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Open Access
Study on okra cultivation practices followed by the farmers in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-16) Bajya, Mamta; Manhas, J.S.
The present study entitled, “Study on okra cultivation practices followed by the farmers in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir.”Simple random sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 120 okra growing farmers. Semi- structured interview schedule was used for collection of the primary data. The results reveal that majority of the respondents belonged to 42-60 years of age, matriculate, had joint families with family size 5-7. Average farming experience was 17.36 years whereas average okra farming experience was 7.64 years. The average operational size of land holding of okra farmers in R.S. Pura was 0.15 ha while in Marh, it was 0.13 ha. Majority (72 per cent) of the farmers had marginal land holding. Canal was the main source of irrigation for okra farmers (100 per cent). Majority (54 per cent) of the respondents had agriculture as their main occupation. Department of Agriculture (100 per cent)was observed the main source of information of okra farmers followed by relatives (45 per cent). Majority (73 per cent) of the respondents belonged to medium level of knowledge. Majority (82 per cent) of the respondents belonged to medium level of adoption. Majority (82 per cent) of the respondents had adopted hybridsof okra and only 18 per cent of the respondents were adopting open pollinated varieties. 100 per cent of the respondents were applying urea in okra cultivation. Majority of the respondents (73 per cent) were applying insecticides. Cost Benefit ratio of okra hybrids was highest in R.S. Pura sub-division (1:3.5) than Marhsub-division (1:3.4).cost benefit ratio of open pollinated varieties of okra was highest in Marh sub- division (1:2.6) than R.S. Pura sub- division (1:2.5). Non remunerative price of the produce (92 per cent), high price of hybrid seed, fertilizers, herbicides and plant protection chemicals (90 per cent), high cost of labour (86 per cent) and unavailability of labour (84 per cent) were the most important constraints faced by the respondents.
Open Access
Evaluation of the Pradhan MantriFasalBima Yojana in Samba District, Jammu and Kashmir
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-10-25) Sou, Dinesh; Sharma, Rakesh
The present study entitled “Evaluation of the Pradhan MantriFasalBimaYojana in Samba District, Jammu and Kashmir” was conducted by employing static control group design. A sample of 150 Pradhan MantriFasalBimaYojana(PMFBY) beneficiary farmers were selected by proportionate random sampling technique from the nine blocks of Samba district. For comparison,75 non-PMFBY farmers as per half of the proportionatevalue of the block for selection of PMFBY beneficiaries were taken up from each block on the basis of convenience. The data werecollected by means of personal interview methodwith the help ofsemi-structured interview schedule. The result revealed that majority of farmers(68%) ofPMFBY andnon-PMFBY(78%) were having marginal landholdingand 72 percent PMFBY farm households had non-farm sources of income.For awareness of the PMFBY, different extension strategies namely awareness camps and distribution of extension literature namely pamphlets, flyers and posterswere undertaken by the Department of Agriculture, insurance agency and banks. The results revealed that hundred percent of the beneficiaries farmers were aware about PMFBY whereas, in case of non-beneficiary only 63 percent of the farmers were awareabout the PMFBY. The perception index of the sampled PMFBY farmers towards the PMFBY crop insurance was 0.59, which isslightly favourable.Risk management practices other than PMFBY namely low input use while growing rainfed crops, non-farm activities like wage labour, shops and cooperative marketing were adopted by 79percent of the PMFBY farmers and 84 percent non-PMFBY beneficiaries to avoid exposure to risk.Out of 150 farmers, 18 farmers discontinued to adopt PMFBY in 2022 and reported the bad experiences of previous incidents (72%)as the major reason for quieting the PMFBY. The variable education and irrigated land holding significantly contributed for the discontinuance of the scheme.Thus, for continued adoption of PMFBY,government needs to consider the suggestions given by therespondent’s namely quick settlement of insurance claims, insurance service at village level, individual approach instead ofarea approach and need for maintaining transparency in settlement of insurance claims.
