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Subject: Agroforestry ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Selection of different candidate plus trees of Red Cedar ( Toonaciliata ) and their nursery evaluation in Jammu subtropics
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-04) Javaid, Mohd; Gupta, L. M.
    The present investigation entitled “Selection of different candidate plus trees of Red cedar (Toona ciliata) and their nursery evaluation in Jammu subtropics”was carried out in the Division of Silviculture & Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu (J&K) with the objectives to select the Candidate Plus Trees (CPTs) from their natural range of occurrence and screen them on the basis of their field and nursery performance so as to identify superior trees as mother plants for future plantations. Twenty two phenotypically superior candidate plus trees were selected from twenty two different locations across six districts of Jammu and Kashmir (UT) viz. Kathua, Samba, Jammu, Udhampur, Reasi and Rajouri following the baseline method. Tree height, clear bole height, DBH, crown diameter, number of branches and straightness score, ranged between 11.63- 26.13m, 2.18-8.19m, 27.36-43.56cm, 7.34-12.45m, 10-27 and 3-5, respectively among marked CPTs. CPT-4, CPT-5, CPT-6, CPT-14, CPT-16, CPT-17, CPT-18, CPT-19, CPT-20 and CPT-22 exhibited higher values for tree characteristics. Seeds were collected from each plus tree and progenies were raised and evaluated for growth, biomass and seedling quality traits under nursery conditions. Considerable variations were observed in fruit length (16.91-25.59mm), fruit breadth (8.32-11.64mm), fruit weight (158.03-364.93g), seeds per fruit (19.45-28.22), seed length with wings (12.80-20.89mm), seed length without wings (4.98-6.51mm), seed width with wings (3.41-5.29mm), seed width without wings (2.15-3.21mm) and seed weight (0.15-0.36g). Significant variation was also observed among progenies for germination percentage (25.54-96.67%), survival percentage (59.08-87.23%), seedling height (35.22-49.69 cm), collar diameter (6.05-9.94mm), number of leaves (51.29-77.08), number of branches (6.47-10.53), primary root length (17.50-31.98cm), fresh shoot weight (11.74-21.59g), dry shoot weight (4.28-7.66g), fresh root weight (6.21-11.65g), dry root weight (2.06-4.54g), total fresh biomass (18.88-33.24g), total dry biomass (6.83-11.61g), seedling quality index (1.02-1.96), sturdiness quotient (4.74-6.57) and root: shoot ratio (0.38-0.74). CPT-1, CPT-2, CPT-3, CPT-11, CPT-14, CPT-15, CPT-16 and CPT-18were outstanding in respect to most of the tree growth characteristics, seedling growth and seedling quality traits which can be used as the genetic stock for the production of quality planting material for afforestation programmes and further improvement in the species.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biomass and Carbon Stock of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in Jammu & Kashmir
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Joshi, Kuldeep; Sehgal, Sandeep
    The present study entitled “Biomass and Carbon Stock of PinusroxburghiiSarg. in Jammu & Kashmir” was carried out in the Pinus roxburghii dominated forests of Jammu division, J&K in the year 2020-2021.The objective of the study wasto estimate the tree biomass and carbon stock of Pinus roxburghiiand its capacity in sequestering CO2. The study sites were located in the district Jammu, Samba, Kathua, Udhampur and Reasi. Two sitesfrom Lower or Siwalik Chir Pine forest (9/C1a) (Site I & III) and two sites from Upper or Himalayan Chir Pine forest (9/C1b) (Site II & IV) were selected. Ten quadrates of 20 x 20 m2 were laid out randomly at each site. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height were measured. The mean tree volume was determined with the help of species specific regression equation. The results showed that the maximum (51.21 cm) mean tree diameter was recorded at site I. Treeheight at all sites was non-significant. Mean stem volume and mean tree density was recorded highest (293.14 m3 ha-1 and 342 trees ha-1) from site II, whereas, mean tree basal area was maximum (41.22 m2 ha-1)at site IV.Biomass and Carbon content in per unit volume of plant part i.e. above and below was significantly different among the forest types. Himalayan Chir Pine forest recorded comparatively higher biomass and carbon stock than Siwalik Chir Pine forest. Above ground biomass density (AGBD), below ground biomass density (BGBD) and total biomass density (TBD) was recorded highest (174.10 Mg ha-1, 48.75 Mg ha-1 and 222.85 Mg ha-1 respectively) from the site II. The distribution of carbon stock in various components of tree also followed the same trend as that of biomass. Potential of sequestering CO2 was observed high in Himalayan Chir Pine forest which was maximum (384.39 Mg ha-1) at site II. Significant differences were observed in soil physico-chemical properties from different sites in Pinus roxburghii forests except for soil bulk density and soil electrical conductivity. The soilsat all the sites were acidic in nature.Soil organic carbon (SOC)varied significantly at both the soil depths (0-30 cm and 30-60 cm), where highest (13.38 gm kg-1 and 9.80 gm kg-1) values of mean SOC for both the soil depth were recorded from site II.Nitrogen and Potassium were recorded highest from site II.Soil texture analysed at all the sites was mostly clayey
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Pre-sowing Treatments on Germination and Growth of Diospyros lotus Linn.
