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ThesisItem Open Access Study of Invitro action of biocide against biofilm forming Bovine Mastitogenic isolate(Department of Veterinary Microbiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2015) Panda, Sujata Kumari; Mishra, Rajashree; Patra, Ramesh Chandra; Behera, Prakash Chandra; Kundu, Akshaya KumarBovine mastitis polymicrobial in nature.So development of persistent intramammary infection and resistance to antimicrobial agent is a common problem for dairy industry.Biofilm formation by mastitogenic bacteria attributes to antibiotic treatment failure in case of bovine mastitis.So detection of biofilm forming ability of bacteria and antibiotic sensitivity test of biofilm formers are necessary for control and management of mastitis. Biocide like essential oils may be used against the biofilm producing mastitogenic pathogens. In the present study a total of one hundred ten mastitic milk samples from the lactating cows in and around Bhubaneswar, odisha were screened by modified califernia mastitis test.The predominant bacteria isolated from these samples was Staphylococcus aureus(48 nos.) followed by Streptococcus spp(16 ).Other bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis (8), E.coli(23 ) , ,Bacillus spp ( 2 ),Klebsiella spp.( 3 ) .All isolates (n = 100) were included in the tissue culture plate (TCP) ,Tube method and Congo red agar plate (CRA) analysis for detection of biofilm forming ability of bacteria. In TCP method biofilm formation for Stapylococus aureus was observed in 39 isolates and non-biofilm producers were 9. In tube test method, 32 isolates were found as biofilm producers whereas 16 were non-biofilm producers. In CRA,23 strains produced biofilm and25 isolates were non-biofilm producers.In the CRA method, 4 of 16 strains of Streptococcus spp were considered positive, and 12 isolates having no formation .In TCP method biofilm formation for Streptococcus spp was observed in 12 isolates and non biofilm producers were 4 . In tube test method, 10 isolates were found as biofilm producers showed highest sensitivity for Enrofloxacin and Levofloxacin ( 88.23%) followed by Chloramphenicol(77.94%),Ciprofloxacin(75%)andGentamicin(73.52%).Streptococcus spp when subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test shows highest susceptibility to Levofloxacin and Enrofloxacin( 89.13%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (86.95%) E Coli .isolates are highly sensitive against Levofloxacin(96.66%) followed by chloramphenicol (90%),Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin(83.33%)..In the present study, essential oils have shown nearly equal antimicrobial effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Turpentine oil was found to be the most effective. However,inhibition zone diameters obtained in well diffusion assays haveshown better effectiveness of essential oils against biofilm forming methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates.ThesisItem Open Access Gross anatomical, histomorphological and histochemical study on the intestine of broiler chicken by using moringa leaves as feed additive during post hatch period(Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Sahoo, Sushree Subhalakshmi; Ritun, Patra; Mishra, U.K.; Sathapathy, S.; Pala, S.; Mohapatra, S.The use of Moringa oleifera, as phytogenic feed additive in broiler improves its digestive performance as well as increases the bioactive and functional compounds in the eggs and meat that have good effect on overall health. The present study was designed to record the comparative morphology in control and treatment group of Vanaraja chickens through a systematic approach for evaluation of the effect of Moringa leaves powder on the intestinal morphology and know the presence of phytoconstituents responsible for it by FTIR analysis of Moringa leaves. The FTIR characterization of Moringa oleifera leaf powder represented the presence of phenolic compounds, protein, pectin, alcohol, cutin and lignin. The different parameters i.e. gross morphology and morphometry, histomorphology and histomorphometry and histochemistry of the intestine of both the group of chickens was recorded and compared. For this study a total of 36 numbers of day old Vanaraja chicks were procured from CPDO, Bhubaneswar. They were divided into two group i.e. control (fed with basal diet) and treatment (fed with basal diet + MOLM) each group comprising of 18 birds and were reared upto 42 days under ideal managemental system. Six birds from each group were taken under observations on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of age. For gross morphological and morphometrical study the topography, total length and weight of intestine and its segments etc. were recorded. The tissue sections prepared through routine procedure from different segments of intestine were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s trichrome, Verhoeff’s