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Open Access
EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES ON ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L.
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-12-18) Kour, Harvendhan; Bandral, R.S.
The present study entitled, “Effect of fungicides on economic and biologicalparameters of silkworm, BombyxmoriL.” was carried out in research laboratory ofDivisionofSericulture,Sher-e-KashmirUniversityofAgriculturalScience&Technology of Jammu, Chatha during 2022-2023. During the course of investigations,threefungicides,eachwithdistinctconcentrationswereappliedinexperimentalscenarios, involving both in-vivo and in-vitro conditions. The fungicide treated leaveswerefedto4thinstarlarvaeandtheireffectonsilkwormgrowthandeconomicparameters were analyzed. The result showed that among the different concentrations offungicides offered to 4th instar larvae by leaf dip method, azoxystrobin (0.1 and 0.2%)resulted in significantly higher mortality. However, carbendazim (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%)recorded significantly lower mortality. Moreover, the application of fungicide sprayedleaves in the field resulted in better outcome when fed to 4th instar larvae of silkworm. Itwasfoundthatsignificantlyhighermortalitywasrecordedinazoxystrobin(0.2%)whereas, significantly lower mortality was observed when 4th instar larvae were fed withcarbendazim (0.1%) treated leaves. Also, the larval growth and economical parameterswere significantly higher in larvae fed with carbendazim treated leaves. Among all thetreatments, carbendazim (0.1%) resulted in maximum larval length, larval weight, cocoonweight,shellweight,shellratiofollowedbycarbendazimat0.2percentanddifenconazoleat0.1percent.Regardingtheeffectoffungicidetreatedleavesonnutritional consumption indices, significantly higher values were recorded in larvae fedwithcarbendazim(0.1%)followedbycarbendazim(0.2%).Itwasconcludedthatcarbendazimexhibitedsuperiorperformancecomparedtotheotherfungicides.Furthermore, field spray application of carbendazim showed no signs of toxicity afterthree days. These findings support carbendazim as safe option for controlling fungalpathogensand causingminimum damageto thecocoon crop.
Open Access
STUDIES ON EFFECT OF PROMISING MULBERRY VARIETIES ON SILKWORM, Bombyx Mori L.
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-12-18) Sharma, Nikhil; Sharma, Magdeshwar
The fortune of Sericulture mostly depends upon the quality of mulberry leaves as well as suitable environmental conditions during silkworm rearing. Mulberry, being the sole food of silkworm, Bombyxmori L. must possess all the nutritive elements required for the growth and development of silkworm and also for higher cocoon yield. The present study was conducted in the Division of Sericulture, SKUAST-Jammu where six mulberry varieties viz., S-146, G2, Vishala, S-1635, C-2038, S-13 along with the local check were evaluated on silkworm hybrid (FC1×FC2) during spring season 2023. The observations on larval characters revealed that among all the mulberry varieties tested, maximum larval weight and length was found in S-146 (4.76±0.04g) and (7.90±0.05cm) followed by G2 (4.71±0.03g) and (7.63±0.23cm) and minimum in local check (3.96±0.10g) and (6.76±0.0cm) respectively. The pupation per cent was reported significantly higher in S-146 (98.11±0.48%) closely followed by G2. Further, the total larval duration of (23:00±0.00) and (25:15±0.05) days was recorded in S-146 and the local check respectively. The results also demonstrated that cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae (by weight and no.) was maximum in S-146 (19.11±0.5kg) and (9601.00±46.30) followed by G2 (17.53±0.41kg) and (9087.67±73.18) whereas least values (9.60±0.84kg) and (7744.00±58.77) were obtained in local check. The post cocoon parameters viz., total filament length (1012.66±34.72m) and non-breakable filament length (865.66±32.99m) were found maximum in S-146 but the value of denier (2.00±0.04) was found least as compared to local check (2.85±0.02). Among all the varieties tested, the nutritional indices like ingesta and digesta were significantly higher in S-146 (1.33±0.02g) and (0.70±0.01g) when compared to local check (0.97±0.00g) and (0.41±0.01) respectively. The data for excreta waste, dry matter% and digestibility% revealed significant differences in S-146 and local check (0.60±0.00g and 0.44±0.01g), (61.49±0.59% and 42.28±1.36%) and (35±0.23% and 25.5±0.35%) respectively. Similarly, ECI and ECD to larval body matter were recorded significantly higher in S-146 (34.47±1.14%) and (59±0.83%) and least values were observed in local check (20.61±0.29%) and (48.33±0.57%) respectively. On the basis of the results obtained, the mulberry varieties S-146 followed by G2, Vishala, S-1635, C-2038 and S-13 have potential which would be advisable to recommend in Jammu region for better cocoon yield.
