrasonographic examination, dilated intestinal loops, peritoneal effusions, absence of peristalsis, passive movement of intestinal luminal contents, and bull’s eye or target sign appearance or sandwich pattern were the findings. Reversal of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with leucocytosis in presented cattle and significant fall in lymphocyte percentage immediate post-operative time was found. Elevated blood glucose and cortisol were seen in presented cattle and surgery further increased their concentration. Increased oxidative stress was also seen in presented cattle. Application of cow pain scale during the surgery was limited. Frequent sitting down and getting up, bruxism, and hindlimb peddling were found as potent pain indicating behaviour in presented cattle. Local infiltration of Lignocaine into the mesentery successfully decreased the lymphocyte count, blood glucose, cortisol and duration of surgery, at immediate post-operative time and also decreased the pain score and frequency of behaviours during the surgery. CRI of Lignocaine alone does not provide effective analgesia both @ 25µg/kg/min. and 50µg/kg/min. CRI with local infiltration of Lignocaine into the mesentery was found a better alternative to provide analgesia during surgery than CRI alone.ThesisItem Open Access Sonography of Medial Iliac and Jejunal Lymph Nodes in Dogs(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-10-13) Thakur, Bhubesh; Gupta, A.K.The present study was conducted to record the ultrasonographic features of medial iliac (MILN) and jejunal lymph nodes (JJLN) of dogs. The study was conducted in three parts. Part I of the study was conducted for standardization of ultrasonographic technique for scanning of MILN and JJLN. Linear transducer of 7.5 -10 MHz frequency was found to be most suitable for scanning MILN and JJLN. Part II of the study was conducted on 41 apparently healthy dogs. Anatomic location, shape, size, echotexture, echogenicity, margin and ease of scanning of lymph nodes were recorded. Ratio of the short axis: long axis (S/L ratio) of MILN and ratios of length/ height of MILN and height of JJLN: width of aorta were calculated. The dogs were grouped based on age, gender and body weight. The length (cm) of the left and the right MILN was 2.88±0.08 and 3.02±0.09, respectively, whereas the height of the left and the right MILN was 0.6861±0.03 and 0.6859±0.03 cm, respectively. The height of the left and the right JJLN was 0.68±0.04 and 0.66±0.04 cm, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the length, height and ease of scanning of the left and right MILN and between the height of the left and right JJLN with in each group and between the groups. There was no significant difference in the ratio of length or height of the left or right MILN: width of aorta and height of left or right JJLN: width of aorta with in each group based on age, gender and body weight and between males and females, whereas there was significant difference in these ratios between groups based on age and body weight. Low positive correlation between the dimensions of the lymph nodes and the age, and highly positive correlation between the dimensions of the lymph nodes and the body weight of apparently healthy dogs was observed. Part III of the study included 25 dogs suffering from pyometra, urethral obstruction, body tumour and gastroenteritis. Length of left and right MILN, height of right MILN and S/L ratio of right MILN of dogs suffering from pyometra, length and height of right MILN of dogs with urethral obstruction and the ratio of the left JJLN: width of aorta of gastroenteritis dogs was observed significantly higher than the apparently healthy dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical study on stainless steel and titanium locking compression plate application in the fracture repair of femur and tibia in dogs(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-10-12) Manhas, Veeru; Dwivedi, D. K.The aim of this study was to observe the occurrence of fracture and efficacy of stainless steel and titanium LCP for repair of femur and tibia fracture in dogs. The occurrence of the fracture was recorded which included the information regarding age, breed, sex, cause of fracture, bone involved and type of fracture. Suitable cases of the femur and the tibia fractures which were selected for the application of stainless steel and titanium LCP were divided into two groups- A (n=6, Femur-4 & Tibia-2) and B (n=6, Femur-4 & Tibia-2). In Group A fractures were managed with stainless-steel LCP while in Group B fractures were managed with titanium LCP. Non-descript (87.70%), males (75.38%), young animals with age less than 1 year (64.62%) and weight less than 10 kg (46.15%) were mostly affected with fractures and road traffic accident (72.31%) was the most common cause of the fracture as evident in the present study. The femur bone (40%) was most common fractured bone, followed by tibia (22.5%), radius-ulna (15%), humerus (10%), metatarsal (3.75%), pelvis (3.75%), metacarpal (2.50%) and mandible (2.50%). Transverse fracture (58.23%) was most commonly recorded during the present study followed by oblique (27.84%), supra-condylar (10.13%), multiple (3.70%) and head & neck fractures (1.20%). The weight bearing and pain score values varied significantly throughout the study within groups. There were non-significant changes in the haematological values at different intervals in both the groups. The level of calcium varied significantly during the post operative period in group B, however a less significant variation was noticed in group A. The level of phosphorus didn’t show significant variation during the post-operative period in both the groups but significant difference was noticed on day 7th post-operative in between groups. Serum Alkaline phosphatase showed a significant decrease during the post-operative period in group B, however, in group A, non-significant decrease was