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Subject: Agricultural Extension ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PROSPECTS OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD IN JAMMU REGION
    (Division of Agricultural Extension Education Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu, 2019-10-21) Bagal, Yudhishther Singh; Nanda, Rakesh
    Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) refer to a wide array of economic or subsistence materials that come from forests, excluding timber. These are also termed as non-wood, minor and secondary forest products (FAO, 1992). Present study “Prospects of Non- Timber Forest Products for Sustainable Livelihood in Jammu Region” was conducted in Jammu region. The forest area of Jammu division is divided into forest circles, forest divisions, forest ranges, forest blocks and forest beats. Multistage sampling plan was followed for drawl of ultimate sampling units. Jammu region is divided into three forest circle namely East circle, West circle and Chenab circle. The East circle was purposively selected as it covers all the three agro- climatic zones namely Subtropical, Intermediate and Temperate, thus it represents the whole Jammu division. A sample of 150 collectors and 150 non- collectors were selected through systematic sampling for the present study. Results of the study revealed that average age of collectors was 40.58 years (±12.14) whereas in case of non- collectors, the average age was 48.19 years (±14.62) and the difference was significant (t= 4.231, p=0.001). The average farming experience of collectors was 22.62 years (±11.38). However in case of non- collectors, the average farming experience was 27.80 years (±14.22) and the difference was significant (t= 3.603, p= 0.001). The average NTFP collection experience of collectors was 17.19 years (±7.53). About 75 per cent of collectors had kacha house, whereas in case of non- collectors 41 per cent were having kacha house and the difference was significant (t= 4.871, p= 0.001). About 71 per cent of collectors had PHH ration card while 29 per cent had NPHH ration card. In case of non- NTFP collectors 51 per cent had PHH ration card while 49 per cent had NPHH ration card The difference in case of type of ration card was significant (t= 2.899, p= 0.004). The average formal education of collectors was 6.07 years (±3.66) and non- collectors was 7.33 years (±4.29) and difference was found significant (t= 2.928, p= 0.003). Literacy index of household of the collectors was 1.89. In case of household of the non- collectors, literacy index was found to be 2.63. Only three percent of the households were found solely dependent on NTFP income. Non- collectors had significantly more annual household income than collectors. NTFP income contributes 34 percent in the total household income of collectors. Patis (Aconitum chasmanthum) had maximum contribution (9.35%) among other NTFPs in the annual households’ income followed by Gucchi (Morchella esculenta L.) (7.73%), Nag Chhatri (Trillium Govanianum) (4.60%), Banafsaha (Viola canescence) (2.76%), Dhoop (Jurinea macrocephala) (1.35%), Kaurd (Picorhiza kurroa) (1.52%), Muskbala (Valeriana hardwickii) (1.17%), Kasrot (Diplazium esculentum sw.) (0.33%), wild honey (0.19%), Zakham-e- hiyat (Bergenia ciliata Stein.) (0.10%) and Jungli thome (Allium sativum) (0.04%). Result of multiple regression analysis, indicates off- farm income, NTFP availability, agriculture as occupation, NTFP collection experience and source of information together were able to explain the NTFPs dependency up to 40 per cent. The results of the binary regression model showed significant influence of age, education, extension contact, source of information, type of house, literacy index, primary occupation, family size and irrigated landholding on participation in collection of NTFPs. Many problems faced by the respondents in the collection and marketing of NTFPs like lack of markets for NTFPs, no proper weighting of material, risk of wild animals, harmful wild weeds, existence of bad weather etc. Suggestions given by collectors to overcome the problems faced by them in the collection and marketing of NTFPs were training programme should be organized for skill development in collection, processing and marketing of NTFPs, processing units in villages, provision of licence for collection, proper market channels, flexibility in forest rule and regulations for NTFPs collection and selling prices of various NTFPs should be fixed by the government.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT EVALUATION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR INTERVENTIONS ON BASMATI RICE PRODUCTION IN JAMMU DISTRICT
