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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF POST HARVEST APPLICATION OF ETHREL AND CALCIUM CARBIDE ON RIPENING OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) CV. DASHEHARI(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2000) Koul, Tej Krishen; Kaul, B.L.The present studies were carried out at Regional Horticulture Research Station, Sher-e-kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Udheywalla, Jammu during the year 1998-99. Three concentrations each of ethrel viz., 500 ppm, 700 ppm and 900 ppm and calcium carbide viz., 3 g/kg, 4 g/kg and 5 g/kg were given to the fruits harvested at physiologicaly mature stage. The daily analysis during ripening revealed quicker biochemical changes in the chemically treated fruits as compared to control, which resulted in hastening of ripening and the fruits in ethrel 900 ppm and calcium carbide 5 g/kg treatment were ripe in 5 to 6 days only as compared to 9.75 days in control. At ripened stage of the fruit, total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars were significantly higher in fruits treated with ethrel 900 ppm followed by calcium carbide 5 g/kg, whereas the treatments caused a significant decrease in the titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content of the fruit as compared to control. Cumulative organoleptic rating which included external appearance, taste and flavour, uniformity of ripening and colour and texture of the pulp was significantly superior in fruits treated with ethrel 900 ppm as compared to control. Although the post-harvest treatments resulted in hastening of ripening and better quality fruit but the shelf life of post-harvest treated fruits was lower as compared to control. Ripe fruits of calcium carbide 5 g/kg and ethrel 900 ppm had a shelf life of only 2.5 days as compared to control (5.25 days).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAYS OF CALCIUM, ZINC AND SILVER ON QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) CV. SARDAR(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2002) Sermesh Kuma; Wali, V.K.Guava, under north Indian agro-climatic conditions bears twice in a year i.e. first during rainy season and then again during winter season. Rainy season crop is poor in quality, delicate and susceptible to bruises and mechanical injuries, and needs proper handling and storage. The present investigation was thus aimed to improve the quality and shelf life of rainy season crop with pre-harvest sprays of calcium nitrate, zinc sulphate and silver nitrate at Research Orchard of the Division of Pomology and Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology - Jammu, Udheywalla, Jammu on ten-year-old xmiform trees of guava Cv. Sardar. The quality of guava fruits improved significantly with various pre-harvest chemical sprays. Spray of calcium nitrate 2.0 per cent significantly improved physico-chemical characteristics viz. size (6.36 cm X 6.96 cm), weight (116.60g), firmness (12.36 Ibs-inch2), specific gravity (1.024), total soluble solids (11.50° Brix), acidity (0.40 per cent), total sugars (7.33 per cent), reducing sugar (3.96 per cent), vitamin-C (129.72 mg-100 g pulp) and pectin content (2.40 per cent) as compared to control (4.83 cm X 5.63 cm, 93.13 g, 10.93 Ibs-inch2, 1.010, 9.56° Brix, 0.57 per cent, 6.03 per cent, 2.87 per cent, 115.73 mg-100 g pulp, and 1.33 per cent respectively). During the nine days of storage at room temperature, the shelf life of guava fruit extended satisfactorily upto six days with pre-harvest spray of silver nitrate 150 ppm recording minimum physiological loss in weight (6.93 per cent) and decay loss (24.00 per cent) as compared to control i.e. 13.75 per cent and 41.66 per cent respectively. Silver nitrate 150 ppm sprays were also effective in retaining other physico-chemical parameters as compared to other treatments during storage. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that pre-harvest spray of calcium nitrate 2.0 per cent two weeks before harvest improved quality at the time of harvest of guava fruit where as silver nitrate 150 ppm sprayed five weeks before harvest and repeated three weeks after first spray increased the shelf life of guava fruit satisfactorily upto six days as compared to control wherein guava fruit lost its quality traits during third and sixth day of storage at room temperature.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF SODIUM CARBONATE AND GA3 ON FRUIT QUALITY OF GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA L.) CV. PERLETTE(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2001) Langar, Rita; Tiku, A.K.The present Investigation was carried out, on eleven year old bearing "Perlette" vines, trained to head system, homogenous as to vigour and growth and carrying a uniform bud load at R.H.R.S, SKAUST,UdheywaIla, Jammu during 1999 to evaluate the efflcacy of Na2CO3 and GA3 sprayed at different stages of panicle development on fruit quality of Perlette grapes. Na2CO3 at two different stages (prebloom and fullbloom) whereas GA3 was sprayed 15 days after fullbloom. The results obtained during the course of investigations are as under:- 60 ppm GA3 spray (15 days after fullbloom) recorded maximum bunch, looseness (3.20) followed by the combined