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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF ANTITRANSPIRANTS, MULCHING AND FRUIT THINNING IN MOISTURE STRESS MANAGEMENT IN KINNOW UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF JAMMU(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2003) Chogtu, Surinder Kumar; Tiku, A.K.Results obtained during the course of investigation revealed maximum leaf turgidity (82.46% RWC) under polythene mulched trees closely followed by cutgrass mulch. Similarly maximum total Chlorophyll was observed under mulched trees (7.12-7.43 mgs/lit) followed by 8-hydroxy quinol 1200 ppm. Salicylic acid regardless of its concentration and NAA at 250 ppm led to significant decrease in total chlorophyll content. Soil moisture was significantly more (13.20%) under mulched trees compared to other treatments, which were at par with control (10.26%). Soil temperature was minimum under cutgrass mulched trees (27.27°C ) followed by FYM treated trees, while, rest of the treatments were identical to control (32.73°C). Transpiration was minimum in leaves treated with 6% and 8% kaolinite followed by leaves treated with 8-hydroxy quinol. Mulched trees exhibited maximum transpiration, highest being imder polythene mulched trees (11.77mg cm-2h-1) Stomatal density was uniform under all treatments. However stomatal aperture size was least with 8-hydroxy quinol. (14.8μ). Photosynthetic index in terms of dry matter accumulation was maximum under mulched trees (0.332 mg cm-2h-1) and least in case of control. Both linear as well as radial growth were significantly more than control under mulched trees followed by trees treated with kaolinite 8%. Similarly tree volume under polythene mulch registered maximum increase of 6.6m-3. As regards qualitative parameters, fruits from mulched trees registered maximum diameter, weight, volume and juice content followed by trees treated with 350 ppm NAA. Seed number remained unaltered as a result of different treatments. While as TSS, total & non reducing sugars were found more in fruits under mulching treatments, there was a corresponding increase in acid content in all other treatments. Ascorbic acid content revealed non-significant difference consequent to application of different treatments. Treatments under study did not influence foliar content of K, P, Ca and Mg significantly, however, trees under polythene mulch reflected a marginal increase in these nutrient elements as compared to rest of the treatments. Mulching of tree canopies over a period of time, with organic mulches, is likely to improve the nutrient status of soils, besides improving its water status.ThesisItem Open Access MEDIA MANIPULATION FOR SCALE UP OF MICROPROPAGATION IN GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSC.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2001) Paul, Rajinder; Gupta, R.K.The present investigation was carried out at Centre for Biotechnology, Udheywalla Campus. Jammu with the objectives:- (1) to assess the feasibility of different solidifying agents and Carbon sources for economic medium for in-vitro propagation; and (2) to study various combinations of nutrients and plant bio-regulators for scaleup of in-vitro propagation. For standardising suitable auxin : cytokinin combination existing bench level protocol was reassessed. The best response on shoot multiplication (4.81 shoots/culture) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mgl-1) and NAA (0.5 mgl-1). The other experiments on use of gelling agents and carbon sources were laid down with same concentrations of BAP and NAA. The feasibility of Isubgol husk (from Pkintago ovaia Forsk.) and Sago starch (from Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) as low cost gelling agents and that of Ordinary sugar and Raw sugar as cheap carbon sources on same medium (MS + 2.0 mgl-1 BAP + 0.5 mgl-1 NAA) showed significant differences in shoot-multiplication with Isubgol (5.84 shoots/culture) and Ordinary sugar (6.27 shoots/culture) in comparison to medium with Agar-agar (5.01shoots/culture) and Sucrose (4.93 shoots/culture) respeaively. In-vitro propagation of emerging pseudostems was carried out over various cycles of 3-4 weeks period and has given reproducible results. In experiments with different concentration of macro- and micro-nutrients (0, 0.5x, Ix, 1.5x & 2x) in MS medium supplemented with BAP (2 mgl-1) and NAA (0.5 mgl-1). maximum number of 4.86 shoots/culture were obtained on MS medium with normal nutrient level. Micropropagated