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ThesisItem Open Access Genotype-Environment Interaction Study for Fodder Yield and Related Traits in Oat Genotypes (Avena sativa L.) by AMMI Analysis(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-01) Ahmad Pir, Hilal; Singh, PraveenThe present investigation entitled “Genotype-Environment Interaction Study for Fodder Yield and Related Traits in Oat Genotypes (Avena sativa L.) by AMMI Analysis” was undertaken to assess the magnitude of genotype × environment interaction and performance stability in the fodder oat, during Rabi 2019-20. The thirty-one oat genotypes including a check were planted in RCBD design under rainfed conditions with two dates of sowing at two different locations. Each entry was represented by a plot size of 3 m2. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction, as well as the site regression GGE biplot, were used to estimate genotype × environment interaction and yield stability. For all characters studied (excluding crude protein), pooled analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences among genotypes, environments and genotype-environment interaction effects. This indicated that the genotypes differentially responded to the changes in the test environments or the test environments differentially discriminated the genotypes or both. In green fodder yield, environment accounted for 21.01%, of total yield variance, genotype 52.96%, and G×E interaction 26.02%, emphasising the importance of spatial and temporal replication of variety trials. AMMI's first five bilinear terms were found to be significant. The first two multiplicative component terms sum of squares, with their cumulative degrees of freedom of 62, explained 91.12% of the interaction sum of squares. The oat genotypes, G28 (Sabzar) and G1 (JHO-99-2) were found to be the most stable genotypes across environments, with higher mean green fodder yield, making them suitable for cultivation under both normal and late sowing conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of induced mutants for earliness and anthracnose resistance traits of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-01) Devi, Shilpa; Kumar, SanjeevThe present investigation entitled “Characterization of induced mutants for earliness and anthracnose resistance traits of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)” was conducted during Kharif 2020 at the Experimental farm of Regional Horticulture Research Station Bhaderwah (RHRSB), SKUAST-J for ascertaining the nature and extent of genetic variation, to outline the association of grain yield/plant with yield contributing traits and to carry out divergence analysis through Mahalanobi’s D2 multivariate analysis (1928). RBD statistical experimental design was used to partition the variation into different components. The presence of sufficient amount of genetic variation was revealed by analysis of variance among mutant lines of common bean generated by gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate mutagens. Components of genetic variation revealed that phenotypic variance was relatively higher than genotypic variance for all the morpho-physiological and biochemical traits which implying a role for the environment in the expression of such traits under studied. Grain yield / plant was positively and significantly correlated with number of seeds/pod, number of clusters/plant, pod length, 1000 seed weight and number of pods/plant which revealed the importance of these characters in contributing grain yield /plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for morphological and biochemical traits viz., zinc content, iron content, grain yield/plant, number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and days to flowering indicating that these parameters are governed by additive-gene action and direct phenotypic selection is effective for improving such traits. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V (342.66) followed by cluster III and IV for morphological trais and III and V (342.93) for biochemical traits and these can be used in hybridization programme. In the light of present investigation, it is concluded that the least disease incidence (anthracnose) along with earliness and superiority in grain yield/plant was recorded in mutant lines viz., R-BL-M3-1, R-BL-M3-9, R-BL-M3-10, R-BL-M3-12, R-BL-M3-13, R-BL-M3-14, R-PL-M3-18, R-PL-M3-20 and R-PL-M3-22 as compared to controls ( Bhaderwah local (BL)& Poonch local (PL) of common bean and these mutant lines may be utilized as mutant stocks as a donar parent for common bean improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access Stability analysis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for yield and contributing traits under varied conditions.(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-12) Manhas, Neha; Chander, SubhashThe current study, titled “Stability analysis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for yield and contributing traits under varied conditions” was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21 at two locations viz., Advance Centre for Rainfed Agriculture SKUAST-J, Dhiansar and Research Farm, Chatha to study the G×E interaction for stability of grain yield and component traits in barley to identify the stable genotypes and to assess the character association of yield and component traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for thirteen characters of all the seventeen genotypes for individual environments i.e., E1, E2, E3, E4 has shown maximum significant results for most of the traits, which suggested the desired variability among different barley genotypes. Significant and positive correlation of grain yield per plant was observed with harvest index, number of grains per spike, plant height and flag leaf width at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Positive and direct effect on grain