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ThesisItem Open Access Study on effect of wild vetch (Vicia sativa) seed feeding on the performance of goat(Department of Animal Nutrition, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Sinha, Manikant; ChandramoniAnimal production is one of the important components of Indian agriculture and contributes significantly to the income of farmers. Availability of conventional feed to sustain livestock feeding is a major constraint in developing countries. Hence, pressure on utilization of unconventional feed resources has been increasing to develop least cost rations. However, literature available on the nutritional potential of Vicia sativa in ruminants are scanty. Hence, an attempt is made to assess nutritional potential of Vicia sativa replacing soyabean meal in a total mixed ration (TMR) at different dietary level on nutrient utilization and metabolic status of goats under hot humid agro climatic condition in Bihar. This study will give more information about the effective utilization unconventional feed resources, which will help in developing feeding strategies for better utilization of nutrient from tannin rich feeds by goats under Bihar condition. All the standard managemental practices were followed during experimental period. . The goats were penned individually in a well ventilated shed with cement floor. The animals were fed graded level of wild vetch seed (0%, 50% and 100%) mixed in concentrate mixture in the total mixture ration (TMR). The goats were penned individually in a well ventilated shed with cement floor. The animals were fed graded level of wild vetch seed (0%,50%and 100%) mixed in concentrate mixture in the total mixture ration (TMR). 1. Effect of feeding Vicia Sativa on growth performance and nutrient utilization in goats Plane of nutrition of goats: The initial average body weight of T1,T2,T3 was 6.13 ± 0.3 kg ,5.96 ± 0.58 & 5.91 ± 0.61 kg respectively. The body weight recorded after feeding of the vicia sativa for 90 days showed highest body weight of 10.01 ± 0.28 for T1 group and least body weight of 9.60 ± 0.52 kg for T3 group. Confirming to the above findings the body weight gain was maximum for T1 group (3.88 ± 0.17) kg and minimum for T3 group (3.69 ± 0.24) daily. Average daily wt gain for T1,T2 & T3 was 43.142 ± 1.65 kg , 41.094 ± 2.19 & 41.089 ± 0.17 respectively. Nitrogen balance: Data of nitrogen balance study of this experiment are present in table 4.5. It was apparent that nitrogen intake due to inclusion of wild vetch seed in the diet did not effect nitrogen intake in goats significantly (p>0.05). On total intake basis nitrogen was highest in control group but on metabolic body size it was highest in T2 group.Nitrogen losses as accounted as faecal and urinary nitrogen was also non-significant (p>0.05). However nitrogen loss was highest in the T3 group followed by T2 and lowest in control group. All the animals were in positive nitrogen balance without any statistical difference (p>0.05) showing good utilization of nitrogen from wild vetch seed. Effect of feeding Vicia sativa on nutrient intake (gram per day) and digestibility percent of nutrients in experimental goats: A 6 day metabolic trial was conducted on three experimental goats at the end of experiment from each treatment groups. Data revealed that there was no significant difference difference (P>0.05) in body weight among treatment groups. Similarly metabolic body size did not show any statistical difference (P>0.05) among treatment groups After gowing through the result it was found that dry matter intake, organic matter intake, crude protein intake, crude fiber intake, ether extract intake, nutrient detergent fiber intake, acid detergent fiber intake, nitrogen free extract intake were significantly affected. Digestibility figure showed that inclusion of wild vetch seed affected digestibility of Dry matter significantly (p<0.05).As the level of Vicia sativa increased the digestibility of dry matter decreased significantly in comparison to control group. Effect of feeding Vicia sativa on plane of nutrition on goat Value of DMI (g/day) was non- significant between the groups.T3 group (528.4 ±5.99) having the max. value & min. value recorded was of T1 group (515.3 ±1.23). Value of DMI g/kg W0.75 was non-significant (p<0.05) b/w the groups. The highest value recorded was of T2 group (103.18 ± 4.72) & T1 group (90.99 ± 3.04) having min. value. The value of TDMI in respect of DMI (%B.W) was non-significant b/w the treatment groups. The value of T2 group (6.55 ± 2.7) was recorded max. & min. value was of T1 group (5.14 ± 4.24). The value of CP intake g/day was non-significant (p<0.05) b/w the treatment groups T3 group (63.9 ± 1.69) was & min. value recorded was of T1 group (62.5 ± 1.33). c.p intake g/kgW0.75 differ non- significantly b/w the groups. The value of T2 group (12.65 ± 0.65) was max. & T1 group (11.05 ± 0.54) having the minimum. value). The DCP intake g/d was non-significant