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ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability and heterosis in maize (Zea mays L.) crosses under normal and heat stress conditions(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-02-06) Rani, Neha; Nirala, Ram Balak PrasadThe present investigation entitled “Combining ability and heterosis in maize (Zea mays L.) crosses under normal and heat stress conditions” was conducted at Maize Section of Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (India). Twenty nine maize inbred lines were evaluated in normal (30th January, 2015) and heat stress (3rd March, 2015) conditions in Randomized Complete Block Design with objective to screen the maize inbred lines for heat tolerance on the basis of morphophysiological traits. The 13 SSR markers were used among 29 inbred lines with objective to study of molecular diversity among the inbred lines. During kharif, 2015 seven identified inbred lines i.e. five (CML 307,CML 306, CML 305, CML 411, CML 304) heat stress tolerant and two (CML 164, CML 25) heat stress susceptible were crossed in full diallel for making all possible 42 crosses. These forty two crosses, seven parents and two checks (DHM-117, SHM-2) were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design in normal (2nd January, 2016) and heat stress (15th March, 2016) conditions with objectives to determine general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively and to estimate heterosis of crosses of inbred lines. Data were recorded on thirteen quantitative characters viz; days to 50 % anthesis, days to 50% silk, pollen viability, anthesis-silking ineterval, cell membrane thermo stability, plant height, ear height, days to 50 % physiological maturity, grain filling period, number of grains per plant, 500-grain weight, shelling per cent, grain yield per plant. The analysis of variance of maize inbred lines for the design of experiment in both the conditions and pooled analysis indicated highly significant mean squares due to genotypes for all the characters except pollen viability per cent in normal condition. In normal condition, the mean performance of inbred lines, namely, CML 308, CML 451, CML306, CML18 and CML 474; in heat stress condition, inbred lines, namely, CML 307, CML306, CML305, CML 411 and CML 304; and in pooled analysis inbred lines, namely, CML 307, CML306, CML 411, CML 304 and CML 305 were found to be top five rankers of grain yield per plant. The five inbred lines, namely, CML 307, CML 305, CML 306, CML 411 and CML 304 were categorized top five heat tolerant inbred lines due to their higher YSI and lower ASI values. Similarly, two inbred lines, namely, CML 164 and CML 25 were categorized highly heat susceptible inbred lines due to their lower YSI and higher ASI values. Level of polymorphism was found to be 100 per cent among the inbred lines for almost all the primers pairs except for phi062. The polymorphic information content value for the primer pairs ranged from 0.067 to 0.499. The inbred lines were characterized into two cluster ie I and II. The further cluster I was divided into two sub cluster i.e. cluster Ia and cluster Ib. Cluster Ia had five inbred lines whereas, cluster Ib had three lines. Cluster II had the highest number of twenty parents. The minimum Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient value was found between G9 and G23, whereas, on the other hand, the maximum Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient value was found between G2 and G3.The seven selected inbred lines [CML 164 (P1), CML 411 (P2), CML 305 (P3), CML 304 (P4), CML 25 (P5), CML 306 (P6) & CML 307 (P7)] on the basis YSI, were found to be genetically distinct among them. Analysis of variance revealed that the mean squares due to genotypes (seven parents and their 42 cross combinations and two checks) were found to be highly significant in both the conditions and pooled analysis for all the characters studied. In normal condition, the mean performance, crosses, namely, P4 x P1, P2 x P3, P1 x P2 and P2 x P1 ; in heat stress condition, crosses, namely, P4 x P1 and P2 x P7 ; and in pooled analysis, crosses P4 x P1 and P2 x P7 were found to be top rankers for grain yield per plant in comparison to the better check, SHM-2. The analysis of variance for combining ability, in both the normal and heat stress conditions, revealed highly significant mean squares due to general combining ability(GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal combining ability (RSCA) for all the characters studied except due to reciprocal combining ability for anthesis-silking interval in normal condition. The pooled analysis of variance revealed significant mean squares due to general combining ability, specific combining ability, reciprocal combining ability, environments, GCA x environments, SCA x environments, reciprocal x environment for all the characters studied, except due to GCA x environments for anthesis-silking interval and due to reciprocal x environment for 500-seed weight. Estimates of components of variance for thirteen characters revealed that variance due to SCA was more than variance due to GCA and reciprocal for all the characters studied in both the conditions. The pooled analysis revealed that variance due to GCA was more than variance due to SCA and reciprocal for the characters viz., days to 50% silk, pollen viability, anthesis-silking interval, cell membrane thermo stability, days to 50 per cent physiological maturity, grain filling period, grains per plant, 500-seed weight and shelling percentage. Variance due to SCA was more than variance