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Subject: Entomology ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessing Quality of Beewax and Pesticides Residue in Jammu Region
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-29) Yadav, Virandra; Sharma, Devinder
    The present investigation entitled “Assessing quality of beewax and pesticides residue in Jammu Region” was conducted at the Experiential Learning Unit of Beekeeping, Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha (SKUAST-J). 30 samples of pure beewax and CFS (comb foundation sheet) were collected during the surveyed of apiaries from different region of Jammu. The physico- chemical analysis of pure beewax and CFS was performed for various parameters (melting point, specific gravity, total volatile matter, saponification value, acid value, ester value and ester acid ratio) as per standards protocol of cf sheets. The melting point of pure beewax ranged from 61.1 to 65.3 ºC, with the highest melting point of 65.3 ºC was reported from Reasi. The melting point ranged from 62 to 64.8 ºC in CFS (comb foundation sheet) samples obtained from different locations. The specific gravity of pure beewax ranged from 0.951 to 0.979, with the highest value of 0.979 reported from Reasi. The specific gravity ranged from 0.951 to 0.978, with the highest value (0.978) recorded in samples from R.S. Pura. The total volatile matter content of pure beewax ranged from 0.312 to 0.358, with the highest value of 0.358 reported from R.S pura and the lowest value (0.312) from Reasi. The total volatile matter of cf sheets ranged from 0.306 to 0.348. The saponification values of pure beewax and CFS ranged from 85.84 to 93.93 and 87 to 91.89 mg/KOH, respectively. The acid value of pure beewax ranged from 18.09 to 23.86 mg/KOH, with the highest value (23.86 mg/KOH) reported from Vijaypur (Samba). Whereas, acid values of CFS ranged from 18.4 to 23.9 mg/KOH. The ester value of pure beewax ranged from 61.99 to 71.9, whereas that of CFS ranged from 64.08 to 71.15. The ester acid ratio of pure beewax ranged from 3 to 3.96, whereas that of CFS ranged from 2.71 3.85. Furthermore, 20 samples of beewax collected from different locations were analyzed for pesticide residue by using GC-MS. All the beewax samples were free from pesticide residues i.e., BDL (below detection limit). All beeswax samples analyzed were in accordance with the regulation limits of the FSSAI and national standards and were free of any contamination and pesticides.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bionomics and Management of Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta Absoluta (Meyrick) in the Jammu Region
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-08-24) Sharief, Sehrose; Shankar, Uma
    The thesis embodies the experimental studies on‘Bionomics and Management of Tomato Leaf Miner Tutaabsoluta (Meyrick) in the Jammu Region’.The research is divided into three key objectives, spanning two years of surveying (2022 and 2023) and bionomic and management studies in 2023. The survey was conducted during the tomato cropping season (March-June) across four districts in the Jammu region (Udhampur, Doda, Jammu, and Ramban). The survey results demonstrated the highest leaf (39-70%) and fruit infestations (52-71%) in Udhampur, followed by Doda. Jammu recorded T. absoluta infestation solely in 2023, while Ramban saw no infestation over two years. Seasonal incidence analysis revealed peak larval populations in the 19thStandard Week, while light and pheromone trap catches peaked in 18thand 20thStandard Weeks, respectively. Temperature demonstrated a positive correlation with T. absoluta larval population, whereas relative humidity and rainfall displayed negative correlations. Bionomic studies unveiled the life cycle of T. absoluta, with adult males surviving around 7.58±0.01 days and females 15.04±0.07 days. The complete life cycle duration was approximately 29.87±0.04 days for males and 37.33±0.01 days for females. Physical attributes were also described wherein adult males measured 3.03±0.05 mm in length and 2.14±0.01 mm in breadth, while females were 4.48±0.04mm long and 1.23±0.07mm wide. Various insecticidal methods were applied to manage T. absoluta under open-field conditions. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC exhibited the highest efficacy, causing a mortality rate of 90.17 per cent which was at par with Emamectin benzoate 5SG (81.15 per cent) and Imidacloprid 17.8SL (72.38 per cent), respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Toxicity of Insecticides Against Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-25) Khan, Burhan Ashraf; Bandral, R. S.