p<0.05). T2 g roup (39.74 ± 0.84) having the highest value compared to T1 (39.57 ± 0.82) & T3 (38.17 ± 0.64).DCP intake g/kg W0.75 was also non-significant. The value of T2 group (7.2 ± 0.39) was max. & T3 group (6.76 ±0.49) was min. TDN intake g/day also shoes non-significant (p<0.05) b/w the groups & was max. in T2 group (343.24 ± 19.59) & in T3 group (329.6 ± 24.87) was min. TDN. intake g/kg W0.75 was non-significant b/w the groups. T2 group (68.12 ± 4.17) having the maximum .value in comparison to T1 group (59.04 ± 3.22) & T3 group (58.11 ±4.67). Level of significance in the different Biochemical parameters of goats under trails in different treatment groups The value of different blood biochemical parameters which included total protein, albumin, creatinine, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), cholesterol, haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV) and glucose of T1 was 6.86 ± 0.10, 3.79 ±0.08, 1.58 ± 1.08, 14.99 ± 0.34, 182.71 ± 0.67, 122.89 ± 0.76, 11.48 ± 0.35, 35.1 ± 0.97, 63.15 ± 0.79 respectively. It was noted that except haemoglobin, packed cell volume, glucose and albumin all the values were significant between the groups (p<0.05).Except cholesterol value 124.86 ±0.82 of T3 group the other recorded value were maximum for T1 group. The value of T3 group was minimum compared to T1 group. The value of T3 group recorded was 6.45 ± 0.04, 3.62 ± 0.07, 1.37 ± 1.01, 12.34 ± 0.14, 175.42 ± 0.5, 124.86 ± 0.82, 10.62 ± 0.27, 34.74 ± 1.01, 61.93 ± 0.63, of total protein, albumin, creatinine, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (S.G.P.T), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( SGOT), cholesterol, haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV ) and glucose respectively except creatinine level and cholesterol level which was minimum. in T2 group Economics of feeding Total feed cost/kg wt. gain was max.T3 group (117.93/kg) and in T2 group (116.40/kg) was minimum.ThesisItem Open Access Study On Effect Of Feeding Wild Vetch (Vicia Sativa) Seed On Performance Of Broiler Chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Sarthi, Ranjan Parth; Singh, Pankaj KumarEconomical poultry production largely depends on optimum utilization of feed, improved growth performance, absence of diseases, minimum morbidity and mortality. Various feed ingredients are being included in poultry diet to improve growth rate, feed efficiency and product quality and to reduce the feed cost. Protein sources in poultry diets are very costly items. Soybean meal as a protein and standard protein source in poultry is notable, but in Asia soyabean meal is very costly and not easily available. Therefore, researchers are looking for alternative of soyabean meal in the ration of poultry ration. Wild vetch seed (Vicia Sativa) or common vetch seed locally known as Akti or Akra is a legume seed which grows as a weed of wheat and lentil. Seed of wild vetch is available in plenty in Bihar and other parts of India. Seed of wild vetch contain 92.61% dry matter, 28.4% crude protein, 4.7% crude fibre,1.65% ether extract, 4.0% ash, 61.25% nitrogen free extract,0.26% calcium,0.57% phosphorus and 0.28% magnesium. Wild vetch seed has potential as an alternative source of protein in poultry diets, but in the raw state, common vetch is detrimental for poultry species due to presence of certain anti-nutritional factors that interfere with efficient utilization of vetch, such-cyanoalanine,as vicine,β convicine, lectins, protease inhibitors and tannins that interfere with efficient utilization of vetch. Heat treatment of leguminous seeds deactivates protease inhibitors and other anti-nutritional factors. Keeping the nutritional and anti-nutritional quality and local availability of wild vetch seed in view, the current studies are, therefore, aimed to evaluate the potential of wild vetch seeds as replacement of soyabean meal in broiler chicken. A feeding trial of 42 days was conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of raw and oven dried wild vetch seed on growth performance, nutrient utilization, haemato-biochemical parameters and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Two levels (levels (10 and 20%) of raw and oven dried (120ºC for 30 minutes) wild vetch seed were incorporated by replacing soyabean meal in the standard basal diet of broiler starter (0-21 days) and broiler finisher (21-42days) for a period of 42 days. There were five dietary treatment groups. Treatment T1 served as control in which broiler chicks were offered soyabean based control diet, treatment T2 and T3 contained 10% and 20% raw wild vetch, respectively. Whereas in treatments T4 and T5, 10 and 20% heat treated wild vetch seed, respectively, was used replacing soya bean meal. A total of 300, day- old Vencobb 400 strain broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five treatment groups each with three replicates of 20 chicks following completely randomized design and were provided the experimental feeds