Open Access
Adoption of Recommended Litchi Cultivation Practices in Jammu Region
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-08-07) Choudhary, Meenu; Parihar, Ponam
The present study entitled “Adoption of Recommended Litchi Cultivation Practices in Jammu Region” was conducted in Jammu &Kathua Districts. Purposively non-random Sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 99 litchi growing farmers. Semi-structured interview schedule was used for collection of the primary data. The results revealed that majority of the litchi farmers were 12th pass out with average litchi farming experience of 13 years. The average operational size of land holding of litchi farmers in Kathua was 1.507 ha and in Jammu it was 1.037 ha. Majority (64 per cent) of the farmers had marginal land holding. Canal was the main source of irrigation for litchi farmers (80 per cent). Majority (59 per cent) of the respondents had agriculture as their main occupation. Department of Horticulture was observed the main source of information for 100 per cent of litchi farmers followed by KrishiVigyan Kendra (77 per cent). Majority (98 per cent) of the respondents adopted recommended variety Dehradun of litchi and 69 per cent of the respondents adopted recommended variety Calcuttia. Majority of the respondents (85 per cent) were applying urea, (75 per cent) of the litchi growers were applying DAP & (66 per cent) of the litchi farmers were in practice of applying MOP respectively. Majority of the respondents (22 per cent) were applying insecticides & (18 per cent) of the farmers were applying fungicides in litchi cultivation. Cost Benefit ratio of litchi cultivation is highest in Kathua district i.e., (1:3.86) followed by Jammu district i.e., (1:3.83). The major constraints faced by the litchi farmers were highly perishable nature of fruit, unavailability of quality plant material & damage of fruit by birds.
Open Access
Impact Evaluation of Rice Integrated Pest Management Programme in Sub-tropical North India
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2023-05) Kumar, Raj; Peshin, Rajinder
In India, Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage (DPPQS) through its 36 Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) implements the integrated pest management (IPM) programmes through Farmer Field School (FFS) since 1994. Many studies have been conducted for measuring the impacts of IPM-FFS programmes. Most of these studies have measured short-term and intermediate-term impacts of IPM-FFS programmes. There is a debate going on about the long-term impacts of IPM-FFS. Therefore, to find out the long-term impacts of rice IPM-FFS programme, a study entitled “Impact Evaluation of rice integrated pest management programme in sub-tropical North India” was carried out. Ex-post facto with/without research design was employed to study the impact IPM-FFS. The results show that the IPM-FFS trained farmers were more knowledgeable about cultural practices, pesticides, and insect pests of rice crop but the differences with the non-IPM farmers were not statistically significant. Both IPM-FFS trained and non-IPM farmers attitude towards IPM practices was less favourable. However, the mean knowledge and attitude scores of the IPM-FFS trained farmers were higher both in Jammu and Punjab, but the difference was statistically significant only in case of Jammu. A higher percentage of IPM farmers had adopted resistant varieties, seed treatment, deep summer ploughing, and management of paddy straw as compared to non-IPM farmers. Most of the studies show that long-term impact of IPM-FFS programme on reducing insecticide and fungicide use does not reflect a conclusive trend. Overtime the benefits of IPM-FFS programme on reducing insecticide and fungicide have fleeted. The results show contrary impact of IPM-FFS on pesticide use in Jammu and Punjab. In Jammu, the average pesticide applications by the IPM-FFS trained farmers were 24.8 per cent less than the non-IPM farmers, whereas in Punjab, it was only 6.9 per cent. However, the IPM-FFS trained farmers use of pesticide active ingredient was less than the non-IPM farmers by only 3 and 3.9 per cent in the case of Jammu and Punjab, respectively. Thus, not much difference was observed in the FEIQ of pesticide use between the IPM-FFS trained and non-IPM farmers. Thus, it can be concluded that the long-term impact of IPM-FFS programmes on the knowledge gain of the farmers, adoption of non-pesticide pest management practices, and pesticide use do not sustain over time. There was not much to differentiate between the IPM-FFS trained and control group farmers. The finding of the study revealed that there are many barriers in the adoption of IPM practices namely i) lack of knowledge and skill ii) unawareness about the benefits of IPM practices iii) IPM practices being time consuming and un favourable attitude towards IPM and iv) influence of the pesticide dealer on pesticide use decision of the farmers. There is a challenge in reaching more and more farmers for popularizing the IPM technique through FFS and sustain its positive benefits. Therefore, the IPM-FFS programme should be reoriented by having periodic training for the farmers and using other extension methodologies like mass media.
