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Subject: Animal Biochemistry ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Effects of replacing antibiotics or xylooligosaccharides by rumen liquor fraction as a feed additive on health performance of broiler chickens.”
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2022-01-03) Singh, Puneet; Raghuwanshi, Pratiksha
    The present research scrutinized the impact of replacing antibiotics from broiler chicken diets with rumen liquor fraction (RLF)) or xylooligosaccharides. Rumen liquor was collected from a slaughterhouse and processed to recover a soluble fiber fraction. Day-old broiler chicks (Ven Cobb-400 strain, n = 480) were grouped into four groups, namely CO (Unsupplemented), RL (0.05% RLF), XOS (0.05% Xylooligosaccharides), and AB (enramycin 0.0125%), with 6 replicates (n=20) per group. Six chickens per replicate were slaughtered at 42 days of age for sample collection. Significantly higher HDL cholesterol levels were observed in the prebiotic supplemented groups. Significantly lower lipid peroxidation and higher superoxide dismutase activity were present in the RL group. No significant difference was observed in the experimental birds for DTH response against phytohaemagglutinin-P and serum IgG and IgA levels. The expression levels of cytokines in the cecal tonsils of birds were higher for IL-1β and TNF-α genes (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) in prebiotic supplemented groups. It was concluded that RLF was comparable to XOS in its antioxidative ability, lipid profile modulation and alteration in expression of IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α in cecal tonsils of broiler birds, indicating improved mucosal immunity in poultry birds.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of dietary cholesterol and niacin supplementation on experimentally induced renal dysfunction in wistar rat
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2018-05-11) Khajuria, Pallavi; raghuwanshi, Dr. Pratiksha
    Study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary cholesterol and niacin supplementation and renal dysfunction in wistar rats. Eighty-four adult healthy wistar male rats were divided into twelve equal groups. Experiment was carried out as per 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design with two clinical conditions (Kidney-Normal and Kidney-Compromised); three levels of cholesterol supplementation (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and two niacin levels (unsupplemented and supplemented @ 100mg/kg body weight), respectively. At the start of the experiment, renal dysfunction was induced in respective rats by daily injection of gentamicin for 8 days. Blood samples were collected periodically and analysed for biochemicals and antioxidant assay. Renal oxidative stress, immune response and semen quality were also assessed. At the end of trial, animals were sacrificed and liver, kidney and testes were harvested for histopathological analysis. Renal dysfunction and cholesterol supplementation resulted in significant deteriorative effect on almost all the biochemical, enzymatic and oxidative stress parameters with significant interaction among these two factors. Niacin supplementation had positive effect over these parameters and was also able to ameliorate adverse impact of renal dysfunction and/or dietary cholesterol supplementation with significant interaction. Niacin supplementation and/or dietary cholesterol supplementation had no effect on immune status. It was concluded that niacin supplementation appears to have nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect under experimentally induced renal dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic wistar rats.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of organic sources of nutrients and weed management on productivity and profitability of basmati rice based cropping system
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 2018-10) Sharma, Ashu; Kachroo, Dr. Dileep
    An investigation entitled “Effect of organic sources of nutrients and weed management on productivity and profitability of basmati rice based cropping system” was conducted at the Research Farm of AICRP-IFS, Main Campus, Chatha of SKUAST–Jammu during the kharif, rabi and summer seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17. Before the start of present investigation, the experiment with the treatments i.e. sources of nutrients already laid was modified by imposing the organic weed management treatments and the plots containing the nutrient source treatments were further divided into sub-plots. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with six sources of nutrients treatments in main plots and four weed management treatments in sub-plots with three replications each. The main plot treatments consisted of six sources of nutrients viz. 50% Rec. NPK through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM + inorganic source of micronutrients as per soil test (T1), 100% Rec. N through different organic sources each equivalent to 1/3 of Rec. N i.e. FYM+ vermicompost + non edible oil cake (T2), T2 (100% organics) + marigold for potato on border as trap crop and bottle guard as trap crop for frenchbean (T3), 50 % Rec. N through vermicompost + biofertilizers for N + rock phosphate to substitute the P requirement + PSB (T4), T2 (100% organics) + VAM (T5), 100 % Rec. NPK + secondary and micronutrients based on soil test through inorganic fertilizer (T6) and sub plots comprised of four weed management treatments viz. Weed Free (W0), Mustard Seed Meal @ 5t/ha (W1), Rice Bran @ 4 t/ha (W2) and Weedy Check (W3). Irrigation was applied at regular intervals in rice, potato and frenchbean as per need. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in available nitrogen and medium in organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium. Among the sources of nutrients, the application of T2 (100% organics) + VAM (T5) in Rice-Potato-Frenchbean cropping system more particularly after the conversion period not only significantly increased the rice equivalent yield (REY) but also increased the yield of individual crops (Rice, Potato and Frenchbean) with an concomitant increase in the growth and yield attributes of individual crops in a system during both the years of experimentation over the application of 100 % Rec. NPK + secondary and micronutrients based on soil test through inorganic fertilizer (T6). The average net returns and B:C ratio of two years of experimentation realised was also found higher (Rs. 102881 and 0.38) than other treatments in comparison. The soil parameters mainly organic carbon and available NPK also showed a higher trend to the tune 50.00 %, 49.39 %, 20.00 % and 39.91 % over to that of initial values besides significantly improved the soil microbial population (bacteria: 63.41 x 106 CFU/g; fungi: 43.30 x 105 CFU/g and actinomycetes: 48.70 x 104 CFU/g) at the end of 7th crop cycle (2017) and the percent increase in the population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes was recorded to be 81.07 %, 74.38 % and 79.46 %, respectively over the initial values. As regard the nutrient budgeting of NPK, the results revealed that after the two years of cropping system the application of 100 % Rec. NPK + secondary and micronutrients based on soil test through inorganic fertilizer (T6) recorded the highest average apparent balance of N (120.45 kg/ha). However, the apparent balance of P was recorded higher with the application of 50 % Rec. N through vermicompost + biofertilizers for N + rock phosphate to substitute the P requirement + PSB (T4), whereas the apparent balance of available potassium in soil was negative with all sources of nutrients varying from -15.29 to -104.62 kg/ha. Weed infestation having intensity more than 15.00 % was observed with the various weed species in Rice (Grasses: Cynodon dactylon; Broadleaved: Ammania baccifera and Sedges: Cyperus spp), Potato (Grasses: Poa annua and Broadleaved: Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis and Medicago denticulata) and Frenchbean (Grasses: Digitaria sanguinalis; Broadleaved: Amaranthus spp and Sedges: Cyperus spp). The application of organic weed control with mustard seed meal @ 5 t/ha (W1), rice bran @ 4 t/ha (W2) and weed free treatment (W0) though at par with each other not only observed significant higher weed control efficiency of these dominant weeds but also increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of individual crops in a system (Rice-Potato-Frenchbean) and rice equivalent yield (REY) significantly over weedy check (W3) treatment during both the years of experimentation. Among the weed management treatments, weed free (W0) treatment recorded highest economic returns in terms of average net returns (Rs. 205465/ha) and B:C ratio (1.26) followed by weedy check (W3) and application of rice bran @ 4 t/ha (W2) and mustard seed meal @ 5 t/ha (W1) during both the crop cycles. A significant improvement in the organic carbon (0.65 % and 0.71 %), population of bacteria (61.76 and 64.86 x 106 CFU/g), fungi (38.66 and 42.19 x 105 CFU/g) and actinomycetes (46.33 and 49.01 x 104 CFU/g) was observed with the application of mustard seed meal @ 5 t/ha (W1) which was statistically at par with the application of rice bran @ 4 t/ha (W2) as compared to weedy check (W3) and weed free (W0) treatments during both the crop cycles. Highest average balance of nitrogen (445.51 kg/ha) was observed with the application of mustard seed meal @ 5 t/ha (W1). The average apparent balance of available phosphorous in soil was recorded highest (266.55 kg/ha) with the application of rice bran @ 4 t/ha (W2). However, the average apparent balance of available potassium in soil was negative in all the weed management treatments except rice bran @ 4 t/ha which recorded the highest average apparent balance of potassium (26.49 kg/ha). Henceforth, based on the seven years of investigation, and particularly after the superimposition of organic weed management treatments, it can be concluded that application of 100% Rec. N through different organic sources each equivalent to 1/3 of Rec. N i.e. FYM+ vermicompost + non edible oil cake + VAM (T5) after the conversion period in rice-potato-frenchbean cropping system produced significantly higher system productivity, profitability and REY besides showed improvement in physical, chemical and biological properties of soils to considerable and sustainable levels coupled with organically weed management practice i.e. weed free (W0) and application of rice bran @ 4 t/ha (W2) which not only were economically viable and efficient organic weed management options but also kept dominant weeds in Rice-Potato-Frenchbean cropping system below threshold level as corroborated with the higher weed control efficiency (56.53 % in rice crop, 62.66 % in potato crop and 53.22 % in frenchbean crop). However, the application of mustard seed meal @ 5 t/ha (W1) (organic weed management) proved to keep the weeds under control throughout the crop growth of the crops in a system but proved to be costly owing to its higher cost. It is recommended that in future course of investigation, the mustard seed meal can provide a better option as a means to control weeds organically provided its dosage retested by reducing the mesh size of mustard seed meal to less than 400 µm, which is having the potential to further reduce the dose and the cost of mustard seed meal, as more the finer particles more will be the efficient glucosinolate transformation and it thereby will help to reduce the weed seed bank in the soil effectively.