due to GCA and reciprocal for the characters, namely, days to 50 % anthesis, plant height, ear height, grain yield per plant. Parents CML 411 was found to be good general combiner for grain yield per plant in both the normal and heat stress conditions and in pooled analysis, whereas, CML 306, CML 164, CML 307 were considered as good general combiners in heat stress condition, while CML 164 and CML 304 were found to be average general combiners in normal condition and pooled analysis. Similarly, CML 306 and CML 307 were found to be average general combiners in pooled analysis for grain yield. In normal condition, crosses, namely, P1 x P4, P2 x P3, P1 x P2, P6 x P7 and P5 x P7; in heat stress, crosses, namely, P2 x P7, P1 x P7, P4 x P6, P3 x P6 and P1 x P4 ; and In pooled analysis crosses, namely, P1 x P4, P2 x P7, P2 x P3, P5 x P7 and P1 x P7 were found to be top five good specific combinations for grain yield per plant. Reciprocal specific combinations, in normal condition, crosses, namely, P4 x P1, P3 x P2 and P6 x P2; in heat stress condition, crosses, namely, P4 x P1, P4 x P2, P6 x P2, and P5 x P4 ; and in pooled analysis, crosses, namely, P4 x P1 and P3 x P2 were found to be top combinations good for grain yield per plant. Standard heterotic combinations, in normal condition, crosses namely, P2 x P3 and P1 x P2; and in heat stress condition and in pooled analysis, cross P2 x P7 were found to be significantly top two for grain yield per plant. The best experimental hybrid was identified on the basis of SCA/RSCA, GCA, mean performance and standard heterosis for grain yield in different situations. The experimental hybrid, CML 411 x CML 305 was identified as the promising hybrids for normal condition, whereas, the experimental hybrid, CML 411 x CML 307 was identified for heat stress condition and the experimental hybrid CML 411 x CML 307 was identified as the promising hybrids over the environment.ThesisItem Open Access Pheno-Physiological studies on Baramasi, regular and biennial bearing mango(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2015-12-17) Tiwari, Dhiru Kumar; Patel, V.B.Flowering in mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a very complex physiological phenomenon. The potentiality to form flower buds depends on the florious condition of the tree that depends on many factors such as genotypes, climatic factors, physiological behavior, agro-techniques, pests and disease management etc. Very less information is reported on the above subject. Hence, a study was carried out at AICRP (Fruit) experimental farm of the Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar during 2012-13 and 2013-14 to know the phenological behavior as well as to understand the physiological and biochemical activities during different stages. This experiment was laid out with four mango cultivars Baramasi, regular bearing (Amrapali) and biennial bearing (Langra and Alphonso) in RBD. The highest flowering intensity was produced by Langra (4295.50 flowers/sq. ft.) whereas Alphonso had longest panicle (32.86 cm), minimum flowering intensity (2621.00 flowers/sq. ft.) and panicle length in Baramasi (25.16). Results also indicated that flowering inhibit the photosynthesis (Pn) (6.22-12.11 µmol/m2/sec), stomatal conductance (gs) (0.131-0.229 µmol/m2/sec) and transpiration (E) (4.35-5.33 µmol/m2/sec) rates, these were higher during the post flowering stage however the lower values were recorded at flowering stage. The higher rate of photosynthesis was not due to variation in the water status of the leaves, since relative water content (RWC) was significantly lower in leaves of Langra. Chlorophyll has significant role in the photosynthesis. The highest chlorophyll content (2.45-4.00 mg/g) was estimated during the post flowering stage. Results also underlined the significance of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) system in flowering of mango. Increased accumulation of carbohydrates was also estimated during flowering stage compared to other stages in all cultivars but Baramasi exhibited almost similar level during all stages in terms of carbohydrate (88.44-89.2 8 mg/100g) as well as nitrogen content, flavonoids and total antioxidants capacity. Time of 50% flowering, panicle length, No. of flowers, No. of panicles, and hermaphrodite flowers were found to be positively correlated with Pn, gs, E, Fv/Fm while leaf area index (LAI) was positively correlated with total chlorophyll, phenolics, carbohydrates and nitrogen however, No. of flowers was correlated with carbohydrates and total chlorophyll, Pn, gs, E, Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll, temperature, RH and rainfall were positively correlated to each other whereas negatively correlated with internal CO2 concentration of leaf (Ci), relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW), carbohydrates, phenolics and nitrogen content. Although, results are not clearly showing the actual factors involved in flowering, however this study is helpful to understand the relationship of physiology and biochemical attributes towards flowering of Baramasi, regular and irregular bearing mango. Baramasi bears five times flowers as well as more flushes in a year than other cultivars. Leaf area index observed significantly maximum in Baramasi. Higher chlorophyll content, electron transport rate, specific leaf weight and relative water content during all stages were observed in Baramasi. In the data, it was observed that Baramasi has exhibited much fluctuating carbohydrate reserve due to staggered flowering pattern during flowering process. During flowering increased level of carbohydrate reserve, indicating their decisive role in the flowering. Further works at molecular level (gene expression) are needed to understand the mango flowering. This information could be used for breeding programs to improve mango productivity by producing fruits throughout the year.