Open Access
Evaluation of the Soil Health Card Scheme in Jammu and Samba Districts
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-11) Bhagat, Nidhi; Peshin, Rajinder
In 2014, Government of India initiated a national level effort to practice a healthy agriculture by sustaining the soil resources through the Soil Health Management (SHM) component under National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). Soil health card (SHC) is an important component of the SHM. The Government of India launched SHC scheme on 19 February, 2015. In Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) also, the SHC scheme was launched in 2015. Till June 2021, more than 18 lakh SHCs were issued in J&K. There are no empirical field studies regarding the coverage of SHC scheme and its impact on the fertilizer use in Jammu and Kashmir. Therefore, an empirical study entitled “Evaluation of the soil health card scheme in Jammu and Samba districts” was conducted to find out the extent of coverage of SHCs, adoption of SHC based recommendations and constraints faced by farmers in adoption of SHC recommendations. Multi-stage random sampling technique was employed for the study. A sample of 200 farmers was selected from 20 villages by proportionate random sampling method. Major findings of the study were that soil sampling under SHC scheme was done in 75 per cent villages but only 12 per cent farm households had received SHC which is at variance to official government statistics which state that 70-80 per cent farmers in J&K have been covered under SHC scheme. None of the SHC holders were following the SHC based recommendations in cereal crops except in case of DAP applied in wheat crop by 9 per cent of SHC holders. Average NPK consumption ratio in study area was around 16:11:1 which was higher than ideal ratio of 4:2:1. The reasons/constraints reported by SHC holders for non adoption of SHC recommendations were self experience (13%), no knowledge about the applicability of SHC (52%), lack of comprehension of contents of SHC (35%) and information of recommended fertilizers doses were not suitable to their field (4%). Ninety six per cent SHC holders had an opinion that proper explanation about the SHC and its use must be provided. The factors affecting the farmers getting SHC were contact with extension agent (p=0.001) and distance of the households from the market (p=0.002). SHC should be made available to all the farmers and proper information regarding its application should be given, which will provide sustainable soil health and better economic results.
Open Access
Impact of Weather based Agro-Advisory Services in Jammu District
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Naik, Farhan Asif; Manhas, J.S.
The present study entitled “Impact of Weather based Agro-Advisory Services inJammu District” was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir. Simple randomsamplingtechniquewasemployedtodrawasampleof100AASfarmers.50non-AASfarmerswere also selected from the villages where AAS farmers were selected. Hence, the studysample consisted of 150 farmers. The results of the study revealed that majority of the AASand non-AAS farmers were matriculate with average farming experience of 23 and 21 yearsrespectively. Majority of the farmers had marginal land holding. Majority (90 per cent) of therespondentshadAgrometeorologicalFieldUnit(AMFU),Chathaasmainsourceofinformation regarding AAS whereas WhatsApp (92 per cent) was the main source of massmedia exposure. Majority of the farmers agreed that weather based AAS provide timelyinformation, AAS helps in scheduling the sowing or transplanting time, harvesting and postharvesting operations and there has been an increase in the crop productivity due to AAS.Majority of the farmers preferred Hindi language along with text to be supported with audio,upto 150 words, WhatsApp medium, biweekly frequency of AAS and anytime for receivingmessages regarding AAS. Majority of the farmers were following recommended package ofpractices in crop production. BCR was high for AAS farmers by nearly 20 per cent in all thecrops as compared to non-AAS farmers and was statistically significant. Besides, majorconstraintsreportedbythemajorityofAASfarmerswerenoprovisionoffeedbacktoclearthedoubts regarding agro-advisory bulletin, high cost of mobile phones and recommended inputsarenot available on timeas per AAS recommendations.
Open Access
Adoption of Hybrid Rice Cultivation by the Farmers of Jammu District
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Kour, Rashmeet; Slathia, P.S.