yield was observed through harvest index, number of tillers per plant, plant height, SPAD values, days to 50% flowering at both genotypic and phenotypic levels in pooled environment. G x E interaction was found significant for all the characters except flag leaf width and number of tillers per plant. In stability analysis for grain yield /plant, the genotype RD-2035 was found most stable and suitable followed by RD-2849 and BH-902. These genotypes recorded high means than general mean values and with regression coefficient close to unity bi=1 and S2di=0. The genotypes RD-2035, RD-2849 and BH-902 were found stable for grain yield and other yield contributing characters namely SPAD values, flag leaf length, spike length and biological yield per plant therefore, while developing varieties for stable performance across environments such traits should be given priority. The stable genotypes can be used for future breeding programmes as well as for cultivation under varied environment for higher yield.ThesisItem Open Access Divergence analysis for agro-morphological and quality traits in advanced breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-12) Mushtaq Khanday, Danish; Kumar, BupeshPresent study entitled “Divergence analysis for agro-morphological and quality traits in advanced breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out during Kharif season 2020 at the Experimental Area of Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics to ascertain the nature and extent of genetic divergence among advanced breeding lines of rice. Twenty seven advanced breeding lines of rice were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replications having a plot size of 5m2 in each replication viz., 5 rows of 5m length with row to row and plant to plant spacing of 20 x 15 cm. 25-days old seedlings were transplanted and all the recommended package and practices as well as interculture operations were followed to raise a good crop. Data recorded on various agro-morphological and quality traits were statistically analysed and analysis of variance revealed significant variation among advanced breeding lines for all the traits studied. Based on the magnitude of D2 values these lines were classified into six non-overlapping clusters. Among these clusters I and II were found to be the largest ones comprising of fourteen and nine advanced breeding lines respectively, whereas, clusters III, IV, V, VI were found to be the smallest ones comprising of single line only. Maximum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster II thereby indicating wider genetic divergence among the lines present in this cluster. Grain yield,1000 grain weight, days to maturity and panicle length were found to have maximum contribution towards genetic divergence. Maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between clusters II and VI followed by II and V indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity between these clusters. Cluster II was reported to have genotypes with maximum cluster mean for traits like plant height, total number of tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant and grain yield per plant indicating its superiority over the rest of the clusters. Characters like plant height, total number of tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, panicle length, and grain yield were reported to have high heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicating their efficient inheritance from generation to generation. Correlation studies revealed a significant positive association of grain yield per plant with tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant,1000 grain weight, panicle length and days to maturity suggesting their role in indirect selection for grain yield. Selection of divergent advanced breeding lines from clusters II, VI and V would produce a broad spectrum variation and can be used as parents in hybrizidation programme.ThesisItem Open Access Genotype x environment interactions for yield and yield contributing traits in Urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-12) Aman; Kumar Singh, AnjaniThe present investigation entitled “Genotype x environment interactions for yield and yield contributing traits in Urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)” was conducted during Kharif 2020 at the Research Farm, Chatha, Arid Centre for Rainfed Agriculture, Rakhdhiansar and Pulses Research Sub-Station, Samba for estimating genetic parameters, to outline the association of grain yield with yield contributing traits and to carryout stability analysis. RBD statistical experimental design was used to partition the variance into different components.The presence of significant genetic variation was revealed by analysis of variance among urdbean genotypes in each environment.Pooled estimates of components of genetic variance revealed that phenotypic variance was relatively higher than genotypic variance for all the morpho-physiological traits implying the role of the environment in the expression of such traits studied. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grain weight,grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index indicating that these parameters are governed by additive-gene action and direct selection is effective for improving such traits. Grain yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, test weight, biological yield and harvest index which revealed the importance of these characters in determining the grain yield per plant. G × E interactions were found to be significant for all characters studied and stability analysis was done as per the Eberhart and Russell (1966) model. Genotypes PLU499-52 and STTZ834 had higher means than general mean and regression coefficient greater than unity and were stable and suitable for high performance environments for grain yield per plant. Genotypes Mash338 and PU31 with higher mean than general mean combined with regression coefficient closer to unity, and non-significant deviation from linear regression were observed to be stable and suitable for all environments for grain yield per plant.