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Combining Ability and Yield Stability Analysis in Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.)(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Kumari, Hemlata; Singh, P. K.The present investigation entitled “Study of Combining Ability and Yield Stability Analysis in Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during rabi 2016-17, kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18. Six parents were crossed in diallel fashion including reciprocal during rabi, 2016-17 at farm of Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (India). The 38 genotypes (06 parents, 30 F1's and 2 checks) were evaluated in six environments during kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18, at three different farm of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), namely , Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour; Bhola Paswan Shashtri College of Agriculture College, Purnea and Pulse Research Centre, Mokama with objectives to study inter-relationship of component character with grain yield and among themselves, to estimate the general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively and to study the G x E interaction and stability parameter of crosses. Data were recorded for twelve quantitative characters such as days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk , anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant. The pooled analysis of variances for the design of experiment revealed that, the mean squares due to genotype and environment were highly significant for all the characters. Similarly, mean squares due to genotype x environment was also found to be highly significant for all the characters except, protein, lysine and tryptophan. The mean performance, crosses, namely, CML 167 x CML 161, CML 161x CML167, CML 167 x VL1037, VL1056 x CML 167 and CML 167 x VL1056 were found to be top rankers for grain yield per plant in comparison to the better check, Shaktiman-4. Pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in protein and grain yield per plant were highly significant except anthesis-silking interval and days to75per cent maturity was found to be non-significant. The mean squares due to specific combining ability were highly significant for the characters, namely, days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity , number of grains per plant, 1000 - grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant except anthesis-silking interval was found to be non-significant. mean squares due to reciprocal specific combining ability (RSCA) for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel protein, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant were highly significant except anthesis-silking interval and days to75 per cent maturity was found to be non-significant. Estimates of components of variance for twelve characters revealed that variance due to SCA was more than variance due to GCA for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant. Parent CML 167 was found to be good general combiner for grain yield per plant. Crosses, namely, CML 161 x CML 167, CML 167 x VL 1056, CML 171 x VL 1037, CML 161 x CML 193 and CML 193 x VL 1037 were found to be top five good specific combinations for grain yield per plant. Reciprocal specific combinations, VL 1037 x CML 167, VL 1056 x CML 171, VL 1056 x CML 161, VL 1037 x CML 161 and CML 171 x CML 161 were found to be top combinations good for grain yield per plant. The best hybrid CML 161 x CML 171 and CML 161 x VL 1037 was identified on the basis of SCA/RSCA, GCA, mean performance and stability for grain yield across the environment. So, the experimental hybrid, CML 161 x CML 171 was identified as the promising hybrids for grain yield per plant and VL 1037 x VL 1056 for quality parameter across the environment.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of integrated weed management on direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Dubey, Santosh Kumar; Kumar, ArunDepartment of Agronomy, BAU, SabourA field experiment was carried out during Kharif season 2016 and 2017 at Bihar Agricultural College farm, Sabour under the Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur to assess the effect of integrated weed management on direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The soil texture of the experimental site was silt loam and was low in available nitrogen (188.61 kg ha-1), and medium in available phosphorus (21.65 kg ha-1) and potassium (194.88 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with fourteen weed management treatments involving various herbicides (Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1 (PE), Pendimethalin 500 g a.i ha-1 (PE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Almix 4 g ha-1 (PoE), Almix 2 g a.i ha-1 (PoE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Ethoxysulfuron 15 g a.i ha-1 (PoE), Ethoxysulfuron 7.5 g a.i ha-1 (PoE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Pyrazosulfuran 25 g a.i ha-1 (PE), Pyrazosulfuran 12.5 g a.i ha-1 (PE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Bispyribac-Na 30 g a.i ha-1 (PoE) , Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i ha-1 fb 1 HW 40 DAS (PoE), Azimsulfuron 35 g a.i ha-1 (PoE), Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i ha-1 fb 1 HW 40 DAS (PoE), weedy and weed free with three replications. The crop was infested with divergent type of weed flora e.g. sedges, grassy and broad leaved weeds group. However, dominancy of Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cynodon dactylon , Caesulia axillaries and Commellina benghalensis, Eclipta alba, Euphorbia hirta and Phyllanthus niruri were very less, so they were grouped as other weeds. Sedges and broad leaved weeds e.g. Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria and Cyperus difformis were controlled very effectively by the Ethoxysulfuron and Azimsulfuron as post-emergence and however, Sedges, Grassy weeds and Broad leaved weeds e.g. Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria and Cyperus difformis , Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli Caesulia axillaries were controlled very effectively by the Bispyribac-Na as post-emergence. Only Grassy weeds Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli were controlled very effectively by Pendimethalin as pre-emergence. At 30 days after sowing, Bispyribac-Na 30 g a.i. ha-1 (T9) and Azimsulfuron 35 g a.i. ha-1(T11) applied as post-emergence being at par, recorded significantly lower density (21.85 and 35.10 m-2) and dry weight (18.02 and 29.42 g m-2) of weeds over rest of the treatments. At 60 and 90 days after sowing, Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12) each applied as post-emergence with hand weeding at 40 days after sowing being at par, recorded significantly lower population (24.94, 29.72 and 18.91, 22.55 m-2) and dry weight (38.79, 46.24 and 29.12 , 34.72 g m-2) of weeds over the rest of the treatments. While, application of Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1 (T1) and Pyrazosulfuron 25 g a.i. ha-1 (T7) recorded maximum weed population and dry weight which was at par with each other. The maximum weed control efficiency was recorded (88.14%) under Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and (85.82%) under Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12). Among herbicides, minimum weed index (1.91%) was recorded under Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and (6.99%) under Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12). Whereas, maximum weed index (40.79%) was recorded under Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1(T1) and (34.37%) under Pyrazosulfuran 25 g a.i. ha-1 (T7). Among weed management practices, maximum growth attributes, yield attributes and N, P and K uptake by grain and straw were recorded under Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) followed by Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12) which was comparable to weed free, but was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Application of Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1(T1) followed by Pyrazosulfuran 25 g a.i. ha-1 (T7) was least effective and recorded minimum number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, number of panicles m-2, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, grain and straw yield as compared to other treatments. However, all the herbicidal treatments were found significantly superior over weedy in respect of crop growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield and N, P, K uptake by grain and straw. In weed management treatments, higher value of net return (Rs. 85728 and Rs. 79565) and benefit: cost ratio (Rs. 2.67 and Rs. 2.49) was obtained in Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12), respectively. While weedy (T14) gave the lowest net return (Rs. 28753).and benefit: cost ratio (Rs.0.99). On the basis of pooled data of the experiment during kharif 2016 and 2017, it may be concluded that post-emergence application of Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) proved superior over rest of the treatments with respect to weed control efficiency, grain yield and economics of direct seeded rice followed by post-emergence application of Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12). On the basis of conclusion, it may be recommended that post-emergence application of Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) in direct seeded rice should be practiced for minimizing weed growth and maximizing economic, yield and net return.ThesisItem Open Access Marker assisted backcross breeding for submergence tolerance in rice variety Rajendra Sweta(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Smriti, Smriti; Singh, S.P.Submergence stress regularly affects rice crop in major parts of eastern India comprising Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Chhattisgarh and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Out of 42 biotic and abiotic stresses that prevail in rainfed lowland rice areas of eastern India, submergence stress is the third most important limitation to rice production. A major QTL mapped on chromosome 9, designated as sub1, has provided the scope to apply marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) to develop submergence tolerant varieties suitable to be grown in these regions. Developing rice cultivars with tolerance of submergence and with agronomic and quality traits acceptable to farmers is a feasible approach to address this problem. In the present study, BC2F1 generation was developed between a submergence tolerant donor, Swarna-Sub1and the widely grown recurrent parent, Rajendra Sweta. A parental polymorphism survey between these two parents revealed 46 polymorphic SSR loci covering all the chromosomes of rice genome. Foreground selection was done in each