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ThesisItem Open Access Study on effect of wild vetch (Vicia sativa) seed feeding on the performance of goat(Department of Animal Nutrition, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Sinha, Manikant; ChandramoniAnimal production is one of the important components of Indian agriculture and contributes significantly to the income of farmers. Availability of conventional feed to sustain livestock feeding is a major constraint in developing countries. Hence, pressure on utilization of unconventional feed resources has been increasing to develop least cost rations. However, literature available on the nutritional potential of Vicia sativa in ruminants are scanty. Hence, an attempt is made to assess nutritional potential of Vicia sativa replacing soyabean meal in a total mixed ration (TMR) at different dietary level on nutrient utilization and metabolic status of goats under hot humid agro climatic condition in Bihar. This study will give more information about the effective utilization unconventional feed resources, which will help in developing feeding strategies for better utilization of nutrient from tannin rich feeds by goats under Bihar condition. All the standard managemental practices were followed during experimental period. . The goats were penned individually in a well ventilated shed with cement floor. The animals were fed graded level of wild vetch seed (0%, 50% and 100%) mixed in concentrate mixture in the total mixture ration (TMR). The goats were penned individually in a well ventilated shed with cement floor. The animals were fed graded level of wild vetch seed (0%,50%and 100%) mixed in concentrate mixture in the total mixture ration (TMR). 1. Effect of feeding Vicia Sativa on growth performance and nutrient utilization in goats Plane of nutrition of goats: The initial average body weight of T1,T2,T3 was 6.13 ± 0.3 kg ,5.96 ± 0.58 & 5.91 ± 0.61 kg respectively. The body weight recorded after feeding of the vicia sativa for 90 days showed highest body weight of 10.01 ± 0.28 for T1 group and least body weight of 9.60 ± 0.52 kg for T3 group. Confirming to the above findings the body weight gain was maximum for T1 group (3.88 ± 0.17) kg and minimum for T3 group (3.69 ± 0.24) daily. Average daily wt gain for T1,T2 & T3 was 43.142 ± 1.65 kg , 41.094 ± 2.19 & 41.089 ± 0.17 respectively. Nitrogen balance: Data of nitrogen balance study of this experiment are present in table 4.5. It was apparent that nitrogen intake due to inclusion of wild vetch seed in the diet did not effect nitrogen intake in goats significantly (p>0.05). On total intake basis nitrogen was highest in control group but on metabolic body size it was highest in T2 group.Nitrogen losses as accounted as faecal and urinary nitrogen was also non-significant (p>0.05). However nitrogen loss was highest in the T3 group followed by T2 and lowest in control group. All the animals were in positive nitrogen balance without any statistical difference (p>0.05) showing good utilization of nitrogen from wild vetch seed. Effect of feeding Vicia sativa on nutrient intake (gram per day) and digestibility percent of nutrients in experimental goats: A 6 day metabolic trial was conducted on three experimental goats at the end of experiment from each treatment groups. Data revealed that there was no significant difference difference (P>0.05) in body weight among treatment groups. Similarly metabolic body size did not show any statistical difference (P>0.05) among treatment groups After gowing through the result it was found that dry matter intake, organic matter intake, crude protein intake, crude fiber intake, ether extract intake, nutrient detergent fiber intake, acid detergent fiber intake, nitrogen free extract intake were significantly affected. Digestibility figure showed that inclusion of wild vetch seed affected digestibility of Dry matter significantly (p<0.05).As the level of Vicia sativa increased the digestibility of dry matter decreased significantly in comparison to control group. Effect of feeding Vicia sativa on plane of nutrition on goat Value of DMI (g/day) was non- significant between the groups.T3 group (528.4 ±5.99) having the max. value & min. value recorded was of T1 group (515.3 ±1.23). Value of DMI g/kg W0.75 was non-significant (p<0.05) b/w the groups. The highest value recorded was of T2 group (103.18 ± 4.72) & T1 group (90.99 ± 3.04) having min. value. The value of TDMI in respect of DMI (%B.W) was non-significant b/w the treatment groups. The value of T2 group (6.55 ± 2.7) was recorded max. & min. value was of T1 group (5.14 ± 4.24). The value of CP intake g/day was non-significant (p<0.05) b/w the treatment groups T3 group (63.9 ± 1.69) was & min. value recorded was of T1 group (62.5 ± 1.33). c.p intake g/kgW0.75 differ non- significantly b/w the groups. The value of T2 group (12.65 ± 0.65) was max. & T1 group (11.05 ± 0.54) having the minimum. value). The DCP intake g/d was non-significant p<0.05). T2 