Open Access
Study on Impact of Herbal Disinfectantsand Protein Supplements on Quality of Silk Fibre
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-09-19) Kamboj, Lovekesh; Singh, Amit Kumar
Bombyx moriL. (Lepidoptera), commonly known as mulberry silkworm reared on the leaves of mulberry for large scale production of silk. The fortification of mulberry leaves withprotein supplements is an emerging technique in advanced sericulture research for enhancing the quality and quantity of silk. Therefore, two different concentration of protein supplements were prepared and administered to the silkworm larvae and herbal and commercial bed disinfectants were also applied on the silkworm larvae for the production of better-quality silk during the research. The study was conducted in the sericulture research laboratory of the Division of Sericulture, SKUAST-J.All the protein supplements and herbal disinfectants along with the traditional disinfectants proved better. However, among various treatments,protein supplement I recorded significantly the highest larval weight (42.38 ±0.38)g and survival (97.48± 0.53%)which was followed by T4 i.e., protein supplement II. Moreover, the cocoon yield by weight (g) and number;(14.09± 0.50) and (9165 ±34.35) were found to be the highest in T3 followed by T4i.e. (12.93±0.20) and (9113±40.96). However, the respective values were the lowest in control (9.90) and (7790±76.38).The revealed significant increase in good cocoon percentage from (56.12 ±1.48%) (control) to (83.67± 1.78%) and (85.89± 0.26%)in T4and T3, respectively. Simultaneously, the pupation percentage among the various supplements increased from (57.08±1.20%) in control to (84.18±1.09%) in T4 to (86.40± 0.60%) in T3. It was also found that the single cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio percentage were significantly the highest in T3i.e., (1.60±0.01)g, (0.33±0.02)g,(20.01±0.10%)followed by T4viz., (1.52±0.02), (0.30±0.01)g and (19.73±0.06%),respectively. However, the lowest values for single cocoon weight (1.25±0.02)g, single shell weight (0.23±0.01)g and shell ratio percentage (18.48±0.11%)were recorded in control. The different treatments showed significant influence on the cocoon length and cocoon width i.e., (35.176 ±0.28)mm and (20.126±0.09)mm in T3, (33.090±0.08)mm and (19.150±0.10)mm in T4 followed by (26.700±0.69) mm and (16.200±0.29)mm in control. The study also revealed that the filament size (denier) was found to be the lowest (2.000±0.05)g in T3 and the highest (2.846±0.03)g in control.
Open Access
Screening of silkworm( Bombyx moriL.) germplasm for disease and thermotolerance
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-02) Sharma, Palvi; Bali, Kamlesh
The present study entitled as “Screening of silkworm(Bombyx mori L.) germplasm for disease and thermotolerance” was carried out at Division of Sericulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, during the year 2021 and 2022. Twelve silkworm breeds viz., WM, ND5, NB4D2, U-4, PO1, ND3, U-6, CSR2, SH6, SPO, U-3 and NSP were reared at different temperatures treatments at 30±1⁰C, 32±1⁰C, 34±1⁰C, 36±1⁰C,30±1⁰C and 35±1⁰C along with the control at ambient temperature.The first four temperatures were provided at each instar for two hours and remaining two were provided at fifth instar only. Among the various breeds tested, U-3, U-4, ND5 and U-6 exhibited thermotolerance as these breeds recorded significantly highestcocoon yield at ambient as well as highest temperature i.e., 16.13, 15.91, 15.78 and 15.51 Kg at ambient temperature25±1⁰Cand 9.68, 9.27, 9.10 and 8.88 Kg at 36±1⁰C temperature, respectively.Besides, these silkworm breeds were also screened for grasserie tolerance by exposing them at 5⁰C, 25⁰C and 30⁰C temperature for six hours followed byBmNPV inoculum at first day of third, fourth and fifth instar. Silkworm breed U-3 recorded the least mortality against temperature variationsand BmNPV inoculum.Evaluation index of the silkworm breeds screened for thermotolerance revealed that the breeds U-3, U-4, ND5 and U-6 recorded highest average evaluation index values of 60.01, 58.38, 56.48 and 55.28 at 30±1⁰C temperature and 57.18, 55.45, 53.58 and 52.47 at 35±1⁰C temperature, respectively. Thus, silkworm breed U-3 may have the ability to tolerate high temperature as well asgrasserie incidence, thus can be exploited for evolving disease and thermo-tolerant silkworm hybrids and the breeds U-4, ND5and U-6 can be use for developing thermotolerant hybrids.
Open Access
Extraction and Value addition of sericin from seri bio-waste
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-02) Qadir, Jasmeena; Gupta, R. K.