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of Indian × East European F2:3 cross for yield traits and erucic acid in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-07) Singh, Tushadri; Gupta, S. K.A study was conducted on Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. to identify Indian type low erucic acid genotypes from a segregating F2:3 cross between Indian genotype (Pusa Mehak) × East European genotype (Primus). Morphological data analyses indicated that there was a wide distribution of trait values obtained for F2 and F3 population. Correlation analyses among morphological traits revealed that the yield per plant in F3 population was significantly positively associated with plant height, number of secondary branches per plant and number of siliqua on main shoot and significantly negatively correlated to days to flowering. Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) based marker-assisted selection (MAS) was used for the selection of desirable genotypes. The PCR product of three CAPS markers namely CAPS591, CAPS1265 and CAPS237 were digested with restriction enzymes Hpy99 I, BGl II and Mnl I, respectively to group genotypes based on erucic acid content at the two paralogs of FAE gene, FAE1.1 and FAE1.2. The Indian type genotypes obtained through morphological selection based on early flowering, revealed the genetic constitution of the 175 genotypes at both loci. Based on the molecular profiling, six groups based on genotypic constitution at both loci were obtained, corresponding to erucic acid content. To validate the findings of MAS, the seeds of 175 F3 genotypes were subjected to biochemical analyses for erucic acid content. Associating the molecular data with biochemical analyses revealed seven genotypes [PMP3-152 (17.45%), PMP3-160 (18.49%), PMP3-218 (20.76%), PMP3-50 (22.11%), PMP3-101 (22.26%), PMP3-240 (22.40%) and PMP3-51 (22.59%)] with erucic acid towards the lesser side of the spectrum. The observed seven genotypes would form a valuable resource for developing low erucic acid Indian type genotypes in future breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Divergence Studies among Inbred Lines in Maize ( Zea Mays L. )(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2020-12) Hussain, Khazin; Sudan, R.SMaize (Zea mays L.) has been extensively used in crop improvement research and is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice in the world. The present study was conducted to assess the magnitude of genetic diversity present in the fifty maize inbreds. The maize inbred lines were developed at Maize Research Station, Udhampur and received from IIMR, New Delhi as part of coordinated program. The experiment was conducted at Maize Research Station, SKUAST-J, Udhampur, J&K during Kharif 2019-20 in Augmented Block Design for 17 morpho-physiological and yield contributing traits. The statistical analysis revealed that all the maize genotypes were significantly different for all the traits under study indicating significant amount of variability present in the inbred lines. Selection of superior maize genotype based on their performance for shelling percentage, grain yield per plot, kernel rows per cob, and cob length will be effective as these traits showed high heritability as well as high genetic advance. Correlation and Path analysis studies revealed that cob length, kernel row per cob, 1000 kernel weight, kernels per row, number of cobs per plant, plant height, days to 75% dry husk, days to 50% silking had highly significant and positive association with grain yield per plot. The phenotypic variance of all the traits under study was found to be higher than genotypic variance confirming that the environment plays an important role on performance of maize inbreds. All the inbreds were grouped into ten clusters based on D2 analysis. Maximum numbers of genotypes (12) were grouped in cluster III whereas cluster X (1) was the smallest cluster amongst the ten clusters. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters VIII and cluster IX indicating presence of maximum diversity among the genotypes falling within these respective clusters. Principal component analysis revealed, that first five principal components recorded eigen values more than one and explained 79.99 per cent of the total variability. PCA biplot of principal component analysis demonstrated that the inbreds UDMI 433, UDMI 410, UDMI 422, UDMI 440, UDMI 411, UDMI 429, UDMI 430, UDMI 432, UDMI 443 and UDMI 418 were genetically more diverse than the other genotypes which was also evident from tocher’s method, indicating their usefulness in hybrid breeding programmes. Hence, the crosses UDMI 422 x UDMI 429, UDMI 422 x UDMI 421, UDMI 421 x UDMI 437, and UDMI 437 x UDMI 440 are having good chance of producing heterotic hybrids for improvement of grain yield. Further, these genotypes should be tested further for their combining ability and gene action using different mating designs to produce hybrids based on the type of gene action involved.