and water ad libitum. Body weight of individual chick and feed consumption of each replicate in different group was recorded weekly upto 6 weeks of age, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance index was calculated. Blood samples were collected from wing vein of two birds from each replicates on 35th day for analyses of haemato-biochemical parameters. A metabolism trial was also conducted on two birds from each replicate during the 6th week of feeding trial to know the nutrient utilization. At the end of feeding trial, two chicks per replicate in each treatment group were sacrificed for the study of carcass yield, cut up parts, organ weights, processing losses and carcass composition. The results of the present study are summarized as under: 1. Growth performance of broiler chickens were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by dietary incorporation of different levels of unprocessed or processed wild vetch seed during starter phase (0-21 days). Inclusion of raw wild vetch seed in broiler diet resulted in body weight gain reduction during the starter phase in broiler chickens. Increasing the level of raw wild vetch seed from 10 to 20% resulted in more reduction (P<0.05). At both dietary levels of wild vetch seed, processing method used in this study improved the body weight gain. Highest feed intake (959.00g) was observed in control group whereas inclusion of raw wild vetch seed depressed feed intake in T2 (910.00 g), T4 (864.34g) and T5 (887.22g). Processing method improved feed intake. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the 0-21 days of age was similar (P>0.05) in birds fed with raw or processed wild vetch seed and control diet. 2. The cumulative growth performance of broiler chickens (21-42 days) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Inclusion of raw wild vetch seed in broiler diet resulted in body weight gain reduction in treatment group T2 (1460.25g) and T4 (1428.32g) during the finisher phase in broiler chickens. Increasing the level of raw wild vetch seed from 10 to 20% resulted in more reduction (P<0.05). The body weight gain (1504.42g) in broiler chickens of control group (T1) was significantly (P<0.05) highest, which were comparable with birds fed diet containing 10% processed (1479.67g) and 20% processed wild vetch seed, which indicated that there was improvement in body weight gain due to processing of wild vetch seed. There were no significant (P>0.05) difference in feed intake and feed conversion ratio among different dietary treatment groups. Performance index differed significantly (P<0.05) among different treatment groups. The highest (828.63) performance index was observed in soyabean based control group (T2) which was statistically similar with birds fed processed wild vetch seed in T3 (789.87) and T5 (793.12) group which indicated that heat processing of wild vetch seed improved growth performance. 3. There were significant (P<0.05) difference in body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index of broiler chickens fed two levels (10 and 20%) of raw and oven dried wild vetch seed during overall experimental period (0-42 days). Significantly (P<0.05) highest body weight gain (2066.33g) and performance index (1163.70) were recorded in broiler chickens fed soyabean based control diet (T1), which was statistically (P>0.05) similar with birds fed diet containing 10% oven dried wild vetch seed. However, inclusion of 20% unprocessed wild vetch seed in broiler diets resulted in reduction in body weight gain as compared with that of control diet during 42 days feeding trial period. At both dietary levels of wild vetch seed, over drying processing method improved (P<0.05) the body weight gain. Significantly lowest feed conversion ratio (1.79) was recorded in birds fed diet containing soyabean (T1), which was statistically similar to 10% heat treated wild vetch seed fed group (1.82). Similarly highest (P<0.05) performance index was recorded in birds fed soyabean based control diet (1156.52) which was statistically similar with that of 10% processed wild vetch processed group, which indicated that heat processing of wild vetch seed improved growth performance. 4. Total tract nutrient utilization in broilers during the metabolism trial revealed significantly (P<0.05) maximum (75.13%) and minimum (72.41%) dry matter utilization in broiler chicken fed soyabean based control diet (T1) and 20% unprocessed wild vetch seed (T4), respectively. Higher level of wild vetch seed depressed retention of nutrients as compared to lower level. Results indicated that heat processing (oven drying at 120°C for 30 minutes) of wild vetch seed improved dry matter and nitrogen retention in broiler chickens. 