spray treatment of 0.75% Na2CO3 at fullbloom +60 ppm GA3 exhibiting bunch looseness of 2.99 as compared to control (1.50). The highest thinning percentage (70.10%) was induced by the combined spray of G.75% Na2CO3 at prebloom + 60 ppm GA3 as compared to control (52.10%). There was a significant reduction in shot berry formation due to Na2CO3 treatments regardless of thgir concentrations, combinations and stages of application as compared tc control (14.50%), 0.75% of Na2CO3 at prebloom recorded minimum shot berry formation (5%), however, an increase in percent shot berries to the tune of 20.50% due to GA3 spray treatment was observed. The influence of 0.75% Na2CO3 at prebloom + 60 ppm GA3 and 0.75% Na2CO3 at fullbloom + 60 ppm GA3 on bunch size has been most promising (25.37cm x 15.50cm) and (22.43 cm x 15.20cm) as compared to control (18.80 cm x 11.00 cm) with a corresponding increase in bunch weight 723.66g and 719.00g respectively (control - 221.00 g). Combined treatment of 0.75% Na2CO3 at prebloom+ 60 ppm GA3 has been most effective in increasing the berry size (1.69 cm x 1.61 cm) as compared to control (1.32 cm x 1.22 cm). However, maximum berry weight (2.38 gm) was observed due to 0.75% Na2CO3 at fullbloom + 60 ppm GA3 as compared to control (1.34g). Maximum pedicel length of 8.9mm was obtained with 0.75% Na2CO3 at fullbloom + 60 ppm GA3 followed by 8.2mm with 60 ppm of GA3 as compared to control (5.6mm). The taste of the Perlette grapes was improved significantly due to 60ppm GA3 (4.6) followed by 0.75% Na2CO3 at fullbloom + 60ppm GA3 with the rating of 4.5 as compared to control (2.0). Similarly the maximum shelf life was Observed (8 days) due to the combined spray treatments of 0.75% Na2CO3 at fullbloom + 60 ppm GAsub>3 and 0.75% Na2CO3 at prebloom + 60 ppm GA3 as compared to control (3days).ThesisItem Open Access CROP REGULATION IN GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) CV. ALLAHABAD SAFEDA(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2000) Bhat, Ramesh Kumar; Sapru, B.L.In rainy season crop, the fruits of guava are of inferior quality due to high temperature and humidity and are commonly attacked by insect pests an diseases. Consequently, the fruit is rendered unfit for consumption and very low tonil yield of marketable fruit is obtained. The following winter season crop is also low and ripens late. The best remedy to this problem would be to eliminate the rainy season crop and induce a good winter season crop. The present investigations were therefore carried out at RHRS Udheywalla, Jammu on 2 year old of guava cv. Allahabad safeda of uniform size and vigonr during the year 1998 to see the effect of different deblossomin treatments i.e. hand deblossoming, urea, NAA and 2, 4-D at different concentrations on the flower drop of rainy season crop and to ascertain the influence of these treatments on the yield and quality of the subsequent winter crop. The plants were treated at full bloom stage in the last week of May. All the treatments significantly increased the flower/fruit drop of rainy season crop of guava over control. The highest shedding of flower/young fruitlets (100 %) was obtained with hand deblossoming followed by NAA 800 ppm (79.00 %), whereas, the lowest flower/fruit shedding was observed in control (47.81%). Various treatments significantly increased the fruit set in the following winter season crop over control. Highest fruit set was recorded in winte season, in the trees subjected to hand deblossoming (74.50 %) followed by 1000 ppm NAA (73.80 %) and urea 15 per cent (73.20 %). The fruit set was lowest in control (51.20 %). Fruit weight (213.00 g) was the highest with urea 15 % followed by 800 ppm NAA (200.2g). The fruit weight was lowest in control (94.40 g). All the treatments except hand deblossoming significantly increase the length and breadth of the fruit. Highest fruit length and breadth 7.21 cm x 7.2 cm was obtained by urea 15 % as against control (5.25 cm x 5.20 cm). Highest fruit yield per tree was obtained with hand deblossomin (50.20 kg) followed by 1000 ppm NAA (48 kg) and 15 per cent urea (47 kg). The lowest yield per tree was recorded in control (35.25 kg). Highest TSS (12.7 %), total sugars (9.04 %), reducing sugars (5.7%), ascorbic acid (245.11 mg), TSS/acidity ratio (22.15) and minimum acidity (0.5%) was recorded with urea 15 per cent. Positive correlation was recorded between flower/fruit drop of rain season crop and fruit yield during winter season. In order to get higher price, winter crop should be taken by reducing the rainy season crop with the help of urea 1% which is economical and easily available.