generation for the confirmation of Sub1 QTL. Molecular markers that were tightly linked to Sub1, flanking Sub1 and unlinked to Sub1 were used to apply foreground, recombinant and background selection, respectively, in BC2F1 generation. Out of 91 plants, 50 plants were found positive in foreground selection using Indel primer Sub1bc2. Recombinant selection was done on these 50 heterozygous plants with RM219. Out of these 50 individuals, five recombinants were selected namely, BC2F1-4,BC2F1-28,BC2F1-37,BC2F1-43 andBC2F1-79. Background selection was carried out on these five recombinants with 46 SSR markers. Recipient allele frequency was calculated for these five recombinants which ranged from 51.1% to 78.2%. In BC2F1 generation, maximum recipient parent recovery obtained was 78.2% for individual BC2F1-79. Screening for submergence tolerance revealed that the recombinants were able to survive complete submergence for 14 days and were also able to recover faster upon de-submergence. Higher ADH enzyme activity was observed in donor as well as recombinants during submergence. Similarly, higher concentration of carbohydrate before submergence and its slower depletion during submergence was observed in all the recombinants. Chlorophyll content was found greater in the recombinants than the recipient parent Rajendra Sweta.Morphological observations (days to flowering, plant height, tiller number, flag leaf length, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant) under stress condition revealed that for all the traits Sub1’s were similar to or better than Rajendra Sweta. The newly improved rice line, BC2F1-79 containing Sub1and showing highest recovery may further be utilized in backcross breeding program to improve its recovery percentage and the similar strategy can be followed to introgress other QTLs for biotic and abiotic resistance into the high yielding varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Improvement in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for yield and quality attributing traits(Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAU, Sabour, 2019-01-31) Adarsh, Anupam; Kumar, RandhirBitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important cucurbitaceous crop belonging to the family cucurbitaceae and is widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its fruit. Bitter gourd being rich in all the essential vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A, B1, B2, C and iron, its regular intake prevents many complications such as hypertension, eye complications, neuritis and defective metabolism of carbohydrates. It increases body's resistance against infection. The crop is highly cross pollinated due to its monoecious nature. The genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association and path analysis for qualitative and quantitative characters were carried out in 21 accessions. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in years, (Feb-June) 2015, (Feb-June) 2016 and (Feb-June) 2017.Significant variation was observed among most of the genotypes for all the traits under studied. High PCV along with high heritability, and genetic advance were observed for fruit weight, vitamin C, carotenoid and total phenol content whereas high PCV along with moderate value of genetic advance was observed for days to 1st fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit fly infestation, number of seeds/fruit, flavonoid, iron and fruit yield/plant. The correlation analysis for morphological traits revealed that all the traits were positively correlated with yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level except node number to 1st staminate flower, node number to 1st pistillate flower, days to 1st staminate and pistillate flower anthesis, days to 50% flowering and days to 1st fruit harvest. The correlation analysis for biochemical traits revealed that all the traits were negatively correlated with yield per plant except Vitamin C, total chlorophyll, total phenol and iron both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed that lowest positive direct on yield per plant was observed for fruit fly infestations. Negative direct effect on yield per plant were recorded on node number to 1st staminate flower, internodal length, no. of primary branches/vine, days to 1st fruit harvest, days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis, node no.to 1st pistillate flower, days to 1st staminate flower anthesis, vine length, number of seeds/fruits. The indirect path analysis for morphological traits revealed that characters fruit diameter had maximum positive indirect effect via fruit weight (1.128), fruit length (0.911), vine length (0.745), days to 50% flowering (0.223), number of fruits/vine (0.174) and fruit fly infestations (0.142). Days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis had maximum positive indirect effect via fruit weight (1.095), node number to 1st pistillate flower (0.582), node number to 1st staminate flower (0.640), days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis (0.381) and days to 1st fruit harvest (0.369). The indirect path analysis for biochemical traits revealed that characters total Phenols had maximum positive indirect effect via flavonoids and acidity. Chlorophyll a had maximum positive indirect effect via Vitamin c, total sugar, flavonoids, chlorophyll b, acidity and total phenol. Residual effect of path analysis was very low (0.7339) suggesting inclusion of maximum yield influencing characters in analysis. The multivariate analysis according to Tocher’s method revealed that genotype was grouped into five clusters