g roup (39.74 ± 0.84) having the highest value compared to T1 (39.57 ± 0.82) & T3 (38.17 ± 0.64).DCP intake g/kg W0.75 was also non-significant. The value of T2 group (7.2 ± 0.39) was max. & T3 group (6.76 ±0.49) was min. TDN intake g/day also shoes non-significant (p<0.05) b/w the groups & was max. in T2 group (343.24 ± 19.59) & in T3 group (329.6 ± 24.87) was min. TDN. intake g/kg W0.75 was non-significant b/w the groups. T2 group (68.12 ± 4.17) having the maximum .value in comparison to T1 group (59.04 ± 3.22) & T3 group (58.11 ±4.67). Level of significance in the different Biochemical parameters of goats under trails in different treatment groups The value of different blood biochemical parameters which included total protein, albumin, creatinine, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), cholesterol, haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV) and glucose of T1 was 6.86 ± 0.10, 3.79 ±0.08, 1.58 ± 1.08, 14.99 ± 0.34, 182.71 ± 0.67, 122.89 ± 0.76, 11.48 ± 0.35, 35.1 ± 0.97, 63.15 ± 0.79 respectively. It was noted that except haemoglobin, packed cell volume, glucose and albumin all the values were significant between the groups (p<0.05).Except cholesterol value 124.86 ±0.82 of T3 group the other recorded value were maximum for T1 group. The value of T3 group was minimum compared to T1 group. The value of T3 group recorded was 6.45 ± 0.04, 3.62 ± 0.07, 1.37 ± 1.01, 12.34 ± 0.14, 175.42 ± 0.5, 124.86 ± 0.82, 10.62 ± 0.27, 34.74 ± 1.01, 61.93 ± 0.63, of total protein, albumin, creatinine, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (S.G.P.T), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( SGOT), cholesterol, haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV ) and glucose respectively except creatinine level and cholesterol level which was minimum. in T2 group Economics of feeding Total feed cost/kg wt. gain was max.T3 group (117.93/kg) and in T2 group (116.40/kg) was minimum.ThesisItem Open Access Study On Effect Of Feeding Wild Vetch (Vicia Sativa) Seed On Performance Of Broiler Chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Sarthi, Ranjan Parth; Singh, Pankaj KumarEconomical poultry production largely depends on optimum utilization of feed, improved growth performance, absence of diseases, minimum morbidity and mortality. Various feed ingredients are being included in poultry diet to improve growth rate, feed efficiency and product quality and to reduce the feed cost. Protein sources in poultry diets are very costly items. Soybean meal as a protein and standard protein source in poultry is notable, but in Asia soyabean meal is very costly and not easily available. Therefore, researchers are looking for alternative of soyabean meal in the ration of poultry ration. Wild vetch seed (Vicia Sativa) or common vetch seed locally known as Akti or Akra is a legume seed which grows as a weed of wheat and lentil. Seed of wild vetch is available in plenty in Bihar and other parts of India. Seed of wild vetch contain 92.61% dry matter, 28.4% crude protein, 4.7% crude fibre,1.65% ether extract, 4.0% ash, 61.25% nitrogen free extract,0.26% calcium,0.57% phosphorus and 0.28% magnesium. Wild vetch seed has potential as an alternative source of protein in poultry diets, but in the raw state, common vetch is detrimental for poultry species due to presence of certain anti-nutritional factors that interfere with efficient utilization of vetch, such-cyanoalanine,as vicine,β convicine, lectins, protease inhibitors and tannins that interfere with efficient utilization of vetch. Heat treatment of leguminous seeds deactivates protease inhibitors and other anti-nutritional factors. Keeping the nutritional and anti-nutritional quality and local availability of wild vetch seed in view, the current studies are, therefore, aimed to evaluate the potential of wild vetch seeds as replacement of soyabean meal in broiler chicken. A feeding trial of 42 days was conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of raw and oven dried wild vetch seed on growth performance, nutrient utilization, haemato-biochemical parameters and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Two levels (levels (10 and 20%) of raw and oven dried (120ºC for 30 minutes) wild vetch seed were incorporated by replacing soyabean meal in the standard basal diet of broiler starter (0-21 days) and broiler finisher (21-42days) for a period of 42 days. There were five dietary treatment groups. Treatment T1 served as control in which broiler chicks were offered soyabean based control diet, treatment T2 and T3 contained 10% and 20% raw wild vetch, respectively. Whereas in treatments T4 and T5, 10 and 20% heat treated wild vetch seed, respectively, was used replacing soya bean meal. A total of 300, day- old Vencobb 400 strain broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five treatment groups each with three replicates of 20 chicks following completely randomized design and were provided the experimental feeds and water ad libitum. Body