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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Estimation of genetic diversity of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) grown in Bihar
    (Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Kumar, Santosh; Ahmad, M. Feza
    Jamun is an important minor fruit crop, botanically known as Syzygium cuminii Skeels having chromosome number 2n=40 belongs to the family Myrtaceae, native to India. Because of the allogamous nature of fruits and the predominance of seed propagation, there is a great deal of variation in their appearance and physico-chemical characteristics. However, only a few elite lines have been identified, and there is little information on how to improve the Jamun fruit harvest. As a result, an attempt has been made to comprehend the scope of genetic variation and investigate genetic variation found in Jamun germplasm of Bihar for identifying the superior clone with special reference to using Test for Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability and by polymorphic molecular marker for commercial use. Title of the thesis : Estimation of genetic diversity of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) grown in Bihar Name of the student : Santhosh Kumar Registration number : D/HORT-F/141/BAC/2017-18 Major subject : Horticulture (Pomology) Minor subject : Biochemistry and Cop Physiology Degree programme : Ph.D. (Ag.) Major Advisory Committee : Prof. M. Feza Ahmad An experiment was carried out at BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur, during 2020-21. "Wide range of variability was observed, among various morphological traits like tree height (8.26 -19.49 m), plant spread (5.15-9.74 m E-W direction & 5.30 -9.72 m N-S direction), canopy height (4.13-9.75 m), canopy volume (471.85-3857.60 m3), internodal length (4.44-7.48cm), Petiole length (1.25-2.57) leaf length (11.50-20.71 cm), leaf width (3.93-7.69 cm) and Leaf length: width ratio (1.71-3.76 cm), inflorescence length (12.98-16.18 cm), inflorescence diameter (3.68-6.65cm) and inflorescence length: diameter ratio (2.18- 4.04%) were observed during the study. Wide range of variability was observed in physical parameters of fruit also. The maximum fruit length (3.76 cm) was found in BK3, fruit breadth (2.37cm) in BK3, fruit size (8.92 cm2) in BK3, fruit weight 18.10 g) in BK3, Pulp content (81.19 %) in P1, Pulp weight (14.76 g) in BK3, Seed weight (3.54 g) in BK3 and Pulp seed ratio (5.00) in P1 while minimum fruit length (2.02cm) in BG3, fruit breadth (1.12 cm) in BG3, fruit size (2.27) BG3, fruit weight 5.82 g) in BG3, pulp content (67.97 %) in S1, pulp weight (4.48 g) in BG3, seed weight (1.14 g) in P5 and pulp seed ratio (2.40) were noted in S1. The maximum range of variability was found in number of panicle per tree i.e. 444 to 880, no. of fruits per panicle (11.16 to 37.61), Yield kg/panicle (0.08 to 0.31) and average yield/kg/tree (34.05- 395.50 kg) among all characters of jamun genotype. The wide range of variability was also observed in biochemical traits. Genotype BK3 was recorded highest TSS (14.780B), total sugar content (8.40 %) and total anthocyanin content (53.06 mg/100g). Genotype BG3 was maximum recorded titrable acidity (0.80%) and maximum Vit.C (44.48 mg/100g) was recorded in BK1 genotype. Dendogram Clusters based on ward’s minimum variance of 22 genotypes, A total of 11 clusters were formed among maximum number of genotypes were observed in cluster number (BK1, BG1, BK2, S3). UPGMA based on Euclidian dendrogram developed using similarity coefficient data among 22 genotype after RAPD analysis, total no. of cluster 3 but maximum no. of genotype where in cluster 1 & 2 while it was minimum in cluster 3. On the basis of molecular marker all the genotypes were diverse from each other. As per the Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient values, the genotypes BK3 and BG3 were found to be most distantly related (0.825) followed by BK3 and BG2 (0.811). Among all the 20 primers (RAPD) used during the study, only 10 primers showed polymorphism in which OPA-09 primer showed highest polymorphism. Whereas, the remaining were of monomorphism. The genotypes (BK3 & BG3) were observed to perform highest dissimilarity matrix i.e., 0.825. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the genotypes BK3 and P1 should be used as genetic material for varietal development and as a commercial variety.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization, classification and management of Hydromorphic soils under Khagaria District in Bihar
    (Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2020-11-13) Kumar, Santosh; Singh, Y. K.