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Kosser, Tahira; Raina, N. S.
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of Pre-sowing Treatments on Germination and Growth of Diospyros lotus Linn.”was carried out in the Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu, Chatha, in the year 2022. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD factorial) with three replications. D. lotusseeds were subjected to nine pre-sowing treatments (T₁- soaking in cold water for 48 hours; T₂-soaking in cold water for 72 hours; T₃-cow dung slurry for 1 week; T₄ - cow dung slurry for 2 weeks; T₅- mechanical scarification; T₆- concentrated H2SO4 for 2 minutes; T₇- concentrated H2SO4 for 4 minutes; T₈ - concentrated H2SO4 for 6 minutes; T₉ -control (No treatment) and the pre-treated seeds were sown in four potting media M₁- (soil only); M₂- soil: sand (1:1); M₃- soil: sand: FYM (1:1:1); M₄- soil: sand: vermicompost (1:1:1). Various parameters studied weregermination percentage, number of leaves, number of secondary roots, length of primary root, seedling height, collar diameter, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, total seedling fresh weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, total seedling dry weight, seedling quality index, coefficient of velocity of germination,germination rate index, sturdiness quotient, root: shoot ratio and mean germination time. The results show that out of the nine pre-sowing treatments, treatment T3 (treating the seeds with cow dung slurry for 1 week) was found to be the best whereas, in case of potting media, media M3 (soil: sand: FYM-1:1:1) was the best for most of the growth parameters. Overall, the best combination of the pre-sowing treatment and potting media was found to be T3M3(cow dung slurry for 1 week in soil: sand: FYM-1:1:1) where highest values were recorded for most of the growth parameters.It can be concluded from the present study that seeds of Diospyros lotustreated with cow dung slurry for 1 week and sown in media containing soil: sand: FYM in 1:1:1 ratio shouldbe preferred to obtain better quality seedlings.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Standardization of vegetative propagation in Terminalia chebula Retz
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Dogra, Deeshant; Gupta, Meenakshi
    The present investigation entitled “Standardization of vegetative propagationin Terminalia chebula Retz.” was carried out in the Experimental Farm of Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, Chatha, during the year 2022. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD factorial) with three replications. Scions of Terminalia chebulaRetz. were grafted on three different rootstocks viz.Terminalia chebula Retz. (R1), Terminalia belliricaRoxb. (R2) and Terminalia arjunaBedd.(R3). The grafting and budding methods used were cleft grafting (V1), side-veneer grafting (V2) and patch budding (V3). In total there were 9 treatment combinations. Various parameters studied were number of days taken to bud sprouting, graft take ratio, graft survival ratio, graft shoot diameter (mm)(60 DAG & 90 DAG), number of shoots per plant(60 DAG & 90 DAG), number of leaves per plant(60 DAG & 90 DAG), shoot length above graft union (cm)(60 DAG & 90 DAG), total shoot length (cm) (60 DAG & 90 DAG), shoot biomass (g), length of primary root (cm), number of secondary roots, root biomass (g), root:shoot ratio. The results showed thatout of all the grafting techniques cleft grafting (V1) was most promising as it showed significant results on principal parameters like graft survival ratio and graft take ratio, patch budding was also successful in certain parameters like number of days taken to bud sprouting, graft shoot diameter (mm), shoot length above graft union (cm) and total shoot length (cm).In case of rootstocks Terminalia arjuna Bedd. (R3) performed well on most of the growth parameters. Overall, treatment combination R3V1 (Terminalia arjuna Bedd. x cleft grafting) showed best results among all. It could be due to the better cambium fusion in cleft grafting and comparatively better root morphology of Terminalia arjuna Bedd. which might amelioratethe uptake of nutrient and moisture. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present study that the Terminalia arjuna Bedd.as a rootstock can successfully be cleft grafted with superior Terminalia chebula Retz. scion to obtain better results.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of pre-sowing treatments and sowing time on germination and growth of Acacia modesta
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-10) Singh, Sourav; Sood, K. K.