elastic, Gomori’s reticular stains for the record of general histoarchitecture and for the histochemical studies sections were stained with Periodic acid Schiff–Alcian blue (pH 1.0 and 2.5) to illuminate the distribution of neutral, acidic and sulphated mucins, Cresyl violet for nerve elements, Ferric Ferricyanide reduction reaction and Masson Hamperl Argentaffin reaction for the neuroendocrine cells, Sudan Black for estimation of lipid distribution and Alkaline phosphatase: azo–dye coupling and Acid phosphatase: azo–dye coupling method to demonstrate the activity of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the intestine of both groups of chickens. For histomorphometrical study parameters like villi height and width, frequency distribution of villi and crypts, thickness of lamina propria, lamina muscularis, submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa etc. were recorded. The epithelium lining the luminal surface was simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells, chief enterocytes and few clear cells. The goblet cells frequency was observed more in the treatment group of chickens in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of all age groups. The lamina propria in treatment group was densely cellular with infiltration of lymphoid cells present in the form of diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphoglandular complex mostly on 14th day of age and comparatively loosely cellular in caecum and colorectum of control group on 28th and 42nd day of age. The villi frequency was more in treatment group (P<0.05) in all the intestinal segments. In treatment group the frequency distribution of crypts was significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group. The tunica submucosa appeared as a thin layer and sometimes appeared in thin patches containing loose connective tissue, blood vessels and submucosal plexus. The tunica muscularis thickness was significantly higher (P<0.05) in duodenum, caecum and colorectum of treatment group than the control group of birds. The frequency distribution of blood capillaries in the intestinal wall was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treated birds particulary in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colorectum suggesting better digestive physiology. The villar and glandular epithelial cells were highly reactive to AM than NM in all the segments. The occurrence of neuroendocrine cells was frequently observed in the villar and glandular epithelium in the treated birds than the control birds. Lipids were fairly distributed in the serosa and gland epithelium. The serosal layer showed both alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activity while the villi were found to have mostly alkaline phosphatase activity. The findings in the present study suggest that Moringa leaf powder has a beneficial effect as supported by the better morphological features of intestine both at gross and histology level. Thus better morphology will definitely contribute to better physiology of digestion and turnover of nutrients into quality meat. The information presented in the present study will serve as a reference for higher research for the use of Moringa leaves as feed additive in the diet of broiler chickens.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of buparvaquone in reducing degree of parasitemia in Theileria spp affected cows(Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Sinha, Shraddha; Sahoo, Niranjana; Biswal, sangram; Dehuri, Manaswini; Jena, Partha SarathiTheileriosis is a haemoprotozoan illness that poses a severe economic loss to dairy farmers due to its negative impact on mortality and productivity, especially in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Keeping this in mind, the present study titled Efficacy of buparvaquone in reducing the degree of parasitemia in Theileria spp affected cows were carried out in the Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha during the period June 2020 – July 2021. Samples of infected cattle showing clinical signs i.e., fever (>1040 F), anaemia, dyspnoea, salivation, swelling of pre scapular lymph node were confirmed and quantified by using multiplex real time PCR for Theileria orientalis and Theileria annulata using Taq-Man probe. Prevalence of Theileriosis in three Theileria-endemic districts of Odisha due to Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis were found as 11/42 (26.11%) and 24/42 (57.14%), respectively. Mixed infection due to both was 7/42 (16.66%). On comparison with gold standard tests, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 93.2%, 95.4% and 86.6% for Giemsa staining and 96.4%, 97.6% and 92.8% for acridine orange dye. Parasite load for T. annulata in clinically affected cases ranged from 2.85E+03 to 1.51E+05 parasites per ml of blood. Parasite load of T. orientalis in clinically affected cases ranged from 1.94E+04 to 5.88E+05 parasites per ml of blood. Ten cattle positive for T. orientalis was given two doses of buparvaquone (Butalex) @2.5mg/kg b.w. at an interval of 48 hrs which is then observed and quantified 10 days post treatment. Parasitic load in blood 10 days post treatment decreased significantly from 4.04E+04 to 2.21E+02. However, infected animals remains carrier following two dosages of treatment with buparvaquone.