noticed up to 15th day post-operative followed by a significant decrease upto day 60th. Radiological study revealed that in 10 cases, the fracture healed with primary healing, without any periosteal callus formation except, two cases of group B animals where fracture healed with secondary healing along with periosteal callus formation. Goniometric study revealed no significant variation in the range of motion of joints observed between the groups, however numerically, the value of range of motion was slightly more in group B animals than group A animals. The stainless-steel and titanium are two different metals with different biomechanical properties. However, fixation of femur and tibia fractures with these plate materials, didn’t showed any difference in the pattern of fracture healing.ThesisItem Open Access “Ultrasonographic studies in gastrointestinal disorders in dogs)”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-10-11) Singh, Bhanu Pratap; Gupta, PankajThe present study was conducted on 86 dogs to evaluate the role of ultrasonography (USG) in diagnosing gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases of dogs. These dogs were divided into 3 groups viz. group 1 (n=12) included dogs which were apparently healthy, group 2 (n=61) included dogs suffering from gastroenteritis and group 3 (n=13) included dogs with foreign body syndrome. In all the dogs after recording proper history and signalment other parameters like hematobiochemical parameters, faecal examination, radiographic and ultrasonographic features were also recorded. Haemato-biochemical parameters alterations were seen with significant difference (p<0.05) in dogs suffering with gastroenteritis and foreign body syndrome. Presence of fecal parasitic eggs was seen most in dogs suffering with foreign body syndrome followed by those suffering with gastroenteritis. Radiographically foreign body could be diagnosed in 5 out of 13 cases. Max SI/L5 ratio of dogs suffering with foreign body obstruction was significantly (p<0.05) high (2.93 ± 0.12) as compared dogs suffering with gastroenteritis (1.68 ± 0.09). Ultrasonographically foreign body could be diagnosed in 6 out of 13 cases. There was no change in anatomical position of GIT segments in all dogs of different groups. Normal thickness of different segments of GIT in group 1 was: stomach (2.56 ± 0.11mm); duodenum (3.98 ± 0.03mm); jejunum (3.41±0.06mm) and colon (1.42 ± 0.07mm). There was significant increase (p<0.05) in wall thickness of stomach, jejunum and colon in dogs suffering with gastroenteritis and in dogs suffering with foreign body obstruction, there was significant increase in jejunum and colon wall thickness. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in lumen diameter of duodenum and jejunum in dogs suffering with foreign body obstruction from those suffering with gastroenteritis. Two cases of alteration in wall layering of gastric ulceration in group 2 were also evidenced. There was decrease in GIT motility in dogs suffering with gastroenteritis and increase in GIT motility in dogs suffering with foreign body syndrome. There was no alteration in echogenicity and position of different segments of GIT in any disease group.ThesisItem Open Access Foley catheter versus Malecot catheter for tube cystostomy in male ruminants(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-10-20) Bhat, Manzoor Ahmad; Bhardwaj, H.R.The present study was conducted on 28 clinical cases of male buffalo calves (n=16) and male goats (n=12) diagnosed to be suffering from obstructive urolithiasis based on history, clinical examination and ultrasonographic examination, with the objective to compare the efficacy of Foley and Malecot catheter in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in male ruminants. In all the cases percutaneous intra-cystic catheterization (PCICC) using Foley catheters and Malecot catheter was done. All the animals were evaluated basis of duration of procedure, ease of catheter entry, catheter dislodgment and catheter blockade, time taken for normal urination, requirement of recatheterization and ease of catheter removal. Buffalo calves were most affected animals, followed by male goats. The major risk factors were grain-based concentrate ration, containing wheat bran. Azotemia, hyponatraemia, hyperkalemia, hypochloremia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcaemia were consistent finding in all the cases. Ultrasonographic examination revealed intact urinary bladder as distended anechoic bladder sac with circumscribed hyperechogenic contour, cystoliths as multiple small hyperechoic structure in the anechoic fluid/urine. The mean time taken for complete catheterization with Foley catheter was significantly (p<0.05) higher than with Malecot catheter in animals of both the species. Complete blockade of Foley catheter was observed in 50% and 33.33% cases and incomplete blockade was observed in 12.5% and 16.66% cases of obstructive urolithasis in male buffalo calves and male goats, respectively. Dislodgement of Malecot catheter was observed in 25% and 16.66% case of obstructive urolithasis in male buffalo calves and male goats. Recatheterization was done in 25% and 16.66% case of obstructive urolithasis treated with Malecot catheter, in male buffalo calves and male goats, respectively. Time taken for dribbling and free flow of urine was significantly (p<0.05) lower with Foley catheter as compared to Malecot catheter in animals of both the species. The serum levels of BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus returned to normal values substantially earlier in animals managed with Malecot compared to Foley catheter. The pH, specific gravity and presence of RBCs in urine declined comparatively at faster rate in animals managed by PCICC with Malecot. The costs of operation and postoperative follow-up visits to hospital for removal of blockade of catheter were more in Foley catheter as compared to Malecot catheter.