    The present investigation on the toxicity and persistence of newer molecules against diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) was undertaken in the Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu with an objective to evaluate the toxicity and persistent toxicity of newer insecticides viz. chlorfenapyr, spinetoram, emamectin benzoate,chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Among them spinetoram showed high toxicity and chlorfenapyr was found least toxic to third instar larvae of DBM with LC50 values of 0.111 ppm and 2.165 ppm, respectively. Based on LC50 values, toxicity of the tested insecticides in decreasing order was spinetoram (0.111 ppm), emamectin benzoate (0.141 ppm) > chlorantraniliprole (0.142 ppm) > flubendiamide (0.683 ppm) and chlorfenapyr (2.165 ppm). The order of relative toxicity based on LC90 values in the descending order were spinetoram (0.707 ppm), emamectin benzoate (1.137 ppm) >chlorantraniliprole (1.318 ppm) > flubendiamide (6.190 ppm) and chlorfenapyr (9.861 ppm). Persistent toxicity of insecticides was studied by collecting the leaf samples from the insecticides sprayed cabbage plants in field at 0, 1, 3, 7, 10 and 15 days. Perusal of data on mean larval mortality after 15 days of spraying revealed that all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over control.chlorantraniliprole was the most effective insecticide with 38.33 per cent larval mortality and it was significantly superior followed by spinetoram (31.67 per cent larval mortality) and was at par with chlorantraniliprole. Flubendiamide recorded 28.33 per cent larval mortality and was at par with spinetoram. Chlorfenapyr and emamectin benzoate exerted 16.67 per cent and 8.33 per cent mortality, respectively. The order of persistent toxicity of insecticides against DBM was chlorantraniliprole > spinetoram > flubendiamide > chlorfenapyr > emamectin benzoate.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Cannibalistic behaviour of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallisterin relation to food deprivation and its predation
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-20) Vaishnavi, Anthati; Gupta, R. K.
    The present investigation on Cannibalistic behaviour of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallisterin relation to food deprivation and its predation was undertaken in the Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology with an objective of evaluating the cannibalistic behaviour of Z. bicolorata. Results revelead that although monophagy (β > 0.5) is a preferred habit yet in course of food deprivation it adapted to phytocannophagy. The cannibalism in this insect was also influenced by some other factors like, overcrowding, effect of injury, effect of non-host, presence of diapause chamber and non-lethal interactions with its predators. In crowding density increased (3, 6, 9, 12) the cannibalism also increased significantly and high in density 12 (egg, grub and adult). Among egg, grub, adult the egg stage was found to be more vulnerable to cannibalism. The Z. bicolorata preferred injured stages for cannibalism than intact ones. There was no evidence of feeding seen on non-host plant, cannibalism was high (13.00 ± 0.51) in absence of its host and diapause chamber did not effect on cannibalistic behaviour. In presence of predators and in absence of food increased the stress factor which led to higher rates of cannibalism (29.30 ± 1.19) than absence (16.8 ± 0.84). These results reveal that the Z. bicolorata would not shift its host in the absence of its host Parthenium it instead starts cannibalizing each other. The cannibalism of Z. bicolorata is also influenced by many factors and it was confirmed that absence of natural food may trigger cannibalism in Z. bicolorata instead of shifting its host range.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of IPM Modules against Insect Pests of Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L.
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-08-25) Wazir, Zahid Abass; Shankar, Uma
    Study on development of IPM Modules against insect pests of Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L. was carried out at Entomological farm, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Jammu, Chatha for two consecutive years 2021 and 2022. The studies revealed that more than twenty-one (21) insect pest species were associated with bell pepper crops in the Jammu region. The observations on population dynamics of adults and larval population of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura, broad mite and whitefly were recorded at weekly intervals starting from 10th standard week till 24th standard week for both years. The peak trap catches of adult borers were recorded during 18th SW and 20th SW for both adult borers during 2021 and 2022, respectively. While the peak activity of larval population of H. armigera and S. litura was recorded during 20th SW during both the years. The peak activity of broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and whitefly, Bemesia tabaci were also recorded during the 19th to 21th SW during both the years of experimentation. The perusal of data on avoidable losses of both the years (pooled) showed that mean yield of 20.33 tons/ha was obtained in protected plots whereas, mean yield of 14.24 tons/ha in unprotected plots which indicated a net avoidable loss of 29.97 per cent. The results for the comparative evaluation of different methods of raising seedlings for healthy growth and development in bell pepper showed that plug tray was found superior amongst all the four methods evaluated in respect to germination percentage, seedling vigor index and least whitefly infestation during both the years. The results for the performance of different IPM modules during 2021 and 2022 revealed that, the module II (Integrated pest management) was best and superior in obtaining least percent damage of fruits on number basis (17.98% and 16.85%), on weight basis (12.80% and 11.88%), least Helicoverpa infestation (3.06 and 2.69 mean number of Helicoverpa larva per plant) and recorded highest yield (33.73 kg/plot and 35.22 kg/plot) for both years, respectively. Maximum occurrence of larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae was noticed in module V (Control) for both years (pooled), wherein, the highest parasitization was recorded (9.11±1.06 per cent). The perusal of the data during 2021 and 2022 showed that all modules were found to be cost effective. However, module II (Integrated pest management) was best and superior with highest yield (17.99 t/ha and 18.78 t/ha) and highest Cost Benefit ratio (1:3.11 and 1:3.80) for both years of experimentation, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Refinement and standardization of modern hive for Apis cerana F.