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of leptospirosis and associated risk factors among dogs in Odisha(Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Swain, Bijita; Sahoo, Niranjana; Behera, Prakash Chandra; Ranjit, Manoranjan; Biswal, Sangram; Sahoo, Anjana Kumar; Jena, Partha SarathiLeptospirosis is a widespread and potentially fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions including India. It affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals. This disease remains under diagnosed due to its complex clinical manifestations and similarity with other diseases. In order to determine the role of dogs in transmission of the disease to humans, a study entitled, “Prevalence of leptospirosis and associated risk factors among dogs in Odisha” was undertaken in the Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar in collaboration with ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore during the period from December 2020 to November 2021 to assess the presence of leptospiral antigen and antibodies along with the potential risk factors that play an important role in transmission of the disease. 134 blood and 7 urine samples were available from dogs of various ages and either sex in EDTA, clot activator and sterile vials and processed for further investigation by serological and molecular assays for leptospirosis diagnosis. Individual dog information was recorded in a predesigned questionnaire that covered patient history, clinical signs and associated risk factors in terms of management and environmental conditions. To identify positive and negative samples, a MAT titre of 1:50 was used as the cut-off point. Out of 134 serum samples processed, 22 (16.41 %) samples were positive for leptospiral antibodies, single or mixed, to 10 serovars. Dominant circulating seovars were Copenhageni (43.47 %), Grippotyphosa (39.13 %), Djasiman (34.78 %), Lai (21.73 %) and Javanica (21.73 %). Of the 13 risk factors included in the study, the predominant factor contributing to the per cent MAT positivity was found to be activity in public parks or gardens (100 %), followed by urban/indoor/drinking tap water (90.90 %), high land housing (81.81 %) and vaccination to the animal (72.72 %). Clinical signs recorded in dogs with leptospiral seropositivity were vomiting (68.18 %), pyrexia (54.54 %), coughing (45.45 %), anaemia (40.90 %), diarrhoea (31.81 %), jaundice (18.18 %) and oliguria (18.18 %). A correlation was found between jaundice and coughing and the predominance of leptospiral antibodies and MAT titre at 1:50. Conventional PCR targeting Lipl32 and rpoB genes failed to detect the presence of leptospiral DNA in any of the blood and urine samplesThesisItem Open Access Molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes against gram positive bacteria isolated from mastitis milk of cows in Malkangiri district of Odisha(Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Panigrahi, Sthitiprajna; Biswal, Sangram; Sahoo, Niranjana; Sahoo, Gyana Ranjan; Palai, SantwanaAntibiotic resistance genes against bacterial pathogens isolated from mastitis milk of cows in the Malkangiri area of Odisha were investigated in this study. A total of 520 cows were screened from various herds in Malkangiri district of Odisha during March 2021 to August 2021, milk samples were taken from 15 lactating cows who had signs of clinical mastitis. Microbiological and/or 16S rDNA sequencing of 15 milk samples revealed seven isolates as Mammalicoccus sciuri and the other isolate was Enterococcus faecium. 85.7% isolates were resistant to penicillin, 14.2% to tetracycline and cefoperazone, 28% to streptomycin, as revealed by disk diffusion assay. Further antibiotic resistance genes viz blaZ, aacA-aphD, tetK, tetM were detected by conventional PCR using specific primer. One Mammalicoccus sciuri isolate had amplified tetK gene whereas one isolate of Enterococcus faecium had amplified both genes (tetK and tetM) of tetracycline. Phylogenetic analysis of all the Mammalicococcus sciuri isolates showed high degree of similarity between our isolates and Mammalicoccus sciuri isolates obtained from GenBank. Efficacy of tetracycline is likely to deteriorate in the future. Overuse of tetracycline in the treatment of mastitis may cause the dissemination of genetic resistance mechanisms among Staphylococcus spp. and as a result, tetracycline is no longer effective. It is the first ever antimicrobial resistance study in backyard region of Odisha, provide baseline data for the global threat.