weight of individual chick and feed consumption of each replicate in different group was recorded weekly upto 6 weeks of age, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance index was calculated. Blood samples were collected from wing vein of two birds from each replicates on 35th day for analyses of haemato-biochemical parameters. A metabolism trial was also conducted on two birds from each replicate during the 6th week of feeding trial to know the nutrient utilization. At the end of feeding trial, two chicks per replicate in each treatment group were sacrificed for the study of carcass yield, cut up parts, organ weights, processing losses and carcass composition. The results of the present study are summarized as under: 1. Growth performance of broiler chickens were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by dietary incorporation of different levels of unprocessed or processed wild vetch seed during starter phase (0-21 days). Inclusion of raw wild vetch seed in broiler diet resulted in body weight gain reduction during the starter phase in broiler chickens. Increasing the level of raw wild vetch seed from 10 to 20% resulted in more reduction (P<0.05). At both dietary levels of wild vetch seed, processing method used in this study improved the body weight gain. Highest feed intake (959.00g) was observed in control group whereas inclusion of raw wild vetch seed depressed feed intake in T2 (910.00 g), T4 (864.34g) and T5 (887.22g). Processing method improved feed intake. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the 0-21 days of age was similar (P>0.05) in birds fed with raw or processed wild vetch seed and control diet. 2. The cumulative growth performance of broiler chickens (21-42 days) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Inclusion of raw wild vetch seed in broiler diet resulted in body weight gain reduction in treatment group T2 (1460.25g) and T4 (1428.32g) during the finisher phase in broiler chickens. Increasing the level of raw wild vetch seed from 10 to 20% resulted in more reduction (P<0.05). The body weight gain (1504.42g) in broiler chickens of control group (T1) was significantly (P<0.05) highest, which were comparable with birds fed diet containing 10% processed (1479.67g) and 20% processed wild vetch seed, which indicated that there was improvement in body weight gain due to processing of wild vetch seed. There were no significant (P>0.05) difference in feed intake and feed conversion ratio among different dietary treatment groups. Performance index differed significantly (P<0.05) among different treatment groups. The highest (828.63) performance index was observed in soyabean based control group (T2) which was statistically similar with birds fed processed wild vetch seed in T3 (789.87) and T5 (793.12) group which indicated that heat processing of wild vetch seed improved growth performance. 3. There were significant (P<0.05) difference in body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index of broiler chickens fed two levels (10 and 20%) of raw and oven dried wild vetch seed during overall experimental period (0-42 days). Significantly (P<0.05) highest body weight gain (2066.33g) and performance index (1163.70) were recorded in broiler chickens fed soyabean based control diet (T1), which was statistically (P>0.05) similar with birds fed diet containing 10% oven dried wild vetch seed. However, inclusion of 20% unprocessed wild vetch seed in broiler diets resulted in reduction in body weight gain as compared with that of control diet during 42 days feeding trial period. At both dietary levels of wild vetch seed, over drying processing method improved (P<0.05) the body weight gain. Significantly lowest feed conversion ratio (1.79) was recorded in birds fed diet containing soyabean (T1), which was statistically similar to 10% heat treated wild vetch seed fed group (1.82). Similarly highest (P<0.05) performance index was recorded in birds fed soyabean based control diet (1156.52) which was statistically similar with that of 10% processed wild vetch processed group, which indicated that heat processing of wild vetch seed improved growth performance. 4. Total tract nutrient utilization in broilers during the metabolism trial revealed significantly (P<0.05) maximum (75.13%) and minimum (72.41%) dry matter utilization in broiler chicken fed soyabean based control diet (T1) and 20% unprocessed wild vetch seed (T4), respectively. Higher level of wild vetch seed depressed retention of nutrients as compared to lower level. Results indicated that heat processing (oven drying at 120°C for 30 minutes) of wild vetch seed improved dry matter and nitrogen retention in broiler chickens. 