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on floral biology of secondary and tertiary gene pool species in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2020-06) Jameel, Faisal; Dey, TuhinaWheat improvement since the green revolution has mainly exploited intervarietal diversity resulting in narrow genetic base of varieties in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Exploitation of the members of secondary and tertiary gene pool of the genus Triticum, offers avenues towards identification and introgression of novel genes from the related species. The utilization of the members of the wheat wild relatives is restricted possibly due to certain reproductive / physiological / ploidy barriers. With this idea, the current investigation was undertaken to explore the floral biology of the different members of wheat secondary and tertiary gene pool vis a vis their hybridization potential. The present study entitled “Studies on floral biology of secondary and tertiary gene pool species in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was carried out during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 in the experimental area of Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha, with an objective to characterize wild wheats for floral traits related to hybridization. Twenty accessions of wild wheat belonging to fifteen species were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications to characterize and compare the floral traits related to hybridization and to identify the hybridization potential of some of the cross compatible genera’s/ species with bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The analysis of variance exhibited significant variation among the accessions for all the traits expect duration of anthesis reflecting sufficient genetic variation present among the wild wheat accessions. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the twenty accessions were grouped into five clusters with the maximum inter cluster distance observed between accessions of cluster IV and V. Eight species were grouped into a single cluster but did not show much of genomic similarity indicating that clustering based on floral traits is not an indicator of genomic similarity. Further, the four accessions of Secale cereale were grouped into two separate clusters with two accessions each, and the two accessions of T. dicoccoides were also placed in distinct clusters due to their distinctive floral traits. The most relevant floral traits for outcrossing and use as male parent include duration of anthesis found maximum in Secale cereale (Tenessee Rye 6.0) days while Secale cereale (Assam Rye) has maximum duration of stigma featheriness (62 minutes). The time window of pollen extruction was maximum in T. culinaris, Secale cereale 206, Secale cereale 308, Triticum uniarislata, Aegilops speltoides and Agropyron species while the quality of pollen grain was better than the rest in T. polonicum and Triticum vavilovii. Pollen viability among the different species ranged from 20 per cent in T. timopheevii to 100 percent (T. culinaris, T. geniculata, T. polonicum Secale cereale 206, Secale cereale 308, Triticum vavilovii, Triticum uninarislata, Aegilops speltoides and Agropyron species). Based on duration of anthesis, time of anther extrusion and quality of pollen grains, it may concluded that there is no uniform pattern of traits that determine the potential of a species as pollen parent which could be barrier to hybridization with Triticum aestivum L.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence studies in oat germplasms (Avena sativa L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2020-12) Mahrukh; Singh, PraveenThe present study was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity present in the twenty-eight oat (Avena sativa L.) germplasms collected from different centres of the country. The experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Chatha during Rabi 2018-19 in RCBD with three replications and data on different morpho-physiological, yield and quality traits recorded. The statistical analysis revealed that the genotypes differed significantly for all the traits under study indicating sufficient amount of variability present in the genotypes. Selection of superior oat genotypes based on their performance for crude protein, leaf stem ratio, green fodder yield and dry matter yield will be effective as these traits showed high heritability as well as high genetic advance. Trait association analysis suggested that leaf area index, plant height, days to maturity, number of tillers per plant and stem girth had high significant positive and direct association with green fodder yield. Hence, selection based on such component traits may increase the green fodder yield in oat genotypes. The phenotypic variance of all the traits under study was found to be higher than genotypic variance confirming that environment play an important role on performance of oat genotypes. D2 analysis (Tocher’s method) grouped all 28 genotypes into six clusters. Cluster I (19 genotypes) and Cluster II and IV (1 genotypes) were the largest and the smallest clusters respectively. The mean for green fodder yield (7.08 kg/plot), dry matter yield (1.41 kg/plot) and number of leaves per plant (83.17) was highest in cluster number II, cluster I had highest mean for leaf length (40.66 cm) and cluster V had the highest mean for days to 50 per cent flowering (105.33). The inter-cluster distance was highest between VI and III cluster pair suggesting significant high genetic diversity among genotypes of these clusters. On the basis of mean performance and genetic distance of different traits, genotypes OS 346 and JHO 88-2 were selected for plant height, OS 403 and Local 1 for leaf length, OS 346 and JHO 88-2 for leaf width, JHO 88-2 – OS 6 for green fodder yield and OS 403 – OS 346 for dry matter yield were found to be diverse. Crude protein, leaf stem ratio and days to maturity contributed maximum towards variability which served as source traits for genetic divergence study in the present set of oat genotypes. The molecular diversity analysis using ten SSR markers clustered all the 28 genotypes into five clusters and significant level of dissimilarity was depicted among them. PIC values ranged from as low as 0.19 to as high as 0.59 with highest PIC value was observed in AM 04 (0.59). Genetic divergence revealed JHO 88-2, SKO 90 and SKO 98 to be most diverse at both morphological as well as molecular level. These genotypes can further be utilized for hybridization programme to achieve high yielding fodder oat segregants.