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ThesisItem Open Access Empowerment of women through Employment(Department of Extension Education, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Priyanka; Tigga, A. S.Women’s empowerment is typically discussed in relation to political, social and economic empowerment, but the economic empowerment of women has received particular attention and is often cited as one of the most important ways to promote gender equality, reduce poverty and improve the well–being of not only women, but children and societies. The link between employment and women’s empowerment, both in terms of economics and gender relations, is widely accepted and supported by academics and development workers around the globe. Participation in formal economic activities on terms and condition which reflect the productive capacity of women and their control over their own income are some of the important dimensions of economic empowerment. Access to earned income improves women’s position within the household, which gives them greater control over the distribution of such earnings and household resources and improves their status and strength in society as well as their own self-esteem. The ability to earn income from outside and to engage in activities other than household oriented one can lead to significant social change in long run. The specific objectives of the study were as under : 1. To assess the socio-economic profile of the employed women. 2. To examine the extent of empowerment of employed women. 3. To enquire about the women self perception for their empowerment. 4. To trace the constraints faced by employed women in their empowerment. The study was carried out in Sabour block of Bhagalpur district of Bihar. A sampling frame of married employed women was prepared for the study by visiting the different government sectors (i.e.Schools, colleges, banks and a hospital) of employed women. A sample of 100 married employed women was selected randomly. Since the focus of the study was to find out the empowerment of the employed women, the study includes only the married women with the assumption that they face more problems than unmarried employed women. Data pertaining to socio-economic, psychological, communication, and job related variables, extent of empowerment of employed women, women self perception for their empowerment and constraints faced by employed women in their empowerment were found as follows: The study revealed that,majority of employed women fall under the 31-45 years age group, were post graduate, had nuclear family type, had small family size with 1-2 children, belonged to general category and had 5- 15 years of service experience. Maximum numbers of respondents were nurse, their spouse occupations wereservice, majority of their spouse had high income, respondents income ranged between ₹ 14, 225- 55,736 / month with monthly household income ranged between ₹50,000 - 1 lakh / month.Majority of the respondents were found to be working by choice. Under indicator of empowerment; Majority of the respondents had medium level of decision making (81.00 %), had medium level of freedom of movement (66.00 %),had medium level of control over resources (76.00 %), had unfavourable views on violence against women(63.00%).Majority of the respondents had medium level of empowerment index(63.00 %), had medium level of overall perception (68.00 %). Major constraints faced by employed women at workplace regarding lacking the facility of playschool/ crèche, Transfer of women employees and at home they faced problem regarding unable to give time for home and household activities, Unable to spent time with husband/children/elders. Regarding the co-efficient of correlation between socio-economic, psychological, communication with indicators of women empowerment; age of respondentswas found to be positively and significantly correlated with freedom of movement at 5 per cent level of significance. Education of respondents was found to be positively and highly significantly correlated with freedom of movement and control over resources and was found to be negative but highly significant with violence against women at 1 per cent level of significance.The independent variable monthly household income of respondentswas positively and significantly correlated with decision making, freedom of movement and highly significantly correlated withcontrol over resources. Service experience of respondentsand freedom of movement was found to be positive and highly significant. The independent variables achievement motivation andMass media exposure of respondents was negative but significantly correlated with violence against women. Economic motivation of respondents was positively and significantly correlated with decision making, freedom of movement and highly significantly correlated with control over resources. Willingness to work of respondents was positively and significantly correlated with decision making and control over resources. The correlation co-efficient value of education of the respondents, monthly household income, achievement motivation,economic motivation and mass media exposure were found to be positive and significantly correlated with overall perception of respondents about their status change, empowerment at work place and at community level at 1 per cent level and 5 per cent level of significance This study highlighted that women who were doing job as per their choice were found to be more empowered in respect to decision making and control over resources. There was a positive shift towards an increase in decision making in the home due to the employment. Women gained personal empowerment as a result of working. Majority of the women felt that they have become more confident, progressive; their self esteem has increased and gained new skills. Therefore, it is clearly evident from the results that employment is important for women empowerment. It’s a known fact that Indian economy has a lot of untapped potential and India’s GDP could go up if women participations in the Indian workforce escalate. Therefore a unified effort blended with gender equality is the need of the hour.ThesisItem Open Access Determinants of Brand Value of Higher Agricultural Education: An Exploratory Study(Department of Extension Education, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Priya, Laxmi; Datt, RamIndian agricultural education system is one of the largest systems in the world. Yet agricultural higher education is stagnant in India and is facing an identity crisis among its stakeholders because in many parts of the country, agricultural education is perceived as being less attractive than medical, engineering and management education. This study is done to find out the factors responsible for career choice. For solving the current problems of agriculture there is an urgent need to attract talents towards higher agricultural education, A number of initiatives have been taken for attracting and retaining youth towards agriculture profession. Agriculture is changing, and so, with it, a revised set of skills is needed to address new challenges in agriculture. There is evidence that the skills and competencies of graduates do not meet the needs of today’s agricultural sector. Several concerns have been expressed for declining quality of agricultural graduates. It is reported that many developing countries are having poor linkages between educational institutions and market. Nowadays, management institutions are very keen about soft skill and other professional skills in addition to academics. Branding is very common practice in product marketing. We can think of branding an institution and its services. Educational institutions have to compete in the market with other educational institutions and create better revenue through their reputation. In addition, these agricultural universities have to solve agricultural problems and ensure food and nutritional security through its talented & trained human resources. Keeping in view the problem of identity crisis in agriculture profession, this study has been conceptualized entitled as “Determinants of Brand Value of Higher Agricultural Education: An Exploratory Study” and objectives of the study are: 1) To explore the potential factors responsible for career choices by the students; 2) To measure skill gaps in higher agricultural education 3) To explore determinants of brand equity of higher agricultural education. This study was conducted at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour; Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur and Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital. A total of 300 undergraduate students were selected for this particular study. For this study we used an exploratory research design. For measuring college choice and brand equity we developed two scales with help of Likert technique. The results of this study showed that the most influential factors during pre-choice stage of college choice are: parents’ decision, job security, social stigma, institute reputation, fee structure, and influence of teacher and family circumstances whereas during second stage, it was found that ‘reputation’ of a university plays a significant role. During third stage of college choice prime factor was found professional advancement. Overall all the respondents of the three institutes perceived importance about hard and soft skill. In nutshell, agricultural higher education brand equity depends on six major factors including Perceived quality, Social Image, Promotional Activities, Educational and other amenities, Location of the institute and Networking with other national and international institute /connectivity.