depending on their genetic divergence Cluster I had maximum number (11) of genotypes closely followed by cluster II (7). Cluster III, IV and V consists of only 1 genotypes. These accessions were further analyzed by multilocus RAPD and ISSR marker system. Combined data analysis of RAPD (17) and ISSR (11) markers provided 73.66 % polymorphism with 5.33 polymorphic amplicons per primer. The better discriminatory power of ISSR markers over RAPD markers may be due to comparatively higher values of average polymorphic information content (PIC;0.175), gene diversity (0.213) and allele frequency (0.814) as well as the diverse nature of the genotypes. The clustering of the both RAPD and ISSR marker divided the genotypes into five different sub-cluster. Some genotypes i.e. BRBTL, BRBTW, Pusa Aushadhi, Karela Safed, Gangajalee small and Pusa Rasdar were selected based on molecular and morphological diversity of genotypes. Random crosses were made and their heterotic effects had estimated. BRBBTL x Pusa Aushadhi and BRBTL x Gangajalee small had shown significant heterotic effects for most of the traits in terms of better parent and standard parent. Genetic effects of both qualitative and quantitative traits of both crosses of bitter gourd were studied using generation means analysis in six populations including P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations of cross BRBTL x Pusa Aushadhi and BRBTL x Gangajalee Small. Significant parental difference was observed for all the traits in both the crosses. Scaling test indicate significant additive, dominance and non-additive gene action were responsible for most of the traits. The cross BRBTL x Pusa Aushadhi exhibits additive × dominance (j) and dominance × dominance (l) were highly significant for most of the traits whereas the additive(d), dominance (h) and additive x dominance (j) had found significant in cross BRBTL x Gangajalee Small.ThesisItem Open Access Study the Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Development in a Village: A Case Study(Department of Extension Education, BAU, Sabour, 2019-05-25) Kumar, Neeraj; Singh, S. R.India live in villages and the later continue to be the sole basic units of administration in the country since time immemorial. However, quite ironically, the ‘village’ is often associated with ‘backwardness’, tradition’ or ‘conservative attitude’. Bihar is a state blessed with fertile lands, diverse climatic situations and large human as well as natural agricultural resources. But it is also a state which faces the persistent problems like fragmented land holdings, poor farm infrastructure, poor access to extension services and high population density and resultant poverty. The low average yields of most commodities, the huge gaps between the demonstrated and generally realized yields, the low farmers’ income and widespread rural poverty despite the blessed richness of the natural resources needs a holistic system based approach to simultaneously enhance productivity, profitability, equity and environmental sustainability through synergistically integrating crops including horticultural and other cash crops, livestock, fisheries, agro forestry, watershed-based soil and water management, social capital formation, agro-processing and marketing in an end-to end mode. In order to understand as to how to address the constraints and problems in agriculture to lead to overall development, an in-depth study of one village needed to be undertaken and on the basis of the database, a development programme needed to be undertaken. Only such an experience of working in a village could provide an insight for future village development programmes on large scale. Keeping this in aim in view, this research study entitled “Study the Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Development in a Village: A Case Study” was conceptualized with the following specific objectives: 1 To study the situational profile of the farmers and the village. 2 To assess the livelihood diversification pattern among the farmers. 3 To identify the opportunities of agricultural development in the selected Village. 4 To determine the challenges and constraints of the agricultural development in the selected village. Twin villages, Birnaudha and Barhari of Goradih block in Bhagalpur district of Bihar state which were already selected under FARMER FIRST Programme of ICAR by Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (BAU, Sabour) were selected purposively for this investigation. This study aimed to build valuable data base for this all-inclusive development programme so that planning and execution of the programme could have a data support and could provide a benchmark for evaluation of achievements of the efforts made under the programme. But total households in these villages numbered more than 1,300. Considering the limitation of a Student’s study with respect to time and resources, only 400 farm families were randomly selected for this investigation. The variables of the study were selected through a lot of discussion with the scientists working in the Farmer First Project, progressive farmers of the villages and other scientists of the University who enjoined wide field experience. These variables were operationally defined and measures were decided objectively and scientifically. For measuring some variables like Socio-economic status, gender participation and marketing behavior of the respondents, well established scales were used and for other variables, schedules were developed. The entire schedule was pre-tested for its reliability and validity. The data collected with the