    An investigation entitled “Effect of pre-sowingtreatments and sowing time on germination and growth of Acacia modesta” was carried out in the Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, during the year 2021 to improve germination and obtain better quality seedling of Acacia modesta. The experiment was laid out in Factorial CRD design.The study consisted of nine pre-sowing treatments (soaking in cold water for 48 hours, soaking in boiling water for two minutes, acid scarification with conc. H2SO4 for 5 minutes, acid scarification with conc. H2SO4 for 10 minutes, acid scarification with conc. H2SO4 for 15 minutes, cow dung slurry for one month, cow dung slurry for one and half month, nicking and control) and two sowing dates (08th March and 24th March, 2021). All parameters except germination percentage were analyzed using CRD designtreating each interaction as single treatment.Amongstpre-sowing treatments, (nicking) had highest germination percentage (65.83%)which was statistically superior to the remaining pre-sowing seed treatments.There was no germination intwo pre-sowing seed treatments i.e. cow dung slurry for one monthand cow dung slurry for one and half month. Sowing date of 24thMarch resulted in significantly higher germination (41.85%) compared to the seed sown on 08th March (30.93%).The interaction effect of pre-sowing treatments x sowing dates on germination was also significant. Nicking x sowing date of 24th March recorded highest germination percentage (54.72%) which was statistically at par with interactions of soaking the seeds in cold water for 48 hours x 08th March and nicking x 08th March but statistically superior to all the remaining 15 treatments.There were six interactions with no germination.In most of the growth parameters (seedling height, number of leaves, length of primary roots, dry shoot weight, total seedling fresh weight, total seedling dry weight, root: shoot ratio, coefficient of velocity of germination and mean germination time), the effect of treatments was significant and the treatment of nicking and sowing date of 24thMarch showed highest value. However, the values of these parameters in pre-said treatmentwere statistically at par with respective values in various other treatments. Notwithstanding this germination rate index in this treatment (nicking and sowing of 24th March) was statistically superior to all the remainingtreatments. The value of sturdiness quotient was also significantly influenced by the treatments. Nicking and sowing of 24th March had the lowest sturdiness quotient which is also desirable.The effects of treatments on remaining parameters – collar diameter, number of secondary roots, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight and seedling quality index were non-significant.Over all better growth in (nicking and sowing of 24th March)could be due to the fact that nicking makes it easier for entry of water and air into embryo of seeds which results a faster germination and consequently the growth. The optimum temperature during later part ofMarch (March 24th) might have also accelerated germination compared to that of 8th March. Based on the study it can be concluded that nicking followed by sowing on 24th March be carried out to obtain higher germination and better quality of seedlings.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Varietal Performance of Marigold In Harad (Terminalia chebula) Based Agroforestry System
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-12) Akram, Mohd; Gupta, Meenakshi
    The present investigation entitled “Varietal Performance of Marigold in Harad (Terminalia chebula) Based Agroforestry System” was carried out at the experimental area of Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir during 2020-21.The study was undertaken with two objectives (1)To investigate the effect of tree component on the growth and yield of Tagetes erecta.(2)To work out the economics of harad -marigold based agroforestry systemThe experiment was laid out in RBD (Randomized Block Design) having nine treatments with three replication each.The treatment included three Marigold varieties Pusa Basanti Gainda,Pusa Narangi Gainda and Medium-M45 under Harad (Terminalia chebula) tree canopy at two distances D1: 0-1m, D2: 1-2m from the tree and three separate sole cropping of Pusa Basanti Gainda, Pusa Narangi Gainda and Medium-M45. The result revealed that the growth and yield of marigold varieties Pusa Basanti Gainda, Pusa Narangi Gainda and Medium-M45 was suppressed by Harad (Terminalia chebula) at 0-1m and 1-2m distances from the tree due to competition for light and other natural resources. The Medium-M45 performed better than the Pusa Narangi Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda under canopy at all distances from the tree. The growth and yield of marigold varieties was highest in control (open conditions). Also Medium-M45 performed better than other two varieties under open conditions. The highest B:C ratio was recorded underagroforestry system Harad + Medium-M45(8.89) followed by Harad + Pusa Narangi Gainda(6.43) and Harad + Pusa Basanti Gainda(6.15) and in sole crop the highest B:C ratio was recorded in Medium-M45(7.15) followed by Pusa Narangi Gainda (2.5) and Pusa Basanti Gainda(1.63).The highest LERwas recorded in Pusa Basanti Gainda(2.89),Pusa Narangi Gainda(2.62), Medium-M45(1.68).The findings of this investigation indicate that Marigold can be successfully integrated with the harad plantations. The bestvariety is Medium-M45 and Pusa Narangi Gainda has better growth and yield compared to Pusa Basanti Gainda. Since the three systems had LER >1 it could be recommended to farmers under sub-tropical region of Jammu,J&K.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Pre-sowing Treatments and Sowing Time on Growth and Development of Melia composita