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL STUDIES IN KINNOW MANDARIN(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2003) Ambardar, K.K.; Gupta, S.P.The present investigation was carried out at Rainfed Research Sub-Station for Sub-tropical fruits at Raya, jammu during the year 2000. The experiment was conducted on 10 year old Kinnow plants in order to monitor the seasonal variations of macro-nutrients viz. N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in the leaves of Kinnow as well as to find out the relation between the nutritional status of these trees with yield and quality of Kinnow fruit. In the present study, tiie results revealed that the nutrient status of bearing shoots remained low throughout the growing season than that of non-bearing shoots. There existed marked fluctuations in nutritional status of leaves throughout the growing period of fruit. The stable period of nutrients was at four months to seven months of leaf age. The nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg in leaves sampled during July 2000 were within optimal range viz. N (2.64-2.82%), P (0.118-0.134 %), K (1.18-1.30 %), Ca (1.44-1.62 %) and Mg (0.36-0.49 %). The correlation of leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg with physico-chemical parameter of fruit and yield were nonsignificant except yield, TSS, TSS/acid ratio, total sugars and reducing sugar v/ s Nitrogen which was positively correlated and average length, average weight juice and acidity v/s Nitrogen were negatively correlated. Since, nutrients are expressed in percentage on dry weight basis and the dry weight increases with an increase in surface area, the sufficient vegetative growth in plants should be encouraged for proper health through regular balanced nutrient application in soil. It can be concluded that with the increase in Nitrogen in leaves of Kinnow, the yields can be significantly increased which has been a bottleneck for its commercialization.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SOME CULTIVARS OF AONLA (EMBLICA OFFICINALIS G.) UNDER RAINFED CONDITION OF JAMMU REGION(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2000) Jamwal, Balbir Singh; Parihar, M.C.Investigations were conducted at Rainfed Research Sub-Station for subtropical fruits, Raya, Jammu, to study the comparative performance of some cultivars of aonla (Emblica officinalis G.) under rainfed conditions of Jammu region during the year 1997-98. Four cultivars viz., Banarasi, Chakaiya, NA-7 (Neelam) and Desi were studied for flowering, fruit set and harvesting behaviour. Physical and chemical composition of these cultivars were also studied. Banarasi, Chakaiya and Desi cultivars flowered early than NA-7 (Neelam). Their time of flowering, time of full bloom and dates of harvesting were identical. NA-7 (Neelam) cultivar though a bit late bloomer was harvested in 4th week of December. Female flower percentage was highest in NA-7 (Neelam) cultivar (4.23 per cent) followed by Chakaiya (2.5 per cent) as compared to other cultivars under study viz., Banarasi (0.55 per cent) and Desi (0.45 per cent). Physical characters viz.,. length, diameter, weight, specific gravity and pulp/seed ratio of the fruit and seed were found significantly superior in NA-7 (Neelam) whereas, it was lowest in Desi cultivar. Chemical composition of these cultivais revealed thet Banarasi cultivar had highest TSS (12.14 per cent) while as Desi cultivar produced fruit with low TSS and highest acidity (2.08 per cent) as compared to other cultivars. From these studies it can be concluded that NA-7 (Neelam) cultivar of aonla showed a promise under rainfed condition in Jammu region as it had good firuit length, fruit weight, pulp/seed ratio, TSS, ascorbic acid content, sugar/acid ratio and above all a regular bearer with highest female flowers. However, Chakaiya cultivar of aonla has also produced higher number of female flowers and has been found next to NA-7 (Neelam) in terms of other physico-chemical characters.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PLANT BIOREGULATORS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) CV. DASHEHARI(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2001) Gupta, Amit; Ahmad, Mohd.Though mango is extensively grown in Jammu region yet it is beset with many production oriented problems viz., fruit set, drop, yield and quality during storage. The present investigation was, therefore, carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Pomology and Post Harvest Technology, Udheywalla, Jammu on 10 year old uniform trees of mango cv. Dashehari during the year 2000 to ascertain the effect of various plant bioregulators (GA3, kinetin and NAA) on yield and quality. GA3 (10, 20, 30, ppm) was sprayed at full bloom whereas kinetin (20, 30, 40 ppm) and NAA (15, 30, 45 ppm) were sprayed at 15 days after fruit set. Kinetin at 30 ppm was proved to be most efficacious in increasing fruit set, fruit retention and decreasing fruit drop which ultimately led to highest fruit yield. Fruit length and fruit weight were found to be highest with kinetin 20 ppm and NAA 30 ppm, respectively. GA3 10 ppm was responsible for highest pulp percentage. The quality of Dashehari mango fruits during ambient room storage after harvest was significantly improved by pre-harvest application of various plant bioregulators. Flesh firmness and acidity of fruits recorded a continuous decline whereas TSS, sugars had an increasing trend with the advance in storage period. Highest flesh firmness ratings and lowest loss in titratable acidity were observed with NAA 30 and 45 ppm, respectively. Moreover, NAA at 45 ppm resulted in highest TSS, sugars and lowest sugar/acid ratio. Finally, it is concluded that kinetin at 30 ppm is very effective for increasing fruit set, retention, yield and reducing the fruit drop whereas NAA at middle and higher concentrations is quite effective in improving the fruit quality under ambient room storage.