help of schedule was subjected to suitable statistical analysis and results were discussed in the light of literature available in the subject area of the study. The majority of the respondents (68.75%) were in the age of 36-50 years, belonged to BC II Category (65.0 %), about 47.0 per cent respondents possessed high school and above qualification, while 14.25 per cent were illiterate. Further, the majority of them (86.25%) had nuclear families and family size of 57.50 percent was medium. About 70.00 percent respondents were marginal farmers, 45.0 percent possessed Pucca houses 35.0 percent had mixed type of houses. Agriculture was the sole occupation of 32.50 percent respondents only. There were 28.75 percent respondents doing the work of labour along with farming. About half of the respondents (52.75%) had an annual income in the range of Rs. 50.001 to 75,000 and income above Rs. 1.0 lakh was of 7.25 percent respondents only. About 54.25 percent had medium level of material possession followed by low (27.25%) and high level (18.50%). Under the above background, the majority of respondents (75.0%) had received some training in agriculture, from one day to more than 10-days duration. But still 53.75 percent respondents had medium level of knowledge followed by 36.25 percent having low level of knowledge of important farm technologies. So, large adoption gap (67.0%) exists with respect to improved technology of commonly cultivated crops. Component-wise, maximum gap was found with respect to Plant protection measures (91.0%). It was followed by seed treatment (90.0%). The adoption gaps were also very large with respect to improved varieties and seed materials (75.0%), intercultural operation (70.0%), water management (66.0%), fertilizer management (63.0%) and sowing methods and time of planting (51.0%). Out of six personalized sources of information, neighbours were used regularly by maximum number of respondents (44.50%) followed by relatives (41.0%). Among mass contact sources, Kisan Diary was most regularly used source of technical information (45.0%), other sources played marginal role. The majority of the growers (61.12 %) sold their produce immediately after the harvest. The majority of the growers (88.88%) used Tempo/Jeep for transportation of their agricultural produce to the market. Livelihood diversification was found with 48.50 percent respondents at medium level and 27.25 percent at high level. The Index Value of the financial capitals was highest (62.14) whereas of Human capitals was the lowest (48.92). The associations of Extension contact and mass media contacts with all the five livelihood capitals and the overall security were positive and highly significant. The fertile soil for cultivation was perceived by the respondents to be the most important factor for agricultural development. Major crops grown in this villages are rice, wheat, maize, potato & other vegetables. However, the agricultural sector in the village is plagued with numerous, and well known, constraints and problems. The present study discusses the issues plaguing the agricultural sector in the village, Bihar and talks about the possible opportunities interventions to make the best use of available resources adopting a multi-pronged strategy of development. It also talks about the village specific problems and suggests ways and means to tackle them.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of GA3 application on physiological regulation of flowering and maturity in mango [Mangifera indica L.] cv. Langra(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2019-01-12) Singh, Deen Dayal; Singh, Rewti RamanMango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops of many tropical and sub-tropical countries of world which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae (Nakasone and Paul 1998 and Purseglove 1972).The experiment was carried out in Horticulture Garden of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour during Rabi season of 2013 - 2015 with the objectives focused in this direction on the effect of GA3 application on physiological regulation of flowering and maturity in mango [Mangifera indica L.] cv. Langra. A critical analysis of data revealed that wide range of phonological observation was observed on morphological traits. The traits such as panicle emergence (14.55 Days), days to 50 % flowering (38.45 Days), bud break to full bloom (45.85 Days) and period of full bloom to maturity (110.43 Days) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 100 ppm, respectively. The other traits like panicles per tree (1044.45) and maximum leaf area (89.73 cm2) were recorded when application of gibberellic acid @ 200 ppm respectively. The other traits like length of panicles (26.73 cm) was recorded when application of gibberellic acid @ 0 ppm while flowering intensity (67.09 %) was recorded when spray of gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm. A wide range was observed with application of gibberellic acid on Physiological parameters. The trait such as photosynthetic rate (8.71 µmol/m2/sec) and internal CO2 concentration (283.80 ppm) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 200 ppm while Stomatal conductance of leaf (0.163 µmol/m2/sec) was recorded at the time of stone formation stage. The physical observations fruit set percentage (17.98 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm within pea stage and fruit retention percentage (0.67 %) and fruit drop percentage (99.01 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 0 ppm within stone formation stage. The other traits like yield (288.73 Kg/ plant) and length of fruit (97.47 mm) was recorded with spray of gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm respectively. The other traits like pulp weight (210.00 g), edible: non edible ratio (2.69) and Pulp and stone ratio (6.11) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm, however, maximum stone weight (37.95 g) and peal weight (59.91 g) was recorded at the time of 20 days before expected harvest stage. A wide range of Chemical parameter was observed with application of different dose of gibberellic acid. The parameters such as total soluble solids (20.53 0Brix), acidity percentage (0.364 %), total sugar content (16.24 %) and ascorbic acid content (57.65 mg/ 100 g fruit weight) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm, respectively. The wide range of Leaf nutrient was observed with different dose of gibberellic acid. The parameters such as nitrogen content (1.31 %) and phosphorus content (0.109 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 0 ppm. Other traits like potassium content (0.91 %) and iron content (79.52 ppm) and manganese content (58.86 ppm) and copper content of leaf (32.90 ppm) were recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 200 ppm respectively. The traits like leaf calcium content (1.87 %) and magnesium content (0.188 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 100 ppm while as leaf zinc content (19.97 ppm) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 0 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of morphological and genetical variation in some mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties using DUS testing’s norms(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2018-12-20) Bhamini, Kanchan; Jaiswal, U. S.The experiment entitled “Estimation of morphological and genetical variation in some mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties using DUS testing’s norms” was carried out in Horticulture Garden of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 with the main objectives (1) to study the genetic diversity in mango varieties based on morphological and phenotypic characters and (2) to access the genetic diversity of mango accessions through molecular markers focused on analysis of genetic variability and divergence in mango genotypes. As many as 48 varieties were selected for study. Wide range of variability was observed among various morphological traits like plant height (3.45-5.43 m), plant spread (3.18-4.63 m E-W direction & 3.21-4.68 m N-S direction), crown diameter (3.20-4.66 m), trunk circumference (45.03-67.04 cm.), crown height (0.72-1.34 m), canopy volume (23.09-52.95 m3), canopy height (2.99-4.09 m), leaf length (12.15-33.40 cm), leaf width (2.55-10.19 cm) and petiole length (1.90-5.75 cm), inflorescence length (10.24-40.73 cm), inflorescence width (5.73-26.56 cm) and hermaphrodite flower per cent (6.25-30.06 %). A wide range of variability was observed in physical parameters of fruit traits also. The maximum fruit length (14.94 cm) was found in Alfazli, fruit diameter (10.59 cm) in Dholikothi Maldah at par with Alfazli (10.43 cm) and Vanraj (10.27 cm) and fruit weight (598.27 g) in Hathi Jhula, while minimum fruit length (4.68 cm), fruit diameter (4.45 cm) & fruit weight (73.29 g) were noted in Gilas. The highest range of variability was found in fruit weight i.e. 73.29 to 598.27 g among all characters of mango varieties. The wide range of variability was also observed in biochemical traits. Variety Sabri recorded highest TSS (23.49%) at par with Nisar Pasand, Bag Bahar, Rani Pasand, Bombai, Prabhashankar, Kala Pahar, Husnara and Neeludin (23.21 %, 23.07 %, 23.05 %, 22.89 %, 22.88 %, 22.74 %, 22.58 % and 22.58 %). The minimum mean value was obtained in Gilas (12.55 per cent) which showed at par with Irwin, Sanha Karbi and Safed Bathua having TSS i.e. 13.26 per cent and 13.31 per cent, respectively. The lowest titratable acidity (0.12 per cent) was obtained in variety Sabri and maximum (0.56 per cent) in Vanraj which was at par with Gilas (0.55 per cent). At genetic level, more genetic variability was found in fruit weight among all characters in genetic parameters. Seven major clads were observed in dendrogram of morphological data using Euclidean D2 analysis. Maximum varieties (14) were found in cluster IV that included Husnara, Dalma, Taimuria, Prabhashankar, Mulgoa, Vanraj, Sital Pasand, Sanha Karbi, Rangraj, Safed Bathua, Seso Maldah, Khatma Belkhar, Irwin and Nisar Pasand. Maximum intra cluster distance (1110.02) was noted in Cluster IV and inter cluster distance (8563.81) was noted between Cluster III and Cluster VI. Maximum range of cluster means was found in Cluster IV among overall clusters. Among 19 SSR markers, MiIIHR04c primer showed highest polymorphism having PIC value, 0.87. The number of alleles detected varied from 2 to 5.Two major clads were observed in dendrogram derived based on UPGMA cluster analysis using SSR markers, which was further divided into sub-clusters (2). As per this dendrogram, only one variety Peri Poona was found to be unique variety while others varieties were divided in two main clusters. On the basis of Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient values, Menka and Hathi Jhula were found to be most closely related i.e. 0.78 and Peri Poona and Gourjeet genotypes were found to be most distantly related i.e. 0.31, respectively. As per the above results obtained in present study, it is clear that these 48 genotypes are totally distinct from each other and SSR markers are an excellent genetical tool for the diversity analysis among different mango varieties.