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2020-12) Jan, Rafia; Sood, K.K
    Melia composita is an economically important multipurpose fast growing tree species. It has poor germination capacity which may be due to physical dormancy caused by its hard seed coat. The afforestation of this species either in pure plantation or in agroforestry will, therefore, be affected by its poor germination. Hence an investigation entitled “Effect of pre-sowing treatments and sowing time on growth and development of Melia composita” was carried out in the Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, during the year 2019 to enhance germination and obtain better quality planting stock of the species. The experiment was laid out in Factorial CRD (Complete Randomization Design) with pre-sowing treatments (7 levels) and sowing time (two levels). In this way there were fourteen treatment combinations. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The pre-sowing treatments included: soaking drupes in Gibberlic acid (50 ppm) for 24 hours, soaking drupes in Gibberlic acid (100 ppm) for 24 hours, soaking drupes in concentrated H2S04 for 10 minutes, soaking drupes in concentrated H2S04 for 15 minutes, mechanical scarification, soaking drupes in cow dung slurry for 30 days and control (no treatment). The sowing dates were: D1 (20th April, 2019) and D2 (04th May, 2019). In general, germination percentage and most of the growth parameters (seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, length of primary root, number of secondary roots, fresh root weight, dry root weight, total seedling fresh weight, total seedling dry weight and seedling quality index) were highest in mechanical scarification. This could be due to the reason that mechanical scarification allows water and air to enter into the seed which is otherwise prevented by hard seed coat. The sowing date significantly influenced all the studied growth parameters except seedling height. The sowing of 20th April, 2019 had significantly higher collar diameter, number of leaves, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, length of primary root, number of secondary roots, fresh root weight, dry root weight, total seedling fresh weight, total seedling dry weight and seedling quality index than the sowing date of 04th May, 2019. This could probably be due to fact that sowing of 20th April, 2019 is an earlier sowing compared sowing of 04th May, 2019 and hence plant germinated in sowing of 20th April, 2019 might have got longer period of growth and hence better overall growth parameters. The effect of interaction of pre-sowing treatment x sowing date was significant on seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, length of primary root, number of secondary roots, fresh root weight, dry root weight, total seedling fresh weight, total seedling dry weight, root: shoot ratio and seedling quality index. The interaction of mechanical scarification x sowing-20th April had significantly higher values for the most studied growth parameters than the remaining interactions. The overall superior performance of seedlings in the interaction effect of mechanical scarification x 20th April was probably due to combined effect of increased permeability of seed to water and air coupled with longer period of growth. The study implies that mechanical scarification of drupes of Melia composita carried out and sowing of the same be done in April, 20 to obtain better quality seedlings. Further, studies need to be done to compare out planting success of seedlings raised using different treatments and sowing dates.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of Different Intercrops in Poplar Based Agroforestry in the Sub-tropics of Jammu and Kashmir
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2021-02) Upadhyay, Lalit; Kumar Gupta, Sushil
    The present investigation, “Performance of different intercrops in Poplar based agroforestry in the sub-tropics of Jammu and Kashmir” was conducted at the University Farm of SKUAST Jammu at Chatha, during the years 2017 to 2019. The study was aimed to explore the possibilities of growing different vegetable crops as intercrops namely tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus M.), spinach (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis L.) in kharif and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in rabi under the canopy of Poplar trees planted at a spacing of 5x4 m. The effect of light intensity and integrated nutrient application on growth, physiology and yield of intercrops and soil physico-chemical properties and economics has been studied to work out the optimum tree-crop combination with respect to growth, yield and economics. The results of the study revealed that the poplar had a very dense canopy due to which about 50 percent light intensity was able to reach on ground. As light is the main requirement for photosynthesis, the growth of all the vegetable crops was significantly lesser as compared to sole cropping. Yield under the intercropping system was also significantly reduced due to the low light interception. The height of the intercrop was significantly affected due to the shade of poplar trees and different treatments. Shade significantly reduced the height of the intercrops in all the treatments. Reduction in number of leaves, number of branches, number of fruits/ head/ tubers, average leaf area was observed in