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-06) Thakur, Manoj; Sharma, Devinder
    The present studies entitled, “Refinement and standardization of modern hive for Apis cerana F.” were carried out from March to October, 2021 and 2022 in the Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The average age of the beekeepers was 43.20 years with average landholding and experience in beekeeping of beekeeper was 0.40 ha, 17 years, respectively. It was found that 11% of the beekeepers were exclusively dependent on farm income. The majority of the beekeepers possessed log hive followed by wall hive and honey production in log hive and wall hive was 7.67 kg and 6.93 kg/hive/season, respectively. The 68% of beekeepers harvested honey once a year while only 14% practiced honey processing. Among the diseases and enemies of honey bees, the incidence of wax moth, wasp, ant and bee eater birds was reported by 73%, 45%, 40%, and 34% of respondents, respectively. It was found that none of the honey had received AGMARK certification, nor was any brand name given to the honey. The average honey produced by each beekeeper was 24.24 ±1.44 kg and average amount of honey sold by beekeeper was 18.46±1.44 kg. Beekeepers sold honey at a higher price (Rs.907kg-1). Most beekeepers sell honey directly to consumers without any intermediaries in the supply chain. The nesting parameters, viz. bee space, comb width, comb length, comb height, cell dimension, and entrance hole diameter, were obtained from the traditional hive inhabited by A. cerana. Accordingly the refined bee hive for A.cerana with external dimensions of 410 mm brood chamber length, 288 mm breadth, and 200 mm height. The seven-frame bee hive was designed with a frame length of 315 mm, frame height of 195 mm, and top bar width of 24 mm. In contrast, the bee space was 8 mm, and the entrance gate was 24×10 mm. Beehive was fitted with a sliding inspection board above the bottom board for the inspection of disease outbreaks in the colony. The cell dimensions in the comb are of length= 5.45 mm, breadth= 3.71, depth= 10.56 mm. The colony performance, viz. bee population, brood area, pollen area, and nectar area, was recorded for 2021 and 2022 in the refined hive, and a comparison was made with the A. cerana colonies in the Langstroth hive during the same year. The results revealed that colony performance was better in refined hives than in langstroth hives in terms of bee population, brood area, pollen area, and nectar area. The average honey production in refined hive and langstroth hive was 8.05 and 5.15 kg, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development Of Herbicide Tolerant Strain Of Zygogramma Bicolorata For Effective Management Of Parthenium Hysterophorus L.
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-06) Aryan, Shalini; Gupta, R.K.
    The present study entitled “Development of herbicide tolerant strain of Zygogramma bicolorata for effective management of Parthenium hysterophorus L.” revealed that application of 2, 4-D and glyphosate herbicides have caused negative impacts on larval development, longevity, reproduction as well on other biological parameters of Z. bicolorata. Significant effect was found in total larval developmental period when exposed to 2, 4-D (23.21 days) and glyphosate (19.70 days) treatments when compared to control (17.44 days). Both pre-pupation and pupation period enhanced significantly with application of 2, 4-D over control. Considerable negative effect was also observed in pre-oviposition, oviposition, fecundity, egg viability and post-oviposition which is more pronounced in 2, 4-D than glyphosate. Development of tolerance in beetle to glyphosate revealed that LC50 value increased from 1.694 to 11.717 with increased resistant ratio from 0.00 to 6.916. For 2, 4-D, LC50 value increased from 0.919 to 6.232 with increased resistant rate to 6.781 fold. Genetic analysis of tolerant strain for both herbicides and their crosses revealed that the LC50 values were significantly higher (p<0.05) than susceptible strains. The LC50 value of F1 progeny from tolerant cross viz., Tolerant Female X Susceptible Male and that of reciprocal cross were found intermediate with LC50 value of tolerant and susceptible parent strains in both tested herbicides. The degree of dominance in glyphosate and 2, 4-D crossed Tolerant Female X Susceptible Male appeared to be completely dominant but incomplete dominance in Tolerant Male X Susceptible Female in F1 generation. The net house trial of glyphosate and 2, 4-D herbicide tolerant and susceptible strains revealed that maximum mortality of larvae was observed in susceptible than tolerant after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days of treatment respectively. The percent defoliation was significantly higher in tolerant than susceptible grubs. Larval development period in tolerant and susceptible strains did not vary significantly among the two populations. Moreover, pupation, adult emergence and fecundity were significantly higher in tolerant population when compared to the susceptible one. These results assert that the glyphosate and 2, 4-D resistant strain of Z. bicolorata can be integrated and simultaneously used with respective herbicides for effective management (IPM) of Parthenium weed in Jammu Division.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on fruit fly diversity and their management on important fruit crops of Jammu Sub-tropics
