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20202
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Subject: Horticulture ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON AONLA THROUGH DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM (DRIS)
    (Division of Fruit Science Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu, 2020-01-03) Devi, Arti; Bakshi, Parshant
    The present investigations entitled “Nutritional studies on aonla through Diagonsis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)” were carried out in Jammu division comprising three location viz., Akhnoor, Raya and Purmandal. Soil samples were collected and analysed for various physico-chemical properties and nutrient status. Leaf and fruit samples were also collected from the same orchards and analysed for nutrient content, fruit mineral composition, quality parameters and yield. These aonla orchards have shown variation in soil pH from 6.1 to 7.7, EC 0.15-1.06 dS/m, organic carbon (0.19-2.32%), CaCO3 (0.13-0.75%), soil texture including sand (43.92 to 79.65%), silt (3.52 to 34.58%) and clay (4.65 to 35.27%), N (79 to 536.8 kg/ha), P (4.67 to 17.57 kg/ha), K (36.25 to 275.95 kg/ha), S (6.3 to 13.81 mg/kg), Zn (0.31 to 7.18 mg/kg), Fe (1.37 to 16.76 mg/kg), Cu (0.34 to 4.8 mg/kg) and Mn (0.11 to 2.94 mg/kg). The tree growth characteristics showed variation in tree height from (4.25-6.78 m), tree spread (2.27-4.39 m in North-South and 2.14-2.86 m in East-West direction), tree volume (44.33-174.17m3) and tree girth (29.55-77.34 m). In flowering characteristics, duration of flowering ranged from 16 to 26 days, days taken full bloom to maturity (215 to 236 days), total number of flowers (561 to 820), male flowers (553.2-820), female flowers (4.2-10), male:female ratio (70.72-176.38), fruit set (36.54-54.95%), fruit drop (51.34-59.97%) and fruit yield (16.55-114.24 kg/plant). The physical characteristics of fruit including fruit weight ranged from (30.11-42.94g), fruit length (2.91-3.88cm), fruit diameter (3.12-4.44cm), fruit volume (20.05-40.82cm3), specific gravity (1.05-1.51), pulp weight (28.28-41.3g), dry weight of pulp (5.1-6.5g), stone weight (1.71-1.84g) and pulp:stone ratio (16.25-22.86) whereas the chemical characteristics of fruits such as TSS ranged from (6.25-10.78 0Brix), titratable acidity (1.52-1.97%), TSS:TA acid ratio (0.69-7.09), ascorbic acid (533.19-583.45 mg/100g), total sugar (5.1-5.72%), reducing sugar (3.08-3.42%), non-reducing sugar (1.66-2.41%), moisture (74.48-84.64%), ash (0.46-0.93%), pH (2.65-2.95), protein (2.05-2.83%), polyphenols (24.02-31.75%) and starch (16.07-29.22%). The correlation studies between available nutrient elements in soil with their respective contents in leaves exhibited significant and positive relationships. The pH and EC exhibited significant and negative correlation with Fe and significant and positive correlation with N, Cu and Mn. The organic carbon exhibit positive and significant relationship with N and Zn but silt exhibit negative and significant relationship with N and Cu. The soil nutrients N, P, K and Cu exhibited positive and significant relationship with tree height, spread, volume and girth and negative relationship with S and Mn. The relationships of soil N, P, Cu and Mn exhibited positive and significant relationship with total number of flowers, male flowers, female flowers, fruit set and yield but negative and significant relationship with date of flowering, days taken from full bloom to maturity and male: female ratio. Soil N, P, Cu and Mn showed positive and significant relationship with fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, pulp weight, dry weight of pulp, stone weight and pulp: stone ratio and negative but significant correlation of specific gravity with soil P, Fe and Cu. A positive and highly significant relationship of soil nutrients N, P, Cu and Mn with moisture %, pH, protein, polyphenols and starch but showed negative but significant relationship with non-reducing sugar, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid. The leaf nutrients N, P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn exhibited positive and significant relationship with tree height, spread, volume and girth. The total numbers of flowers, male flowers, female flowers, fruit set and yield were found to be highly significant correlation with N, P, K, S, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn while as negative but significant correlation with male: female ratio and fruit drop. A positive and highly significant correlation of fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, specific gravity, dry weight of pulp, stone weight and pulp: stone ratio with N, P, K, S, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn while as negative and significant correlation with pulp weight. Leaf N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn exhibited positive and significant relationship with TSS, TSS: acid ratio, total sugar, reducing sugar, ash content, pH, protein, polyphenols and starch, while as negative but significant relationship with titratable acidity. Nutrient sufficiency range derived from DRIS norm were 1.74-2.96, 0.13-0.23, 0.73-1.04, 1.72-1.93, 0.35-0.55, 0.18-0.27, 89.24-156.98, 8.97-21.64% for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), respectively. On the basis of these sufficiency range, 70, 82, 45, 79, 43, 42, 49, 49, 52 and 78 % of samples were found sufficient for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn), respectively. DRIS approach diagnosed 6, 17, 1, 6, 10, 13, 4, 25, 8 and 9 per cent orchards as having major relative deficiency for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn, respectively while as sufficiency range approach identified 0, 3, 15, 10, 26, 19, 30, 13, 17 and 0 per cent of the orchards deficient for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn respectively. The DRIS approach diagnosed 12, 10, 3, 6, 2, 3, 1, 4, 22 and 18 per cent as the major relative excess for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn whereas, sufficiency range diagnose none of the orchard is in excess. DRIS approach diagnosed most deficient nutrient Fe followed by P followed by Mg followed by Ca followed by Mn followed by Cu followed by N followed by S followed by Zn followed by K. It can be concluded that available nutrient elements in soil and foliar nutritional status and crop load vary from orchard to orchard and location to location. Maintenance of soil fertility and significant increase in fruit yield and tree growth can be achieved by supplying the aonla orchards with the deficient nutrient elements and by manipulating fertilizer and orchard management practices in order to facilitate balanced uptake of nutrients by plants. Therefore, while interpreting leaf and soil nutritional status of the orchard, DRIS diagnostic approach along with sufficiency range diagnostic approach should be used as a guide for fertilizer application of aonla trees for better fruit production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS LIME GENOTYPES OF JAMMU REGION
    (DIVISION OF FRUIT SCIENCE Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu, 2020-01-03) Kumari, Shilpy; Sharma, Akash
    The present investigation entitled “Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of indigenous lime genotypes of Jammu region” was undertaken during 2017 to 2019 in acid lime growing areas of Jammu, Samba, Kathua, Reasi and Udhampur to assess the distribution range and to record the range of genetic variability of different horticultural traits for indigenous lime genotypes. Seventy seedling trees of acid lime were selected during survey and characterization study based on vegetative growth, flower and fruit characters. Results of the study indicated the existence of wide morphological variability between the genotypes. A marked variation in qualitative traits was observed in terms of tree height, tree shape, tree growth habit, density of branches, branch angle, spine density, leaf shape, leaf apex, leaf lamina margin, angle of leaf bases, angle of leaf apex, number of stamens, number of flower bud per inflorescence, flowering month, fruiting season, fruit shape, shape of fruit base, bearing cycle, seed shape, seed colour, average number of seeds per fruit, pulp colour and pulp texture in the studied genotypes. Tree shape varied as ellipsoid, spheroid and obloid, the spine shape, shoot tip colour and shoot tip surface of all the genotypes were straight, green and glabrous, respectively. The vegetative life cycle of all the genotypes was evergreen with brevipetiolate leaf lamina attachment and crenate leaf lamina margin. All the genotypes had white coloured open flower and yellow coloured anther. Maximum leaf lamina length (89.60 mm) was recorded in JMU-Chet(46) whereas, leaf lamina width (53.26 mm) was found maximum in genotype JMU-Godd (55). Maximum fruit weight (56.26 g), fruit diameter (49.57 mm), fruit length (55.70 mm) and total yield (160.28 Kg/tree) was recorded in genotype JMU-Nag(70) whereas width of epicarp at equatorial area (2.50 mm) was recorded maximum in JMU-Log(9). High heritability was observed for fruit length (93.83 per cent) lowest for seed width (63.52 per cent). Maximum genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for width of epicarp at equatorial area (37.31 per cent) and minimum (21.15 per cent) was recorded for fruit diameter. Path analysis revealed that maximum positive direct effect on yield was shown by fruit weight (0.467), and fruit length (0.283) has highest positive indirect effect on yield. Cluster dendrogram grouped seventy lime genotypes under two main clusters A and B representing the intensity of diversity and closeness among them. Cluster-A had four genotypes and cluster B is further divided into nine sub clusters comprising of sixty six genotypes. As cluster I comprised of only four genotypes and formed the separate and most distinctive cluster representing JMU-Pana(41), JMU-Jib(36), JMU-Nag(65), JMU-Nag(70) as the most diverse genotypes. Persual of the biochemical data revealed that maximum TSS (8.89 0Brix), Acidity (8.35 per cent), Ascorbic acid (36.81 mg / 100 ml juice), Juice (57.13 per cent) was observed in genotype JMU-Nag(70) followed by JMU-Jib(36) and JMU-Pana(41) whereas, maximum pH (3.31) was observed in genotype JMU-Sun(62). For molecular characterization, seventy genotypes were subjected to DNA profiling using 25 SSR markers. Out of 25 SSR markers, only 21 showed polymorphism and identified a total of 99 alleles and an average of 4.71 alleles per marker. Scored data was used for the estimation of Jaccard’s similarity coefficient using NTSYS pc version 2.0. The markers were able to distinguish the genotypes into two major clusters. The similarity varied from 0.08 to 0.60. Highest genetic similarity index were observed among JMU-Sum(58) and JMU-Sun(61) (0.60), followed by JMU-Log-2 and JMU-Log-9 (0.58), and JMU-Godd(55) and JMU-Sun(62) (0.56). However least similarity index were observed among JMU-Jib(36) and JMU-Balli(30) (0.08), followed by JMU-Nag(70) and JMU-Pana(43) (0.11) and JMU-Pana(41) and JMU-Bar(11) (0.11). The genotypes under study possessed significant variability for all the characters as indicated by magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. The promising genotypes identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical analysis includes JMU-Tarror(26), JMU-Jib(36), JMU-Pana(41), JMU-Nag(65) and JMU-Nag(70). Genotype JMU-Jib(36), JMU-Pana(41) and JMU-Nag(70) were found to be the most genetically diverse genotypes on molecular basis and can be used for further breeding programme. Hence, on the basis of morphogenetic characteristics these three genotypes viz., JMU-Jib(36), JMU-Nag(70) and JMU-Pana(41) having the potential for quality acid lime production with excellent traits of interest and high genetic dissimilarity can be used directly as cultivar after completing all nodal formalities for variety release or can be further used in breeding programmes to get segregates.