all crops under shade. Average fruit weight, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and fruit yield was also less under shade. Increment in the values of chlorophyll content was recorded in all the crops under shade. Growth parameters under different types of fertilizers showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, average leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, number of fruits/ head/ tubers per plant and the yield was significantly affected by the fertilizers. Highest value in all the parameters was recorded in T1 i.e. RDF followed by T2 (50% N through urea and 50% N through FYM). Integrated nutrient application significantly affected all the parameters. Treatment T1 with recommended dose of fertilizer, performed best among all the treatments in all the crops except potato, in which highest yield was recorded in T3 (100% in through FYM). In kharif season brinjal performed best whereas, in rabi season performance of cabbage was better. Poor performance was shown by okra in kharif and potato in rabi. Improvement in the physico-chemical properties of soil was recorded, as per the data of soil analysis. Moisture content and pH was more under shade and higher depth. EC showed lower values under shade and at higher depth. Analysis of available NPK showed that N was low under shade and higher depth, in comparison to open field and upper layer of soil. Available P was in higher quantity under shade and at higher depth whereas, available K was higher under shade but low in comparison to open, at lower depth. Soil organic carbon was more under poplar shade due to litter addition from poplar leaves. OC was higher in upper layer in comparison to lower layer of the soil. Nutrient concentration and uptake study showed that plant N concentration was more in sole crop, in comparison to the crops grown in shade. Similar trend in results were observed in all the crops in both the seasons. Significant difference was observed in NPK concentration when crops were grown in open and shade. Similar results were recorded for nutrient uptake in all the crops in kharif and rabi, both the years. The economic analysis of the system described that B:C ratio under shade was lower in comparison to sole crop. In open, highest B:C ratio was in brinjal in T1 and the lowest B:C ratio was in okra in T5 in kharif. In rabi, cabbage showed the highest B:C ratio in T1 whereas lowest value of B:C ratio was in T5 treatment in potato due to high cost of cultivation. Under shade due to low yield, the net returns were lower in comparison to open. Highest B:C ratio was in T1 in brinjal and lowest was in okra in T5. Under shade tomato and brinjal cultivation was beneficial only in RDF of inorganic fertilizer. Due to the higher cost of organic fertilizers, the cultivation of these crops under shade was not beneficial. In rabi season cabbage and spinach showed maximum B:C ratio in T1. Least BC ratio was in potato under shade. Highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) in kharif was recorded in tomato and okra whereas in rabi season highest value was in spinach. LER was more than one in both the seasons and in all the treatments, which showed that the intercropping is profitable. It was due to the tree component which added to the total returns from the system. Thus it can be stated from the results of the study that the cultivation of vegetable crops under poplar can be beneficial in terms increased returns from the system as a whole.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Standardization of propagation techniques in Murraya koenigii Spreng
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2021-02) sharma, Rahul; Raina, N.S
    Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) belonging to family Rutaceae is one of the important medicinal cum aromatic plant which is grown throughout the world. Curry leaf has been used for years in Unani and Ayurvedic prescriptions due to its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Inspite of having lots of medicinal values and good revenue, this plant has got least attention by scientists and researchers. Not much work has been done on the propagation of this species. A study entitled, “Standardization of propagation techniques in Murraya koenigii Spreng.” was carried out in the Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, during the year 2019-2020 to identify the better hormonal concentration for rooting of stem cuttings and suitable potting mixture for seed germination and growth. Two experiments were laid out in CRD (Complete Randomization Design) to study the seed and vegetative propagation protocol. In the first experiment, there were thirteen treatments with three replications each. The results revealed that cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm significantly recorded maximum sprouting percentage, rooting percentage, number of lateral roots, shoot length, root length, number of leaves, fresh root biomass and dry root biomass. In the second experiment, efforts were made to select the best potting mixture for seed germination. The results indicated that out of the four different potting mixtures, the seeds sown in soil: sand: vermicompost, (1:1:1) showed significantly higher germination percentage, germinative energy, survival percentage, collar diameter, number of leaves, length of primary root, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry weight, root:shoot ratio and seedling quality index. Further studies need to be carried out to study the overall success of the seedlings/cuttings raised by using these potting mixtures and hormonal concentrations.