ginger plantiets were successfully transferred to sterilized garden soil in plastic pots with 92% and 84% survival rates of plants derived from medium with Isubgol and Ordinary sugar, respeaively. The results of field study indicated that among different gelling agents used for MS media, Isubgol was found to be promising since it gave the maximum plant height (49.34cm), number of tillers per plant (11.28), number of leaves per plant (14.72), length of leaf (18.02 cm) and width of leaf (2.08 cm). Likewise. the Ordinary sugar also gave maximum number of tillers (8.6) and number of leaves per plant (11.52). As regards economics, it was found that 53.13% cost of gelling agent can be reduced when Isubgol was used as a substitute of Agar-agar where as 96.60% when Ordinary sugar was used as a carbon source. It can be concluded that reproducible micropropagation protocol developed for accession G/98/RK/Gh/12 of ginger using Isubgol as cheap alternative gelling agent and Ordinary sugar can reduce the cost of medium considerably. The survival in pots and field was also satisfactory.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ETHREL (2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID) ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2001) Bhat, Jag Mohan; Bhat, K.L.The present investigations were earned out at Vegetable Experimental Farm Ponichak of Sher - e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu during winter 1998-99 for ascertaining a suitable concentration and a proper stage of applying ethrel(2- chloiv ethyl phosphonic acid) for obtaining maximum yield of quality bulbs. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with six levels of ethrel as seedling root dip viz. 0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm and six levels of ethrel as seedling rootdip followed by whole plant spray of 500 ppm 40 days after transplanting. The treatments were replicated thrice. The findings reveal that the number of leaves, weight of green leaves, fresh weight of plant, diameter and weight of bulb and bulb yield were significantly affected by treating the roots of onion seedlings with 250ppm ethrel followed by whole plant spray of 500ppm ethrel. However, a highest bulb yield of 304.26 q/ha was recorded at 250 seedling root dip followed by 500ppm whole plant spray, where as minimum bulb yield of 199.41q/ha was recorded when no treatment was applied.Where as characters like number of primary root, length of bulb, number of scales per bulb did not show any significant response to either of the treatments viz. Seedling root dip or seedling root dip followed by whole plant spray. On the other hand reduced root and leaf length and plant height were observed with ethrel application except at 62.5 ppm where there was slight increase over control. While working out the economics of each treatment, the highest net profit of Rs. 75,583/- was obtained under treatment nine i.e. 250ppm ethrel as seedling root dip followed by 500ppm whole plant spray.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT HERBICIDES FOR WEED CONTROL IN CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. BOTRYTIS L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2001) Mir, Abdul Aziz; Jandial, K.C.Abstract not availableThesisItem Open Access MICROPROPAGATION STUDIES IN SELECTED GENOTYPES OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2001) Bhushan, Anil; Gupta, R.K.The present investigation was carried out at Centre for Biotechnology, FOA, Campus Udeywalla, SKUAST-J with objectives to :- 1) refine micropropagation protocol in selected genotypes / hybrids; (2) assess feasibility of alternative solidifying agents: and (3) standardise hardening requirements. The seeds of tomato hybrids TH802 and TH2312 and their parents after treatment with 70% C2H5OH followed by 3 mindip in 4% NaoCL were put on germination on MS medium. For studies on refinement of micropropagation protocol the explants (shoot tip, cotyledon and hypocotyl) taken from 14 days old seedlings (grown on 1/2 MS basal medium), were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (2.22, 4.40, 6.62, 8.90, 11.10 μM). It was observed that cotyledon explants gave best response (100%) in four genotypes namely TH802, Haelani, VFN8 and Punjab Chuhara. The other genotypes Accession-2 and TH2312 showed 80% and 83.3% response, respectively. In all the genotypes shoot primodia emerged after four weeks of subculturing. These shoot primordia enlarged into microshoots. The microshoots thus