    The present study was planned entitled on “Characterisation, classification and management of Hydromorphic soils under Khagaria district in Bihar”. Total six pedons was investigated for intensive study of morphological, physical, physio-chemical, fertility status, and their genesis through mineralogical analysis in hydromorphic areas.Total two hundred and twenty soils samples and forty two water samples were collected from occupying areas for proper interpretation and maintain its accuracy and precision level in this study area. Results revealed that P1, P3, P4 and P6 were fall under hyperthermic temperature regime as well as aquic moisture regime, and further taxonomically placed in Entisols, and P2 in Inceptisols. The mineralogical data (XRD analysis) revealed that land unit viz., P1, P3, P4, P5 and P6 have been observed three consecutive peak at 1.00 nm (001), 0.49 nm (002) and 0.33 nm (003) after advocated with various K-treatments like K25 °C, K110 °C, K 300 °C and K 550 °C, respectively, and its further indicative of predominance of mica, and rest of the mineral present in sub amount followed by smectite, kaolinite, chlorite and quartz, respectively. Whereas, land unit (P2) have been sharply observed sharp peak at 0.71 nm after advocated with Ca-Eg solvation which pose to significant amount of smectite content was prevailed. Whereas, other mineral was evident in sub amount followed by mica, kaolinite, chlorite and quartz, respectively. The intensive study of physical properties of pedons like sand, silt and clay content were observed, and it varied from 1.8 to 72.0, 9.2 to 73.20 and 11.10 to 54.40 per cent, respectively. The uneven distribution of clay fraction was justifying the fluvial action of river. The bulk density and water holding capacity were varied from 1.31 to 1.63 Mgm-3 and 30.77 to 45.03 per cent respectively. While, physio-chemical properties of pedons (P1 to P6), soil reaction was varied from 7.00 to 8.00,and ∆pH (pH 1N KCl - pH H2O) wasvaried with-0.3 to -0.40 unitdifferencewhich was referred to negatively charged was predominate on soil colloids. The EC value ranged from 0.81 to 1.09 (dSm-1), and none of samples faced to salinity problem in this areas. The ESP, and CEC Cmol (P+)kg-1and BS value range from 1.54 to 9.07, 10.10 to 41.00, 81.49 to 99.66, respectively. From fertility point of view, the value of organic carbon content varied from 0.16 to 0.74 per cent. The available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content were varied from 104 to 341, 4.65 to 17.9, 249 to 392 kg ha-1, respectively. In general, major nutrient content was observed higher at surface layer, and further decreasing at sub-surface layer. While, as per concerns of DTPA- micronutrients, the DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content of surface and sub-surface layers were placed under above the critical limit. Thephysico-chemical properties of surface samples in hydromorphic areas, the value of soil pH (1:2.5) and EC1:2.5 (dSm-1) and OC (%) was varied from 5.76 to 8.61, 0.28 to 0.58 and 2.50 to 5.70 (%), respectively.From fertility point of view, the content of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and availablepotassium of surface soils were varied from low, low to medium and high in nature. In respect of micronutrient content, the DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content ranged from 2.83-8.53 and 2.41-19.90, 0.37-4.44, 0.28-2.46 mg kg-1, respectively at surface layers (0-15 cm) in studied areas. In characterisation of water quality resources, pH value was ranged from 6.83 to7.89 i.e., neutral to alkaline in reaction. As per concern of EC, all water samples were placed under non-saline in nature. The irrigation water quality classification (USSL, 1954), 5.56, 52.77 and 41.67 per cent water samples were placed under C1S1, C3S1 and C2S1 class and none of the samples were placed under C4S1 class. The SAR and RSC value of water samples ranged from 2.59 to 4.47 and -6.20 to 2.20 meqL-1, respectively. As per soil site suitability classproposed by Sys et al. (1991), P1, P3 and P5 were placed under moderately suitable (S2) for paddy, wheat, soybean, maize and sunflower crop, whereas, P2 and P4 were placed under marginal suitable (S3) for paddy, wheat, soybean, maize and sunflower, respectively. However, based on the integration of various parameters like soil limitation (Soil texture, structure and soil fertility constraints), and ground water potential (pH, EC, RSC, SAR) enable to improved the productivity potential in Hydromorphic areas.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Camarosa
    (Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Kumar, Santosh; Kundu, Manoj
    The present investigation was carried out during 2016-17 at the Horticulture Garden, Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAC, Sabour to study the effect of bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Camarosa. The experimental finding revealed that the sole inoculation of Azospirillium and Azotobacter and in combination with PSB significantly influenced the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, specific leaf weight and leaf relative water content as compared to control and 100% RDF treatment. Through the application of biofertilizer, precocity in flowering and fruiting was observed with earliest flowering and fruiting in 75% RDF + Azospirillium @ 2g/plant + PSB @ 2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K (42 and 50.67 DAT, respectively) followed by 75% RDF + Azotobacter @ 2g/plant + PSB @ 2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K treatment (45.72 and 52.22 and DAT, respectively). Number of fruits/plant and total fruit yield was also increased significantly under these two treatments (20.44 and 18.11 fruits/plant, respectively and 357.67 and 313.33 g fruits/plant, respectively). In addition, juice content (89.55%), TSS (10.35 ºB), TSS: Acid ratio (10.97), total sugar (6.69%), ascorbic acid (43.80 mg/100g), anthocyanin content (81.05 mg/100g), total phenol (5.97 mg Gallic acid equiv./g), flavonoids (0.1228 mg/g) and antioxidant capacity (2.13 µmol. Trolox equiv./100g) was estimated maximum in 75% RDF + Azospirillium @ 2g/plant + PSB @ 2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K treatment with par results in 75% RDF + Azotobacter @ 2g/plant + PSB @ 2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K treatment. The soil fertility status was also improved significantly in all the treatment. The available N and K content were improved significantly in 75% RDF + Azospirillium @ 2g/plant + PSB @2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K treatment (200.10 and 211.70 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to control (167.85 and 201.80 kg ha-1). In addition, viable count of soil microorganisms (Bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) was also estimated maximum (4066, 190 and 11.33 ×104 cfu g-1 soil, respectively) in 75% RDF + Azospirillium @ 2g/plant + PSB @ 2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K treatment with par results in 75% RDF + Azostobacter @ 2g/plant + PSB @2g/plant + topdressing of 25% K treatment.