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on immune response to anthrax spore vaccine in cattle(Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Das, Bishnu Priya; Biswal, Sangram; Sahoo, Niranjana; Behera, Prakash Chandra; Patra, Ritun; Jena, Partha SarathiAnthrax is a contagious potentially fatal septicaemia bacterial disease of all domesticated and wild warm-blooded animal possessing a great threat to public health. The causative agent Bacillus anthracis naturally found in environment in endemic regions as resistant spore for years together. The history of its, used as biological agent and continuous outbreaks in epicenters make a global concern. So as a key to prevent and control the hazard vaccination is followed all over the world. Despite of continuous eyes upon monitoring outbreaks and strict guidelines regarding immunization in endemic regions, periodic reports of outbreaks have come to notice. The following study is carried out to determine efficacy of anthrax live spore vaccine containing Sterne strain 34F2 in cattle through plate agglutination test. The study was designed keeping in view to evaluate the pre-existed protocol of vaccination in Odisha precisely in Koraput which is an anthrax belt. Fifty-four serum samples from vaccinated cattle at 30, 60, 150, 365 days of post immunization were collected from different villages of Dasmantpur block of district Koraput. An in vitro antigen was prepared using anthrax live spore vaccine from Odisha Biological Product Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. An equal amount of serum with two-fold dilution up to 32-fold and antigen with calculated lethal dose of 1.92 × 105 was subjected to agglutination reaction in microtiter plate at 370C for three and half hours of incubation. An appearance of white precipitate at bottom of well is considered as positive. This study concluded that following vaccination on 60th day maximum antibody response was recorded and antibody was maintained up to 150 days, and absolutely there was no agglutination was observed on 365th days. However further studies are essential covering a large mass and doing comparative analysis with commercial ELISA kits.ThesisItem Open Access Perception and satisfaction of online teaching by the faculties of Agriculture and allied subjects during COVID-19 lockdown in Odisha(Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Dash, Chinmay; Swain, Pitambar; Karna, D.K.; Das, Bhabesh Chandra; Behera, KumareshThe research study entitled “Perception and satisfaction of online teaching by the faculties of Agriculture and allied subjects during COVID-19 lockdown in Odisha” was conducted among 105 faculties of the different colleges of agriculture and allied subjects under OUAT in the line of the objectives of the study. The data were collected with the help of Google form. The purposive sampling technique was adopted for selection of the samples. The Google Form Questionnaire was sent to all the teaching faculties who have been taking online classes during the COVID-19 lockdown period in the year 2020-21. It was found that 75.24% of the teacher respondents were male as against 24.76% female. The reason of having 3/4th male in the teaching process might be more recruitment of male faculties. The majority of the respondents (49.52%) were assistant professors taking online classes. 56.2% of respondents strongly opined that the online teaching was the suitable method that overcome spread of contagious disease, 52.4% agreed that the online teaching helped them to assess variety of subjects content available on the platform, 74.3% opined that the online teaching was suitable in all adverse situation moreover. The lady faculties involved in online teaching felt more effective, more compatible with online teaching mode for which they were more satisfied in comparison to male faculties. Majority (82.9%) of respondents had no prior experience with online teaching. The online teaching of the faculties having Doctorate degree was comparatively more effective than the Masters. The attitude factor ranked 1st with 77.2% agreeness (score 3.86), followed by compatibility factor ranked 2nd with 75.7% agreeness (score 3.79). Lady faculties involved in online teaching felt that online teaching mode was more effective, more compatible for which they were more satisfied in comparison to male faculties. The highest correlation coefficient (R=0.697) was obtained between effectiveness and satisfaction in taking online classes and lowest correlation coefficient (R=0.453) was observed in case of effectiveness and compatibility. This study will help in understanding the perception of teaching faculties towards online teaching in Odisha, which will help the teachers and the administration in taking necessary measures for making the study comfortable for the students. Similar types of researches can be conducted by other faculties of the university to identify the perception and satisfaction level of teachers towards online teaching.