The sericin is a unique protein that possesses promising attributes viz., antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, easy absorption and release of moisture, coagulant activity, chemo-protection and protection of solar ultraviolet radiations (UV). In this investigation, an attempt was made to recover sericin from waste cocoons following the standardized protocol developed in laboratory. The value addition of waste cocoons is estimated to generate additional income of more than 25% in total returns. In the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, sericin can be recovered to the tune of 22.34 MT which can generate additional revenue of 7 crore from the waste cocoons and can directly contribute in the value addition of silk industry (Rajput and Singh, 2015). The recovered sericin was explored as a food additive for silkworm and was optimized in terms of concentration, larval stage and feed frequency for growth and economic parameters of silkworm. The optimized sericin concentration at 1.5 mg/ml in 5th instar larval stage and feed frequency of 2 times @ 3 days interval were found effective to enhance growth and economic parameters of silkworm. Thereafter, a validation trial was conducted with optimized protocol to compare growth and economic parameters of silkworm with and without feeding sericin fortified leaves. The feeding of sericin fortified leaves led to increase the larval weight (22.43%), pupation (15.62%), cocoon weight (21.53%), shell weight (15%), shell ratio (14.06%), cocoon length (16.48%), cocoon width (21.98%), filament length (19.6%), cocoon yield (No. basis) (16.21%), cocoon yield (weight basis) (30.61%), good cocoon percent (15.15%) were noticed besides decrease in disease incidence (90%), larval duration (1 day:9 hrs), defective cocoon percentage (95%) and denier (0.87%) when comparison to control. Subsequently, the role of sericin was investigated as UV protectant additive in biopesticides against mortality in Bihar hairy caterpillar (S. obliqua). The mixture of Sericin+NPV was exposed to UV exposure for three different timings viz., 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. The larval mortality increased significantly (96.66%) when tested with sericin (15µg/ml) after 7 days of post treatment in two consecutive trials. Henceforth, sericin can be easily obtained from the defective cocoons and could be utilized for value addition in sericulture and baculovirus technology as cost effective UV protectant for NPV effective for pest management
Open Access
Fortification of mulberry leaves with different proteins and its effect on silkworm, Bombyx moriL.
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-11) Sharma, Arti; Bandral, R. S.
The present study entitled as “Fortification of mulberry leaves with different proteins and its effect on silkworm, Bombyx mori L.” was carried out at Division of Sericulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, during 2021-2022. To optimize the concentrations of proteins, eighteen concentrations of different proteins were used. Mulberry leaves fortified with these concentrations were then fed to silkworm larvae during 4th and 5thinstars and their impact on silkworm larval growth and silk productivity parameters were analyzed. The optimized concentrations of different proteins were then used to assess the economical parameters and feeding indices of silkworm. Results showed that among the different concentrations tested, significantly optimized concentrations of proteins were obtained with bee pollen (2%), drone brood (6%), protinex (10%), bee pollen (3%) + drone brood (3%), bee pollen (5%) + protinex (5%) and drone brood (5%) + protinex (5%).Highly significant results were obtained when fortified mulberry leaves were fed to silkworms once during 4th and 5th instar. The economical parameters of silkworm were significantly increased with optimized concentrations of different proteins. Lowest disease incidence (2%), maximum larval weight (43.43g), cocoon weight (2.26g), shell weight (0.516g), pupal weight (1.74g) and shell ratio (22.86%) were recorded at (2%) bee pollen concentration followed by protinex (10%), bee pollen (5%) + protinex (5%) and drone brood (6%).The optimized concentrations of different proteins also resulted in higher nutritional efficiency conversions at (2%) bee pollen concentration followed by protinex (10%) and drone brood (6%). It is concluded from the present investigation that the fortified mulberry leaves with different concentrations of different proteins showed significantly better results than control batch.
Open Access
Propagation of Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) genotypes of Trans-Himalayan region by stem cuttings
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Dolma, Ishey; harma, Magdeshwar
The present investigation entitled “Propagation of Mulberry (Morus alba L.)Genotypesof Trans-Himalayan Region by Stem Cuttings”was carried outat Mulberrynursery of Division of Sericulture. Cuttings of three different genotypes namely White(Osay karpo), Red(Osay marpo) and Black(Osay nakpo) were collected from western Ladakh and were evaluated for propagation under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu division.Three genotype cuttings and check variety were dipped in three different concentrations viz., 100 ppm,200 ppm and 300ppm of two growth regulators, Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-Butryic Acid (IBA). The cuttings after 24 hrs of treatment were planted in polybags.The results indicate that check variety sprout earlyat 51 days with maximum sprouting percentage (75.00 %)with IBA@300 ppm concentration followed by white, red and black genotype respectively. The maximum leaf number (12.25) and leaf area (64.25 cm2) after 90 DAP was observed in the check variety at IBA 300ppm. The shoot length was observed to be maximum (9.46 cm) and minimum (1.48 cm) after 90DAP in the check variety and black genotype respectively. Significantly survival percentage (92.00%) was observed in the check variety at IBA 300 ppm concentration after 90 DAP. However, the rooting percentage, root length, root weight and root number were also observed best in check variety (C-2038) followed by (Osay karpo),(Osay marpo) and (Osay nakpo)at IBA 300 ppm respectively. The results proved that the interaction of mulberry genotypes with different concentrations of NAA and IBA, revealed that IBA at 300 ppm was found effective for all parameters of each genotype studied. However, check variety was observed to show the best results in all the parameters.This investigation proves the efficacy of growth regulator IBA at 300 ppm for mass propagation by stem cuttings to promote easy and faster multiplication in mulberry.
