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ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Bioregulators on Seed Germination of Weedy Rice in Jammu Region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-29) Malpotra, Sofia; Sinha, Bhav KumarPresent study entitled,“Influence of bioregulators on seed germination of weedy rice in Jammu region”was carried out in the Division of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. Survey has been done in the farmer’s field of Jammu region and experimental field of SKUAST-Jammu. Three different genotypes of weedy rice were identified. Seeds of weedy rice were used for observation of germination percentage in the Laboratory of Division of Plant Physiology, SKUAST–J Chatha. After cleaning seeds of weedy rice grown in petri-dishes using germination paper and treated with various concentration of IAA and GA. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eleven different treatments viz., T1 (IAA @ 0.1ppm), T2 (IAA @ 0.5ppm), T3 (IAA @ 1.0ppm), T4 (IAA @ 2.0ppm), T5 (IAA @ 2.5ppm), T6 (GA @ 05ppm), T7 (GA @ 10ppm), T8 (GA @ 15ppm), T9 (GA @ 20ppm), T10 (GA @ 25ppm) and T11(Control). Plant height (cm), number of leaves, productive and unproductive tillers was noticed significantly higher in Awnless brown husk (150.66 cm, 56.33, 19.0, 17.0 and 2.33) followed by Awns brown husk (146.33 cm, 52.0, 16.33, 14.66 and 2.0) in comparison to Awnless dark brown husk (129.0 cm, 42.0, 14.33, 13.0 and 2.0). Number of grains/panicle, grain yield/ plant, leaf fresh, leaf dry and test weight (g) was also increased significantly in Awnless brown husk (225.0, 6.41 g, 47.29 g, 11.53 g and 26.20 g) followed by Awns brown husk (206.0, 5.49 g, 46.66 g, 10.80 g and 22.90 g). Chlorophyll (SPAD value), chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyllwas observed significantly higher in Awnless brown husk (67.63, 3.47 mg/g F.W, 0.62 mg/g F.Wand 4.09 mg/g F.W) in comparison to Awnless dark brown husk (52.26, 2.42 mg/g F.W, 0.50 mg/g F.W, and 2.92 mg/g F.W). Where as in experiment 2, as far as morpho-physiological parameters days required for seed germination of 1%, 50% and 100% was noticed significantly lower when plants treated with GA@ 25 ppm (2.66 , 5.33 and 10.77) days in comparison to control (4.77, 8.0 and 13.0) days. Seedling length (cm) was maximum in plants treated with GA @ 25 ppm (9.81 cm) as compared to control (7.44 cm). Therefore, it has been concluded that GA @25 ppm is responsible for early germination of weedy rice in the field and can manage weedy rice population in the farmer’s field by cultural activity and is responsible for increasing the production and productivity of rice crop.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Different Growing Substratum on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Soilless Condition(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-29) Verma, Shruti; Chand, GurdevAn investigation entitled “Study of Different Growing Substratum on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Soilless Condition” was conducted in the Division of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, SKUAST-Jammu. Two cucumber varieties were selected for the experiment i.e. desi kheera and hybrid cucumber which were sown in pro-trays and then transplanted in hydroponics and cocopeat growbags. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design, consisting of 5 treatments viz., T1 control (cocopeat 100 %), T2 (cocopeat + perlite- 2:1), T3 (cocopeat + perlite + vermiculite- 2:1:1), T4 (cocopeat + perlite + vermiculite + vermicompost- 2:1:1:2) and T5 cocopeat growbags. After transplanting, data was recorded at three different stages of crop growth (20 DAT, 45 DAT and 90 DAT). The experimental results revealed that among the treatments, T4 showed overall best results. In morphological parameters such as plant height (156.66 cm and 154.44 cm), shoot length (127.03 cm and 125.37 cm), vine length (132.61 cm and 128.63 cm), number of leaves per plant (16.66 and 15.99), number of flowers per plant (12.00 and 10.16), T4 showed significant increase as compared to the control T1 but root length (34.62 cm and 33.33 cm) and root-shoot ratio (0.16 and 0.14) was significantly higher in T5 as compared to T1. As far as physiological and biochemical parameters viz. relative water content (87.72% and 86.00%), chlorophyll content by SPAD (47.80 and 46.03), total chlorophyll content (1.75 mg/g FW and 1.58 mg/g FW), ascorbic acid in fruits (6.88 mg/100g and 6.01 mg/100g), TSS (3.83 and 3.60) showed significant increase in T4 as compared to control T1. But relative stress injury (11.03 % and 12.76 %) showed the significant decrease as compare to T1 (12.2 % and 13.29 %). Fruit length (14.76 cm and 13.16 cm), fruit thickness (3.29 cm and 2.59 cm), number of fruits per plant (7.33 and 6.67), fruit weight (177.72 g and 147.06 g) showed the significant increase in