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Goat Farming on Livelihood of Tribal Farmers of Kandhamal District in Odisha(Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Sahu, Abinash; Das, Bhabesh Chandra; Swain, Pitambar; Panda, Niranjan; Nayak, GangadharaThe research study on “Impact of Goat Farming on Livelihood of Tribal Farmers of Kandhamal District in Odisha” was carried out in four blocks of Kandhamal district of Odisha. 112 respondents were selected randomly with having minimum 10 numbers of goats with 5 years of experience in goat rearing. The major findings of the study are that the goats are reared mostly by middle aged group of people, half of the respondents are having education up to primary school living in semipucca houses in the study area. The average number of goats reared by the farmers is 18 to 20 numbers with 9 to 14 years of experience. The correlation analysis of socio-economic profile of respondents revealed that age is negatively and significantly co-related with education of the beneficiaries whereas, the education of respondents is positively and significantly co-related with no of goats owned by the farmers and no. of years of goat rearing of the beneficiaries. Land holding of beneficiaries is negatively and significantly corelated with age and education of the beneficiaries. Most of the respondents reported that they are having kids of birth weight between 1 to 1.5 kg and most of the respondents reported that they sell their goats at 8 to 14 kg body weight at 1 to 1.5 years of age. 56.25% respondent reported that their kid mortality was high. Knowledge impact has highest score followed by economic impact, psychological impact, social impact, impact on communication and extension behaviour. The correlation analysis revealed age and education of the respondent are positively and significantly corelated with communication impact of goat rearing on the livelihood of farmers whereas no. of goat owned by the beneficiaries is positively and significantly correlated with economic, social and psychological impact on farmers. The analysis also reveals that age, education and no. of goat owned by the beneficiaries are only positively related to knowledge impact of goat farmers.operational constraints were ranked first by the respondents followed by financial constraint, Extension support constraint, Socio-cultural constraint and marketing constraints. So, Government should take steps to popularize goat rearing in mass media, regular training, exposure visits to nearby successful farms and provide necessary financial support to the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of lumpy skin disease outbreak on breeding bulls of Odisha(Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Panda, Shaswati; Sahoo, Niranjana; Biswal, sangram; Dash, Prasanna Kumar; Samal, Lipismita; Jena, Partha SarathiLumpy skin disease is an acute viral infectious disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of genus-capripox and family-poxviridae. Following first report of this transboundary disease in Odisha during 2019, a study was carried out in a Government-run breeding bull farm/Frozen semen bank (FSB), Cuttack with the objective of retrospective screening of LSD virus in frozen bull semen samples through real time PCR targeting EEV glycoprotein gene for detection of LSDV. Infected breeding bulls had the clinical signs such as swelling of joints developed first, followed by diffused nodular lesions on neck, brisket, abdomen, flank, tail, scrotum, legs, pus discharged from the lesions upon removal of scab, rise in body temperature, nasal discharge, lacrimation and salivation. We were also prepared for quantification of LSDV in semen samples tested positive by PCR. One thousand eighty six processed semen samples collected from 56 bulls during the period of illness were preserved in LN2. These cryopreserved semen samples were subjected to real time PCR using Universal primer targeting at EEV glycoprotein gene and Taq man probe. None of the semen samples were amplified in real time PCR but the effect of LSD on breeding bulls is profound in terms of reduction in sperm concentration and motility. The average concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate from the Jersey, Cross Breed Jersey, Red Sindhi, Hariana, Cross Breed Holstein Friesian, Binjharpuri breeds were 587, 347, 307, 444, 589 and 208 million/ml in the month of June 2019 and 515, 346, 306, 444, 453 and 259 million/ml in the month of July, 2019 respectively. The average percentage of spermatozoa having progressive forward motility from the ejaculate of Jersey, Cross Breed Jersey, Red sindhi, Hariana, Cross Breed Holstein Friesian, Binjharpuri breeds were 51, 47, 50, 48, 45 and 30% in the month of June 2019 and 48, 47, 43, 45, 46 and 20 % in the month of July, 2019 respectively. This study is first of its kind to screen presence of lumpy skin disease virus in semen sample of different breeding bull preserved in LN2.