Rice has shaped the culture, diets and economics of thousand of millions of people. It is an important staple food crop for more than 60 per cent of the world people. In 2008, more than 430 million metric tons of rice was consumed worldwide, according to the USDA. Hybrid rice is one of the important innovations that has proven to be an effective way to enhance rice production. Therefore, the study entitled “Adoption of Hybrid Rice Cultivation by the farmers of Jammu District” was conducted to examine the situation of hybrid rice in the Jammu district. The study was conducted in three agricultural sub divisions of Jammu district namely Marh, Akhnoor and R.S Pura because maximum hybrid growers belonged to these three agricultural sub-divisions. 150 respondents were selected for the study where, 38 respondents were from R.S Pura, 13 from Akhnoor and 99 from Marh. Initially formulation of knowledge test was done. Split-half method was employed to determine the reliability which was 0.76. To adjust the half test reliability into full test reliability, Spearman Browns Prophecy formula was employed. The full test reliability was 0.86 and the test was considered reliable for administration to final sampled farmers. Results showed that majority of the farmers had high to medium knowledge about hybrid rice cultivation practices but adoption is low. Majority of the farmers were growing Arize-6444 gold followed by PHB-71 in hybrid rice category and B-370 and Pusa-1121 in non-hybrid rice category. There was decline in productivity of hybrid rice as well as non-hybrid rice in 2021 due to heavy hailstorm during maturity time. More than 50% respondents were falling between the age category of abv 51 years. The mean operational land holding was 1.551.70. Weighted mean was calculated for ranking of perception statements. Overall B.C ratio of hybrid rice varieties came out to be 1:1.08 in 2021 but in 2020 it came out to be 1:2.25. Hailstorms was one of the most main reasons for this downfall. Knowledge about different cultivation practices(p=.018) and use of post-emergence herbicide (p=.043) significantly affected the productivity of hybrid rice crop. Factors like Knowledge (p=.024) and distance of household to the nearest agriculture department seed store(p=.018) were found affecting the adoption of different inputs. There is a no significant difference in the productivity of hybrid rice crop among three sub-divisions wheras there is a significant difference in the productivity of hybrid and B-370(p=.001) and hybrid and Pusa 1121 (p=.029). Also, there is no significance difference among the productivity of all hybrid varieties grown by the farmers. Though PHB-71 is recommended by SKUAST-J, but there are other promising hybrid varieties that are more preferred by farmers due to their higher productivity than PHB-71. Amongst the preferred varieties, Arize-6444 gold is the leading one followed by Arize-6129 gold.
Open Access
Adoption of Recommended Strawberry Cultivation Practices in Sub-tropics of Jammu Region
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-09) Srujana, Pusala; Manhas, J. S.
The present study entitled “Adoption of Recommended Strawberry Cultivation Practices in Sub-tropics of Jammu Region” was conducted in Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts of Union Territory (UT) of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). Proportionate random sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 80strawberry growing farmers.Semi-structured interview schedule was used for collection of the primary data. The results reveal that majority of the strawberry farmers were matriculate with average strawberry farming experience of 4 years. Majority(58 per cent)of the farmers had marginal land holding.Electric pump set was the main source of irrigation for strawberry farmers (84 per cent).Majority (55 per cent) of the respondents had agriculture as their main occupation. Majority (59 per cent) of the respondents adopted recommended variety (Chandler) of strawberry and 50 per cent of them adopted runners treatment. 61 per cent, 56 per cent and 48 per cent of the respondents were applying DAP, Urea and MOP respectively. Besides, 16 per cent and 18 per cent of the farmers were applying insecticides andfungicide in strawberry cultivation. Cost Benefit ratio of strawberry cultivation is highest in Samba district(1:2.53) followed by Jammu district (1:2.42) and Kathua district(1:2.3). Among different inputs under study, variables viz. phosphorous (P2O5) dose and mulchinghad significantly affected the productivity of strawberry (p=0.009, R2 =0.223). The major constraints faced by the strawberry farmers were unavailability of quality plant material, lack of storage facilities and high perishable nature of fruit.
Open Access
Study on Organic Vegetable Farming in District Reasi of Jammu Division
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Para, Hilal Ahmad; Nanda, Rakesh
The present study entitled “Study on Organic Vegetable Farming in District Reasi of Jammu Division” was conducted in Reasi district of Union Territory (UT) of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).Two blocks were selected to draw a sample of 120 respondents consisting of 80 organic farmers and 40 non-organic farmers using proportionate random sampling without replacement technique. The results of the study revealed that majority of the organic and non-organicfarmers were matriculate with average organic farming experience of 27 and 24 years respectively and they had small and marginal land holdings respectively. Majority of the farmers were living in joint family with average family size of 7 members. 40 per cent organic farmers and 38 per cent non-organic farmers have agriculture as their primary and sole occupation. Majority of the farmers were following recommended package of practices in organic vegetable farming. CBR was more for organic vegetable farmers i.e., cabbage, cauliflower and knol-khol by 23 per cent, 25 per cent and 21 per cent than non-organic farmers and were statistically significant. Furthermore, majority of the farmers were selling their produce at mandi and the marketing channel followed was Producer→ Village Trader→mandi→ Wholesaler→ Retailer→ Consumer. Besides, major constraints reported by the majority of organic farmers was lack of cold storage facilities, lack of proper marketing facilities in the study areaand lack of availability of quality bio-fertilizers/bio-pesticides in the market.

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