T4 as compared to T1. Similarly the fruit yield per plant showed the significant increase in T4 (1.03 kg and 0.83 kg) as compared to T1 control (cocopeat alone) and T5 containing cocopeat growbags showed the significantly decreased mean values. The results clearly indicated that treatment T4 i.e., coco peat + perlite + vermiculite vermicompost (2:1:1:2) was found to be the most promising treatment for enhancing the morphological, physiological, biochemical, yield and quality parameters of both varieties of cucumber i.e., desi kheera and hybrid cucumber as compared to all other treatments. Also between the two varieties, desi kheera showed the best results as compared to the hybrid cucumber in both hydroponic and growbag conditionThesisItem Open Access Impact of Bioregulators on Rooting of Stem Cutting in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa Deg.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-14) Kalsi, Jyotsana; Sinha, Bhav KumarDetailed systemic studies were conducted on impact of bioregulators on rooting of stem cutting in Passion fruit (PassifloraedulisflavicarpaDeg.) in the Division of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, SKUAST- Jammu. Yellow passion fruits were taken as experimental material. The stem cuttings of about 15-20 cm length with 3-4 nodes were collected from mother plant of passion fruit and then treated with various concentration of IBAand PBZ. Cuttings are then, planted in polybags containing potting mixture (soil: sand: vermicompost: cocopeat) in equal proportion. Sprouting of cuttings was observed after 30-35 days after planting (DAP). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven different treatments viz., T1 (control), T2 (IBA300 ppm), T3 (IBA 500 ppm), T4 (IBA700 ppm), T5 (PBZ 20 ppm), T6 (PBZ 40 ppm) and T7 (PBZ60 ppm). The results showed that, number of sprouted cuttings and sprouting percentage was significantly increased in 60 ppm PBZ treated cuttings(5.67 and 56.7 %) as compared to control (3.00 and 30.0 %). Length of longest sprout 90 DAP and shoot diameter was recorded highest in 700 ppm IBA (14.3) and60 ppm PBZ (1.83) and lowest in control (4.47 and 0.85 cm) respectively. The significant increase was observed in number of shoots, leaves per cutting and leaf area when cuttings were subjected to 60 ppm PBZ (1.77, 7.33 and 17.4 cm2) in comparison to the control (0.50, 2.33 and 14.2 cm2). Length and diameter of roots and survival percentage was significantly increased in PBZ treated cuttings @ 60 ppm (13.6 cm, 1.79 cm and 43.3%) in comparison to control (4.50 cm, 0.57cm and 26.7 %). As far as physiological parameters i.e. fresh and dry weight of leaves, stemsand roots and partitioning coefficient of leaves and stems was significantly increased in cuttings treated with60 ppm PBZ (28.4, 2.48, 5.99, 0.57g and 8.73 %) as compared to control (19.6, 1.07, 2.15, 0.06 g and 2.56 %) respectively while significant decrease in partitioning coefficient of roots was observed in 60 ppm PBZ(91.3 %) as compared to control (97.5 %). Similarly, biochemical parameters i.e. chlorophyll content, carotenoid and total soluble sugar (TSS)was also increased significantly in 60 ppm PBZ treated cuttings(5.27, 1.06and3.07 mg/g F.W) as compared to control (2.98, 0.46 and 2.57 mg/g F.W) respectively. Benefit: Cost ratio (B:C) was reported maximum in PBZ @ 60 ppm (1: 2.06) as compared to control (1: 1.28).Our results clearly indicated that, 60 ppm PBZ was most effective treatment in rooting of stem cutting in passion fruit and enhance morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of Aeroponic Technology for Mini Tuber Production in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-14) Raina, Ankita; Chand, GurdevThe present study, entitled “Standardization of Aeroponic Technology for Mini Tuber Production in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” was conducted in the Division of Plant Physiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. The experiment was conducted during winter and spring seasonsin 2022-23. Two varieties Kufri Badshah and Kufri Jyotiwere taken as experimental material. Potato tubers were sown in net pots containing growing media and seedlings were transplanted at five leaves stage in the aeroponics system. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with two treatments viz, T1(cocopeat 100%) and T2(cocopeat +vermiculite+ perlite+ vermicompost) in ratio (2:1:1:2) and after two weeks of transplanting data was recorded at three different stages of crop growth (20 DAT, 45 DAT and 80 DAT). In relation to morphological responses, the highest plant height was recorded in T2(61.26 and 59.25 cm) and lowest T1(57.63 and 56.355 cm) in both varieties. Similarly, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, days to tuberization, plant survival rate, as well as chlorophyll content by SPAD were also recorded significantly higher in T2 (63.83,21.0,52.33,99.90% and 55.83 ) respectively the lowest were recorded inT1 (40.88,18.2,54.66,99.50% and 50.77) respectively in both the varieties.Where as, shoot length and root-shoot ratio were significantly higher in T2(30.11cm,6.15) in kufrijyoti and lowest in T1 (28.63cm,3.7) As far as physical and biochemical parameters Nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, was noticed highest in T2(0.59,0.45 and10.0,7.5,) and lowest in T1(0.46,0.33and 8.0,6.25)respectively in both varieties.Total chlorophyll content, starch content as well as relative water content were recorded maximum in T2(2.70,2.28mgg -1 FW,9.58,8.21%,83.67,79.24(RWC%)respectively and minimum T1(2.16,2.06mg g -1 FW,9.50%8.10%,82.04.77.52(RWC%)respectively in both varieties. Similarly, biochemical parameters, i.e tuber size, number of mini tubers per plant, average mini tubers weight and yield of mini tubers per plant were also recorded significantly higher in T2 (2.30,1.46cm,11.6,7.33,24.9,12.2g,190 and 162g)respectively. and lowest were recorded in T1(1.66,1.26cm,8.3.6.3,19.7,11.3g,182.6 and 152.0g)respectively in both varieties. The results clearly indicated that treatment T2: coco peat + perlite + vermiculite + vermicompost in the ratio of 2:1:1:2 was the most promising treatment for improving the morphological, physiological, biochemical parameters, yield, and quality of both potato varieties when compared to other treatmentsThesisItem Open Access Study of grafted tomato (SolanumlycopersicumL.) under hydroponics and polyhouse conditions(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-16) B, Sowndarya; Chand, GurdevTomato grafting is a well-established horticultural technique for improving quantity and quality of fruits. The present research work is entitled “Study of grafted tomato (SolanumlycopersicumL.) under hydroponics and polyhouse conditions” are carried out with the objectives: to study the growth and development of successful tomato grafts and the yield and quality traits of grafted tomato under polyhouse and hydroponics conditions. The experiment was done with five rootstocks (viz., PKM-1 and Brinjal Hybrid Long, Pusa Ruby, Solanumtorvum and Pusa Purple Long) and two scions namely Heemsohna and ArkaSamrat along with non-grafted ArkaRakshak as a control. Rootstocks and scions were grafted through cleft grafting. Twelve days after grafting, the successful graft unions were transplanted into hydroponics (NFT system) and Polyhouse (Pot) conditions.Various observations were taken as morpho-physiological, growth, yield, biochemical and nutritional parameters at different days of intervals for evaluation. Eleven treatments, including control with three replications, were used. The recorded data was analyzed by a three-factorial-completely randomized design. The results showed that among all treatments ArkaSamrat grafted on PKM-1 observed as the best in survival percentage of grafted seedlings (88.52 %), peduncle length (18.51 cm), chlorophyll stability index (86.32 %), crop growth rate (2.37 gplant−1 day−1), relative growth rate (0.038 g g−1 day−1), pericarp thickness (17.30 mm), biological yield (8.11 kg plant-1), lycopene content (3.24 mg/100g DW) and total sugar content (2.33 g/100g FW) under polyhouse (pot) condition. In hydroponics growing conditions, Heemsohna grafted on Pusa Ruby showed the superiority in survival % of grafted seedlings (90.70 %), water use efficiency (16.01 g L-1), relative water content (75.00 %), harvest index (0.55), no.of fruits per plant (91.73), equatorial diameter (33.96), pericarp thickness (11.60 mm), marketable yield (6.41 kg plant-1), biological yield (11.79 kg plant-1) and total dietary fibre content (2.36 g/100g FW). Thus, this study concluded that Heemsohna and ArkaSamrat as a scion performed as the best compared to non-grafted (ArkaRakshak) plants under hydroponics and polyhouse growing conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Growth Retardants for Ameliorating the Effect of Drought Stress in Mustard (Brassica juncea L)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-05) Banoo, Muneeba; Sinha, Bhav KumarDetailed systemic studies were conducted on the study of growth retardants for ameliorating the effect of drought stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.).RH-30, RSPR-01 and Pusa bold varieties were taken as an experimental material. The foliar spray of growth regulators Paclobutrazol (PBZ) and Chlormequat chloride (CCC) were given at vegetative stage. PBZ and CCCwere applied at different concentration (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm and 250 ppm) and (500 ppm, 800 ppm, 1100 ppm and 1400 ppm) respectively. PBZ and CCCwere used as biochemical hormone to reduce the amount of water requirements and increase crop water use efficiency and to study their effect on lodging and pod shattering inmustard crop. The results revealed that PBZ and CCC application induced