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-01) Bhagat, Gaurav; Kumar Singh, Amit
    The thesis embodies the results of experimentation made on diversity of fruit flies in Jammu Sub-tropics, population dynamics and management of fruit fly in mango, guava and peach followed by refinement of Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) and Bait Attractant Technique (BAT) against major fruit flies on the mentioned fruit crops carried out during cropping seasons of 2019 and 2020. The diversity pattern of fruit flies revealed the presence of different species of Bactocera, Dacus and Carpomyia fruit flies at the experimental orchards. The experimental orchards at FSR, Chatha had highest diversity of fruit flies in terms of species richness and species abundance as compared to experimental orchards at Raya and Miran Sahib, during both the years. The computed Sorenson’s evenness coefficient (CC) indicated that all the three communities under study had a bit of overlap or similarity in terms of fruit fly species diversity. The studies on population dynamics of fruit flies revealed the presence of fruit flies from 8th to 50th standard weeks at all the experimental sites during both the years. The fruit fly population had a positive correlation with minimum and maximum temperature, non-significant positive correlation with evening relative humidity and rainfall but negative correlation with morning relative humidity at Raya and FSR. However, at Miransahib, fruit fly population had a non-significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and morning relative humidity and significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and rainfall. For evaluating the MAT and BAT techniques in different fruit orchards, the population of fruit flies commenced from February and lasted till December wherein, Methyl eugenol+malathion was statistically superior over all other treatments. The refinement of Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) and Bait Attractant Technique (BAT) in the orchards of mango, guava and peach revealed that the highest trap catches were recorded in commercially available green valley fruit fly traps followed by another commercially available traps (PCI) and the least trap catches were recorded in cue-lure+absorbent plastic on all the three fruit crops during both the years of experimentation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Gall Inducing Insects with Special Reference to Management of Gall Inducing Thrips
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Fatima, Gulshan; Shankar, Uma
    The thesis embodies the resultsof experiment entitled“Studies on Gall Inducing Insects with Special Reference to Management of Gall Inducing Thrips” which was conducted in different areas of Jammu district and at SKUAST-J during 2022. The results of our studies revealedgall inducing insects as major pests of different medicinal plantsviz., Terminaliaarjuna, T.chebula,Alstoniascholaris, Syzygium cumini,Ficus racemose, Rauwolfia serpentina,Emblica officinalis, Toonaciliate,Ficusreligiosa, Pongamia pinnata,Ficus benjamina,Abelmoschusesculentus,Mangiferaindica, Plumeria spp. and Atrocarpus lacucha.The abundance of leaf gall and population of Dixothrips spp. on Terminalia chebula were observed to attain peakin 18th SW. Moreover, gall parameters like number of galls, depression pits, mature galls, perforated galls, gall chamber, gall diameter and exit hole revealed significant positive correlation with mean temperature and negative correlation with mean relative humidity. Whereas, young galls revealed non-significant positive correlation with mean temperature and relative humidity.The mean number of eggs reached to their peak (94.1 eggs) in 16thSW, the maximum population of nymphs (219.1 nymphs) was observed in 17th SW whereas adult females (210.3 thrips) and males (17.2 thrips)peaked in 18th SW. The correlation analysis indicated that number of nymphs and adults had significant positive correlation with average temperature and highly significant negative correlation existed between nymphs, adults and relative humidity.The eggs of Dixothrips spp. were white transparent and oval in shape, with an average lengthof 0.22 ±0.03 mm. The first nymphal instarwas active and light-yellow coloured, with an average length of 0.42±0.03mm whereassecond instar nymph measured 1.14±0.04 mm in length. The prepupa was 1.19±0.05 mm long whereas, pupa was light brown in colour with average length of 1.26±0.08 mm. The average size of adult male and femalewas 1.98±0.16 mm and2.4±0.24mm, respectively.Evaluation of efficacy of different insecticides againstgall inducing thrips of T. chebula revealed that Imidacloprid 17.8 SLhad highest efficacy in reducing the population of thrips followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG and Acephate 75 SP, respectively.