5. The average haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) content differed significantly (P<0.05) among different treatment groups. Broiler chicks fed soyabean based control diet (T1) had significantly (P<0.05) highest haemoglobin concentration (9.35%) whereas broiler chickens fed diet containing 20% unprocessed or raw wild vetch seed (T4) had lowest haemoglobin concentration (8.33%). Haemoglobin concentration in broiler chickens improved due to heat treatment of wild vetch seed. Similarly, PCV concentration was significantly (P<0.05) highest (30.88%) in soyabean based control diet (T1) and lowest in broiler chickens fed diet containing raw soyabean at 10% (28.27%) and 20% (28.20%) indicating that raw wild vetch seed has deleterious effect on haemoglobin and PCV. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume concentration in broiler chickens improved due to heat treatment of wild vetch seed as there was numerically higher haemoglobin and PCV value in heat treated group. 6. Dietary addition of raw or heat treated wild vetch seed at 10 or 20% did not affect (P>0.05) serum biochemical parameters viz., serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, uric acid, calcium and phosphorus concentrations and enzymes (ALT and AST) activity, whereas serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to use of raw or heat treated wild vetch seed in broiler chicken`s diet. Serum uric acid and creatinine values were within the normal ranges and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) due to dietary treatments, which indicated that wild vetch did not pose seed any adverse effect on normal functioning of kidney in broiler chickens. 7. Serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides in broiler chicks decreased significantly (P<0.05) due to wild vetch seed in broiler chicken`s diet, however, greatest cholesterol lowering effect was observed in broilers fed diet containing higher level (20%) of raw or treated wild vetch seed (T4 and T5) as compared to soyabean based control diet or wild vetch seed at lower level (T2 and T3). 8. The carcass characters viz., dressing yield, eviscerated yield, and relative weights (% of live weight) of different cut-up parts (thigh, drumstick, breast, back, neck, wing) and giblet weight did not differ significantly among the broilers of different treatment groups. There were significant (P<0.05) reduction in abdominal fat in broiler chicks fed diet containing wild vetch seed; wherein highest (2.00%) and lowest (1.61%) abdominal fat was observed in T1 and T4, respectively. Weight of liver (% of body weight) increased significantly (P<0.05) due to dietary addition of raw or heat treated wild vetch seed. Highest liver weight (3.15% of live weight) was recorded in T4 having 20% raw wild vetch seed. 9. The chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein and total ash) of breast and thigh muscles of broilers of all treatment groups of broilers did not differ significantly. However, significant (P<0.05) reduction in ether extract and cholesterol content of thigh and breast muscles was observed in broilers fed diet containing raw and heat treated wild vetch seed as compared to control group. Lowest ether extract and cholesterol content of meat samples was recorded in T4 having 20% raw wild vetch seed. 10. Sensory characteristics viz., appearance, flavour, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability of meat were similar in broiler chicks of all treatments groups.ThesisItem Open Access To study the effect of different level of azolla meal on nutrient utilization and growth performance in goat kids(Department of Animal Nutrition, BVC, BAU, Sabour, 2015) Kumari, Jyoti; Kumar, SanjayAnimal production is one of the important components of Indian agriculture and contributes significantly to the income of farmers. Availability of conventional feed to sustain livestock feeding is a major constraint in developing countries. Hence, pressure on utilization of alternative feed resources has been increasing to develop least cost rations. However, literature is available on the nutritional potential of azolla and their metabolites in ruminants . An attempt is made to assess nutritional potential of Azoll in a total mixed ration (TMR) at different dietary level on nutrient utilization and metabolic status of goats under hot humid agro climatic condition in Bihar. This study will give more information about the effective utilization alternative feed resources, which will help in developing feeding strategies for better utilization of nutrient from protein rich feeds by goats under Bihar condition. All the standard manage mental practices were followed during experimental period. Eighteen growing male kids of 3-4 months age with average body weight of 5.72± 0.88 kg were distributed into three groups of six animals each on the basis of body weight in a randomized block design. The animals were fed graded level of Azolla meal (0, 20 and 40 %) mixed in concentrate mixture and green fodder berseem. In this study different parameter like feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, digestibility of nutrient, blood bio-chemicals, serum biochemistry of Black Bengal goats (cross) were observed, respectively. This experiment was conducted for 90 days on 18 male kids.