5. The average haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) content differed significantly (P<0.05) among different treatment groups. Broiler chicks fed soyabean based control diet (T1) had significantly (P<0.05) highest haemoglobin concentration (9.35%) whereas broiler chickens fed diet containing 20% unprocessed or raw wild vetch seed (T4) had lowest haemoglobin concentration (8.33%). Haemoglobin concentration in broiler chickens improved due to heat treatment of wild vetch seed. Similarly, PCV concentration was significantly (P<0.05) highest (30.88%) in soyabean based control diet (T1) and lowest in broiler chickens fed diet containing raw soyabean at 10% (28.27%) and 20% (28.20%) indicating that raw wild vetch seed has deleterious effect on haemoglobin and PCV. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume concentration in broiler chickens improved due to heat treatment of wild vetch seed as there was numerically higher haemoglobin and PCV value in heat treated group. 6. Dietary addition of raw or heat treated wild vetch seed at 10 or 20% did not affect (P>0.05) serum biochemical parameters viz., serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, uric acid, calcium and phosphorus concentrations and enzymes (ALT and AST) activity, whereas serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to use of raw or heat treated wild vetch seed in broiler chicken`s diet. Serum uric acid and creatinine values were within the normal ranges and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) due to dietary treatments, which indicated that wild vetch did not pose seed any adverse effect on normal functioning of kidney in broiler chickens. 7. Serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides in broiler chicks decreased significantly (P<0.05) due to wild vetch seed in broiler chicken`s diet, however, greatest cholesterol lowering effect was observed in broilers fed diet containing higher level (20%) of raw or treated wild vetch seed (T4 and T5) as compared to soyabean based control diet or wild vetch seed at lower level (T2 and T3). 8. The carcass characters viz., dressing yield, eviscerated yield, and relative weights (% of live weight) of different cut-up parts (thigh, drumstick, breast, back, neck, wing) and giblet weight did not differ significantly among the broilers of different treatment groups. There were significant (P<0.05) reduction in abdominal fat in broiler chicks fed diet containing wild vetch seed; wherein highest (2.00%) and lowest (1.61%) abdominal fat was observed in T1 and T4, respectively. Weight of liver (% of body weight) increased significantly (P<0.05) due to dietary addition of raw or heat treated wild vetch seed. Highest liver weight (3.15% of live weight) was recorded in T4 having 20% raw wild vetch seed. 9. The chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein and total ash) of breast and thigh muscles of broilers of all treatment groups of broilers did not differ significantly. However, significant (P<0.05) reduction in ether extract and cholesterol content of thigh and breast muscles was observed in broilers fed diet containing raw and heat treated wild vetch seed as compared to control group. Lowest ether extract and cholesterol content of meat samples was recorded in T4 having 20% raw wild vetch seed. 10. Sensory characteristics viz., appearance, flavour, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability of meat were similar in broiler chicks of all treatments groups.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation, characterization and evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage(s) as surface sanitizer(Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Archana; Kaushik, P.S. aureus is a commensal bacterium capable of colonizing the nose and skin, and can cause life-threatening diseases in different tissues including bones, joints, blood, lungs, heart, and brain. The contaminated objects and surfaces play an important role in S. aureus transmission and once it is established on a surface, can survive for weeks to month. Use of antibiotics has become a routine practice in human as well as in veterinary medicine resulting in development of antibiotic resistance among bacterium. In recent years, there is an increasing consensus about improvement in the disinfection and sanitization of environmental surfaces in healthcare and food processing facilities. In this regard a novel approach, to reduce the need of harsh chemical sanitizers, is the use of lytic bacteriophage(s) as biocontrol or biosanitizing agents. The present study was performed to isolate and characterize wide host range lytic bacteriophages against S. aureus and to evaluate bacteriophage(s) as a surface sanitizing biological agent. A total of 109 S. aureus isolates ( comprising of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant S. aureus) were used in the study which were confirmed by biochemical and molecular test. The isolates resulted in the amplification of desired amplicon size of 228bp of target gene (16s rRNA). A total of 32 samples from different sources were processed for isolation of S. aureus and their bacteriophages, but only one lytic phage of S. aureus could be isolated from dog pus sample against