themorphological, physiological and biochemical responses that minimized the effect of drought stress in Brassica juncea genotypes grown under rainfed condition. In relation to morphological responses, a significant reduction in plant height was recorded inCCC treated plants @ 1100 ppm (77.4 cm, 70.6 and 66.4 cm) followed by PBZ @ 200 ppm (80.4, 75.7 and 70.4 cm) in comparison to control (134.6 cm,125.4 cm and 112.8 cm) in varieties RH-30, RSPR-01 and Pusa bold respectively. Highestrelativewater content was recorded in plants treated with CCC @ 1100 ppm (92.31, 84.44 and 79.33 %) followed by PBZ @ 200 ppm (89.38, 79.83 and 77.12 %) and lowest was observed in control (74.29, 65.42 and 60.23 %) in varieties RH-30, RSPR-01 and Pusa bold respectively.Maximum relative stress injury was observed in control plants in comparison to treated plants. Maximum photosynthetic rate (μmol CO2 /m2 /s) was observed in CCC treated plants @ 1100 ppm and PBZ @ 200 ppm in comparison to control. Highest yield/plant (g) was observed in CCC treated plants @ 1100 ppm (23.2 g) followed by PBZ @ 200 ppm (20.9) in comparison to control (9.2 g).A marked increase in cellulose and lignin content (g) were recorded in CCC treated plants @ 1100 ppm and PBZ @ 200 ppm in comparison to control. Results of all morphological, physiological and biochemical responses indicated that CCC @1100 ppm and PBZ @200 ppm causing reduced height and increased stem diameter thus leading to smaller plants with relatively better performances under water limiting condition. It also plays a significant role in tolerance tolodging and pod shattering in mustard crops.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of in vitro Organogenesis in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-11) Kumar Sai Ram, Injeti Krishna; Kumar Sinha, BhavPassion fruit is a woody wine with fruits filled with juicy pulp predominantly grown in tropical and sub tropical climatic conditions. The major issues associated with commercial cultivation of passion fruit are self incompatibility, low germination rates and viral diseases. In the view of above problems in order to obtain plantlets free from viral infestation, the present study entitled "Optimization of in vitro Organogenesis in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.)” was carried out under the objectives namely, standardize the different sterilization agents used for in vitro culture of Passion fruit, to standardize the different plant growth hormones in the in vitro culture of Passion fruit and to standardize the procedure of hardening.The explants were collected from the donor plant and sterilized using various types of sterilants. The explants were inoculated on the callus induction media with various combinations. Callus induction was observed after 25-29 days after inoculating on the callus induction media. Shoot and root formation was noticed after a period of 6±1 weeks after inoculation on the callus regeneration media. After that the plants were hardened in a various mixtures of sand, FYM, coco peat and vermiculite for a period of 3 weeks. The root and shoot length were measured subsequently. All the data obtained was subjected to one way CRD analysis. From the treatments and the results obtained it was evident that treatment with the combination of fungicide, 0.1% HgCl2 and 70% of alcohol for 30 sec was effective in controlling the contamination. Amongst the callus induction media treatments combination of 2,4-D and BAP with concentrations of (3.12 mg BAP+ 4 mg 2,4-D)\L was effective in producing callus followed by 3mg\l of 2,4-D and 4mg\l of IAA and in the callus regeneration point of view, amongst the various combinations that were taken (1.5 mg IBA+2.75 mg BAP)\L was effective in callus regeneration. Amongst the various explants taken tender shoots were the best to give the overall best results. Therefore it was found that amongst the various explants, using tenders shoots were the best. Combination of alcohol along with fungicide gives best aseptic cultures and a combination of 2,4-D and BAP gives best callus induction and a combination of BAP and IBA gives best regeneration. The mixture of coco peat and vermiculite gave the best plant survival rate in hardening.ThesisItem Open Access Study of root architectural and anatomical phenes for drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes.(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-11) Kumari, Monika; Chand, GurdevaestivumL.) production in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid climates.An investigationentitled "Study of root architectectural and anatomical phenes for drought tolerance in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes.” was carried out under the objectives: To study the morpho-physiological and biochemical response of (Triticum aestivumL.) under drought stressand comparative study of root architecture and anatomical phenes of the crop under drought stress. The experiment was carried out on three wheat genotypes in the acrylic pipe in the Division of Plant Physiology SKUAST, J. The stress was imposed by holding water irrigation for 10 days at the booting stage and sampling was done when the plants showed symptoms of wilting and leaf rolling and estimation of all parameters was done.The field experiment was done to compare only yield traits with an acrylic pipe. The experiment was laid out in a two factorial completely randomized design, consisting of control and treated conditions. Changes due to drought stress, physiological (relative water content, chlorophyll stability index etc), biochemical (total carotenoid, total soluble carbohydrates, grain related parameters etc.), yield attributing characters, root anatomical and root architecture phenes) parameters were estimated. The results revealed that drought stress at the booting stage declined the RWC% of leaf in stress conditions in the case of PBW644genotype (83% to 73%) followed by WH1080 (79% to 69%) and PBW175 (76% to 68%) were performed minimum. TSCs (12.06 to 26.14 mg g-1 FW) and proline content (6.32 to 18.88 µmoles/g FW) increased in all genotypes during drought stress conditions in acrylic pipe. Morphological parameters such total seed yield per plant, and the maximum was found in PBW644 and minimum was observed in PBW175. Under drought stress, root anatomy showed variations in all the wheat genotypes root diameter (mm), root cortical parenchyma (%), cortical thickness (mm), total cortical area mm2) decrease in PBW644 followed by WH1080 and PBW175.PBW-644showed a minimum reduction in morphophysiological traits and grain yield. As a result, sustaining a sufficient yield during the drought has become a priority, particularly considering global environmental changes and the increase in world population.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-prospecting of selenium fortification in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-11) Shah, Suhail Ashraf; Sinha, Bhav KumarThe present study entitled, “Bio-Prospecting of Selenium Fortification in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)” was carried out to study the effect of Selenium on germination and morpho-physiological growth of mustard(Brassica juncea L.)andthe effect of Se for development of resistance against drought grown under pot conditions and effect of Se on morphological, biochemical and yield parameters. The experiment was carried at Division of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences SKUAST Jammu. Pusa bold variety of Brassica juncea L. was taken under study. The experiment was laid under completely Randomized Block Design with four replications and fifteen treatments. The foliar application of Se was given in vegetative and reproductive stage. From the study it was demonstrated that the effect of different levels of Se on plant height, number of leaves/plant and number of branches/plant significantly higher in 4 ppm Se with 7 days WOW(178.6, 77.65, 12.37, respectively). Similarly fresh weight leaves, stem, root and silique(5.09, 38.40, 7.88, 36.92 g) and dry weight of leaves, stem, root and silique (2.94, 29.14, 5.80 and 31.94 g), respectively was observed in 4 ppm Se with 7 days WOW. However in case of biochemical parameters like chlorophyll content, chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoid, obtained maximum value (47.25, 1.31, 0.73, 1.94, 0.46), respectively in treatment 30 ppm Se with 7days of WOW. Expect that of pollen viability (63.45%), total soluble sugar (3.93 mg/g) and total starch (180.26 mg/g) which was obtained significantly highest in T15, T2 and T6,respectively. But In case of proline in 60 DAS (2.22 mg/g FW) and 90 DAS (1.81 mg/g FW) was obtained highest in T13. However in case of relative stress injury the highest was obtained in T8. In case of growth parameters like RWLC (85.00 %) the highest value was obtained in control. Whereas, CGR (2.49 g/m/day), RGR (0.190 g/g/day), SLA (1351 cm2/g), SLW (0.0023 g/cm2) and LAD (87.44 cm2/day) maximum value was obtained in 4ppm Se with holding of water for 7 days. For yield and quality parameters like Number of silique/plant(115.37), seed yield (42.60 g) and test weight (5.70 g) were found to be maximum in 4 ppm Se with 7 days WOW. Fatty acid analysis was found to be significantly highest in 30 ppm Se with 7 days WOW. However the Se content in seed (0.63 mg/kg) and Se content in soil (1.63 mg/kg) were found to be significantly highest in 30 ppm Se with 7 days WOW. Thus, it can be concluded that treatment T2 (4 ppm Se with 7 days WOW) resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes and yield. Besides this, Se also enhanced the chlorophyll, proline content significantly. Therefore, treatment T2 (4 ppm Se with 7 days WOW), can be recommended as an effective approach of Se fortification for enhancing growth, and yield and quality of crop.