obtained were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (2.22, 4.40, 6.62, 8.90, 11.10 μM) for multiple shoot formation studies. Genotypic differences were observed for shoot multiplication. The maximum number of shoots/ explant were observed in TH802 (5.17), a pattern similar to better parent (Accession-2) (5.05). Likewise hybrid TH2312 gave response similar to one of its parent VFN8. Feasibility of different gelling agents i.e. Agar, Isubgol and Sago was also tested. The MS medium with Isubgol gelling agent gave highest number of shoots/ explant in all the genotypes i.e. TH 802 (5.61) and TH 2312 (5.40) as well as their parents i.e. Haelani (4.95) and Accession-2 (5.44) and VFN8 (5.33) and Punjab Chuhara (5.06) respectively. For rooting studies plantlets of hybrid TH802 were put on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.00, 2.46, 4.90, 7.36, 9.80 μM). Genotypic differences were also observed for rooting. The maximum average number of roots was (17.55) with maximum average root length (8.62)cm after 2 weeks interval were observed in TH802. The plantlets were hardened by putting under high light intensity for 2-3 hrs. followed by treatment with 0.5% glycerol for 1 m. And then the plantlets were kept in green house for 3 weeks and subsequently transferred to the field.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SPOT BLOTCH [BIPOLARIS SOROKINIANA (SACC.) SHOEM.] OF WHEAT AND ITS MANAGEMENT(Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu-180009, 2016) Singh, Manmohan; Singh, S.K.The investigation regarding variability and management of Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal organism of spot blotch of wheat and the yield loss caused by it was carried out during the year 2014-15. The disease was reported in all the wheat growing areas of Jammu subtropics with the maximum AIDX observed in Kathua district with the range of 29.55-48.15 per cent, followed by Samba ranging from 29.28-45.82 per cent. However, minimum disease was observed in Jammu district (30.06-40.61%). The pathogenicity of B. sorokiniana isolates (BS1 to BS10) on cv. Sonalika revealed maximum AIDX (49.10%)) in isolate BS9 and least in BS10 (25.42%). Cultural and morphological variability of B. sorokiniana isolates exhibited that the colonies were effuse grey-white to effuse black and velvety-white mycelial growth with regular to irregular margins. The colour of colonies varied from grey to dark brown and white to light grey. The number of septation in isolates ranged from 3.9 to 6.3 and spore size ranged from 35.07 to 60.53μm in length and 13.20 to 17.60μm in breadth. The shape of the spore was elliptical, slight curved and straight with tapered end. All the isolates (BS1 to BS10) showed excellent growth on PDA while on CDA and PCA medium they showed fair growth. On the basis of pathogenic response of B. sorokiniana isolates on different wheat genotypes, isolates BS2 and BS9 were categorised as highly virulent, whereas isolates BS7 and BS10 as least virulent. Isolates BS2, BS3, BS4, BS5, BS6 and BS8 were moderately virulent. The loss in grain yield varied from 9.43 to 27.88 per cent depending upon the disease severity in different genotypes, while in genotype Sonalika highest loss in 1000 grain weight (15.43%) was noticed followed by PBW-550 (13.14%) and least in HD-2967 (3.48%) was observed. Sixty two wheat genotypes were screened against spot blotch disease under artificially inoculated field conditions. Wheat genotypes viz. HD-2967, HD-3043, HP-1102, HS-277, JAUW-598, PBW-660, PBW-692 and VL-907 were reported as resistant, while as, DBW-88, DL-784-3, DPW-621-50, HD-2733, HD-3059, HD-3086, HI-1563, HS-1138, HS-207, HS-375, HS-490, HS-507, HS-542, JAUW-584, JAUW-595, Narmada-112, RSP-561, VL-892, WH-1021, WH-1080, WH-1105, WH-1124, HS-507, RAJ-4037, HS-542, PDW-291 and PDW-314 were ranked as moderately resistant against B. sorokiniana. Propiconazole and tebuconazole both at 0.01 per cent were most effective, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of pathogen (BS9) followed by difenconazole (96.27%) at same dose, whereas, Trichoderma harzianum-1 proved best among the bioagents tested, inhibiting 77.90 per cent of mycelial growth of the pathogen under dual culture method. In field studies, propiconazole @ 0.1% significantly reduced the spot blotch disease (75.50%) and increased grain yield by 27.20 per cent of wheat followed by azoxystrobin, which also reduced disease severity (74.09%) and increased grain yield by 24.83 per cent of wheat.