the host which was isolated from the same sample. The phage were named as Staphylococcus phage vB_Staph M- BVC1. Host range analysis and lysis profiles of Staphylococcus phage vB_Staph M- BVC1 revealed the high specificity of the phage to the MRSA with a lytic activity of 38.80%. The lysis profile study showed that the phage was not able to lyse any of the Methicillin Sensitive S. aureus isolates of livestock and animal handler’sisindicatesoriginthehigh.specificityTh of phage Staphylococcus phage vB_Staph M-BVC1 to MRSA which can act as a possible agent for the control of MRSA. The Electron micrograph studies demonstrated the novel phage as a member of tailed phage group of order Caudovirales and family Myoviridae. The thermal stability of phage revealed non-significant reduction in phage titre with 100% lytic activity at temperatures when incubated at 4-45oC, however the complete inactivation was observed at 65oC. The SDS-PAGE analysis of structural proteins of Staphylococcus phage vB_Staph M- BVC1 identified 13 major protein bands of 27- 180 kDa as well as 35-51 kDa minor structural proteins. On this basis, it can be suggested that Staphylococcus phage vB_Staph M- BVC1 resembles the phage of the Myoviridae family, which support the finding of transmission electron microscopy. The agarose gel electrophoresis of the phage nucleic acid revealed the presence of genome size of more than 21 kb. The RAPD-PCR of phage with OPL5 primer yielded different patterns of banding consisting of 2 bands between 200 to 2kb whereas RAPD-PCR analysis with RAPD5 primer of phage yielded 10 bands ranging from 200 to 2.0kb. The RAPD-PCR technique appears to be a practical and efficient tool for routine use in high-resolution viral diversity studies by providing assemblage comparisons through fingerprinting, probing, or sequence information. To study the efficacy of phage as surface sanitizer glass cover-slip was used to provide a model system for simulating hard surface contamination in hospital settings. In the study, analysis of the effects of Staphylococcus phage vB_Staph M- BVC1 on glass matrix at room temperature revealed 1 log reduction of contamination at MOI 0.1. The treatment at MOI 1.0, the S. aureus count was reduced by log10 1.1 while 1.5 log reduction was observed at MOI 10. At higher MOI of 100 and 1000, no count or complete reduction of S. aureus was observed for the entire period of study. The findings of the present study suggest that phage treatment can be used as an effective tool to decontaminate MRSA from hard surfaces and the possibility can be explored for its therapeutic use to treat MRSA cases which needs further study.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Studies on Urohydropropulsion and Tube Cystostomy for Management of Urolithiasis in Goats(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, BVC, Patna, 2017-08) Kumar, Hare Ram; Tiwary, RameshThe present study was conducted in the Department of Surgery and Radiology, Bihar Veterinary College Patna, in goats suffering from obstructive urolithiasis. History and clinical examination and suffering goats also revealed that the problem of obstructive urolithiasis. It was mostly found in age of early castration within 30 days goats were facing problem of obstructive urolithiasis, which were fed the more concentrate diet. The present study was conducted into two parts. In both part ammonium chloride @ 450 mg/kgbwt. orally twice for 10 days and urohydropropulsion along with amputation of urethral process. In Part-I, there were two groups. In one group only ammonium chloride was given while in other group the lycopodium 200 was incorporated @ 8-10 drops bid orally for three days. It was found that Lycopodium along with urohydropropulsion had better effect in dissolution of urethral calculi in urinary tract without complications except swelling at prepucial region, which subsided on second day. In Part-II, two groups were formed. In one group only tube cystostomy was done while in second group the tubecystostomy along with homeopathic drug Lycopodium 200 @ 8-10 drops bid orally for three days was evaluated. The comparative studies showed that normal flow of urine started earlier in the group which was incorporated with lycopodium. The Lycopodium was found to be effective drug for dissolving stones, when used in combination of ammonium chloride. The clinico-haematobiochemical parameters in suffered goat with obstructive urolithiasis revealed the physiological parameters like Heart Rate and Respiration Rate were increased. The haemato-biochemical parameters like PCV, Hb accompanied by Magnesium, Sodium, Protein, Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine value were increased but on recovered goats value of all parameters returned towards normal range. Decreased value of MDA along with increased value of SOD and catalase were observed in recovered goats which showed the less stress. So, Lycopodium 200 can be recommended for dissolution of urethral calculi.