    (Division of Agricultural Extension Education Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu, 2020-01-03) Mahajan, Rashika; Sharma, L.K
    In India, rice is the most important and extensively grown food crop, occupying 44.14 million hectares of land in 2013-14, 44.11 million hectares in 2014-15 and 43.39 million hectares in 2015-16 with a production of 106.65 million tonnes, 105.48 million tonnes and 104.32 million tonnes respectively. Among many varieties of rice grown worldwide and in India, Basmati rice is unique among due to its delicious taste, distinct flavour and superior aroma, which literally make it “king of rice”. India is the leading exporter of Basmati rice to the global markets. In 2015-16, the country has exported 40,45,796.25 tonnes of Basmati rice to the world for the worth of Rs. 22,718.44 crores. Keeping in view this opportunity, many private companies like Sarweshwar, Sunstar, Amira Foods, etc. are involved in contract farming of Basmati rice in the Jammu region. Further, the State Department of Agriculture has initiated special Basmati rice cultivation programmes like Quality Basmati Cluster Initiatives and Organic Basmati Cluster Initiatives. Also, Central Integrated Pest Management Centre (CIPMC) is implementing Integrated Pest Management Programmes in rice since 1993-94. To find out the impact of these interventions on production and marketing of Basmati rice, a study entitled “Impact Evaluation of Public and Private Sector Interventions on Basmati rice Production in Jammu District” was undertaken. Based on the feasibility, static multi-group comparison research design was employed for the study. For the study, four different treatment groups and one control group were selected. From each group, 40 respondents were selected by random sampling without replacement which raised the sample size to 200. Results show that majority of the respondents of Organic Basmati cluster initiatives (G1), Contract farming for organic Basmati by Sarweshwar Foods Ltd. (G2), Quality Basmati cluster initiatives (G3), Integrated Pest Management of Basmati by CIPMC (G4) and Farmers’ practice (G5) belong to middle age group and majority of the respondent of G1, G4 and G5 were educated up to middle class. Majority of the respondents G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 were categorized as marginal farmers (≤ 1 ha). There was a significant difference of average Basmati cultivation experience (in years) of G1, G2, G3 and G5 from G4 (F=2.404, p≤0.05). Members of treatment groups have developed more extension contacts than the members of control group. Results regarding adoption of recommended Basmati cultivation practices showed that majority of the respondents adopted recommended seed rate, number of planking, bispyribac sodium dosage and nursery age during transplanting. It was also found that farmers prefer to use their own seed because it cheaper and more readily available. The cost of cultivation was found to be highest in G2 (`65236.02 ) followed by G4 (`64142.75 ), G3 (`62787.18), G5 (`55559.67 ) and least in G1 (`52072.69 ). The mean difference in the C:B ratio of G2 (1: 1.84) and G5 (1: 2.38); G3 (1: 1.97) and G4 (1: 2.42); G3 (1: 1.97) and G5 (1: 2.38) was significant at p≤0.05. It was also observed that there was a high significant difference in the area (F=8.732, p=0.000), production (F=7.570, p=0.000), productivity (F=14.193, p=0.000) and selling price (F=11.505, p=0.000) of all the groups. The study also highlighted that there are eleven different marketing channels through which the Basmati rice reaches its ultimate consumers. The marketing margin throughout the channel was found to be highest in Channel-I (`1750). Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was found to be highest in Channel-XI (95.14%) as there was no intermediary involved in the channel. Results from step-wise linear regression model showed that seed rate, FYM, DAP, MoP, extension contact, farm mechanization, irrigation, and age were the factors that significantly affected the productivity of the crop with R2 value of 0.355, 0.467, 0.272, 0.265 and 0.241 for G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5, respectively. Lack of knowledge, Non-availability of inputs on time, Use of chemicals are harmful, lack of information about recent pest management strategies were the major reasons reported by the respondents that lead to non-adoption of Basmati rice cultivation practices.