Open Access
Biology and natural control of mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson)
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Afreen, Sumiya; Bali, Kamlesh
The incidence of various insect pests affects both quality as well as the quantity of mulberry leaves which in turn has a direct bearing on the quality of silk produced by the mulberry silkworm. In the plethora of different insect pests affecting mulberry leaves, mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson) is a serious one. In line with this, the present investigation entitled “Biology and natural control of mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson)” was conducted in the laboratory of Division of Sericulture as well as in mulberry field, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha during year 2021-2022, for evaluating both lifecycle and natural enemies of this pest. Larvae were collected from mulberry field and were reared under ambient conditions. The results showed that pest undergoes complete metamorphosis with total development period of 28.65 days. The duration of different stages viz., egg, larva, pre-pupa, pupa, adult male and female was found 4.2, 10.06, 2.48, 9.06, 6.02 and 8.08 days, respectively. Average fecundity was found 367.33 ± 9.71 with sex ratio of 1:1.2. A total of ten predators and four parasitoids were found to attack D. pulverulentalis. Six species of predators were from order Araneae (Cheiracanthium sp., Neoscona sp., Telamonia sp., Philodromus sp., Oxyopes sp. and Tetragnatha sp.), two species from Coleoptera (Illeis sp. and Cheilomenes sexmaculata), one Calosoma sp. from family Carabidae and one Mantis sp. Four hymenopteran parasitoids including three braconids (Schoenlandella diaphaniae Marsh, Habrobracon hebetor Say and Phanerotoma sp.) and one Elasmus sp. belonging to family Eulophidae were also found parasitizing the larvae. The results of present investigation give an insight into the biology and natural enemies of D. pulverulentalis, which could prove beneficial in formulation of integrated management practices.
Open Access
Evaluation of factors influencing cocoon productivity in Jammu region
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-09) Kantt, Ravi; Bali, Kamlesh
Sericulture is an agro-based industry, which suits to rural-based farmers, entrepreneurs, and artisans and require low investment. It has high potential for higher returnsand play vital role in improvement of rural economy in India. The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of factors influencing cocoon productivity in Jammu region” was conducted in three districts of Jammu region viz., Ramban, Doda and Kishtwar wherein 225 silkworm rearers were interviewed to study various socio-economic parameters namely age, family size, caste, occupation, education, total land holding, area under mulberry, number of mulberry trees, experience, distance from sericulture office, cocoon market, transportation charges and annual income. Stepwise multiple regression of cocoon yield with socio-economic parameters revealed factors namely area under mulberry, distance from sericulture office, cocoon market and transportation charges were recorded highly significant and the major factors affecting the cocoon yield. Thesilkworm rearers who adopted recommended methods recorded better results for most of the rearing and reeling parameters viz., average weight of ten mature larva (44.56 g), larval survival (86.57%), single cocoon weight (1.55g), single shell weight (0.34g), shell ratio (21.29%), bed spacing (69.04 worms/sq.ft), filament length (856m), non-breakable filament length (761m), filament size (2.42) and cocoon yield(32.39 kg).Correlation studies showed that temperature was highly significant and positively correlated to incidence of grasserie (0.76**) and negatively correlated to cocoon yield (-0.53**) during autumn season in district Doda. Multiple regression analysis revealedthat quantity of silkworm seed reared, temperature, humidity, feeding frequency and fifth instar larval duration alone explained 70% (R2=0.70) and 73% (R2=0.73) of variation in cocoon yield(%) during spring and autumn rearing respectively in district Doda.Cocoon yield, cocoon rate, shell weight and shell ratio depicted around 87% (R2=0.87) and 77% of variation in generation of annual income of respondents during spring and autumn season respectively in district Doda.The study suggested that if respondents adopt recommended package of practices of mulberry plantation and silkworm rearing, cocoon yield and its related parameters will definitely improve both quality as well as quantity wise.

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