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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of fish silage and fish soluble based blended protein source for replacement of fish meal in the diet of Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)(Post-Graduate Department of Aquaculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Baik, Bhagaban; Sahu, Brundaban; Nanda, Saumyendra; Choudhury, DharitriA 90 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficiency of fish silage and fish soluble based blended protein sources for replacement of fish meal (FM) in the diet of Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) fry. Fish silage was prepared in the laboratory by acid ensilage method using two different raw materials, namely, fish dressing waste that was dominated by carp gut and whole body of low cost fish. However, fish soluble was procured from a commercial fish meal manufacturing plant. Four types of blended protein source were prepared by blending either fish gut silage, fish gut silage and fish soluble mix, fish soluble or whole fish silage with GNOC and SBM in 3:1:1 ratio on dry weight basis. A control blended protein source was also prepared by mixing GNOC and SBM in 1:1 ratio. Six no. of iso-nitrogenous (35% CP) and iso-caloric (323 kcal/100g) experimental diets were formulated. The Control diet (T0) contained FM as the major protein source, contributing over 50% to the total protein requirement of the species. The treatment diets were prepared by substituting 75% FM protein by blended protein sources of fish gut silage (T1), fish gut silage and fish soluble mix (T2), fish soluble (T3), whole fish silage (T4) and by control blend (T5). 180 number of uniform sized Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) fries with an average initial weight of 1.1 ± 0.5 g were randomly distributed in eighteen FRP tanks of 200 l capacity containing about 100 l bore well water. Fishes were reared under 24×7 aeration and fed with experimental diet @ 5% of their body weight two times a day. After 90 days of feeding experiment the growth performance and feed efficiency parameters were the best when the feed contained FM as the major protein source, as in T0, with significantly (p<0.05) highest weight gain % (495.1 %), specific growth rate (1.98%), feed efficiency ratio (0.48) and protein efficiency ratio (1.34) with the lowest FCR (2.10:1). But, when 75% of the FM protein was replaced by whole fish silage based blended protein source (T4), 26.21% reduction in feed cost/kg feed and 15.80% reduction in feed cost/ kg weight gain of fish was achieved along with a FCR value that is having no significant variation when compared with T0. Such silage based feed had not affected the whole body biochemical composition of the experimental fish. Further, whole fish silage was significantly (p<0.05) better source of protein than fish soluble to replace costly fish meal in the form of blended protein source. However, silage made from carp dressing waste (T1) performed significantly (p<0.05) inferior to fish soluble (T3) both in terms of growth parameters and feed efficiency. Hence, cost effective diet for Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) with reduced dependency on fish meal can be formulated like T4 by using silage from whole body of low cost fish in the form of a blended protein source as the major source of protein.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding probiotic on gut health and growth performance of Silver barb(Post-Graduate Department of Aquaculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Dash, Satyabrata; Das, Nityananda; Nanda, Saumyendra; Khuntia, Basanta Kumar; Udgata, Santosh KumarA study was conducted to know the dietary effect of feeding probiotics on growth performance and gut microbial changes of fish, Silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) yearlings for 90 days. Four iso-nitogenous feeds (crude protein: 32%) with graded levels of probiotics incorporation i.e. T1(Control), T2 (Lactobacillus sporogenes at a rate of 4% in the feed), T3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a rate of 4% in the feed) and T4 (L. sporogenes + S. cerevisiae at a rate of 2% each in the feed) were fed to Silver barb yearlings (average body weight:63.42 ± 1.13g to 64.42±0.66 g ) in triplicates (12 healthy fish per replicate) following CRD. Twelve FRP tanks of 300-L capacity having a provision of aeration were used for rearing the fish. Fishes were fed with the diets at the rate of 3% of their body weight twice daily. The average body weight gains (%) of fish were 30.55±3.40, 40.64±1.83, 55.91 ±3.29 and 73.07±1.72 for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively at the end of the study. Highest growth as measured by average final weight (110.31±1.58 g), body weight gain (46.58±1.30 g), SGR (0.61±0.01% per day), PER (1.35±0.04) coupled minimum FCR (2.75±0.09) was observed in T4 group compared to other groups (p<0.05). Moreover, the T2 (21366.67± 185.59) and T4 treatments showed significantly higher in gut microbial count of L. sporogenes and S. cerevisiae, respectively in 90 days of culture period. In line to this, data on gut S. cerevisiae count was reported significantly higher in T4 treatment throughout the study than in T3 treatment (p<0.05).The findings from the study also revealed that the probiotic bacteria i.e. S cereviciae was colonised in the gut after 15 days. However L. sporogenes was not colonized in the gut. In conclusion, the study revealed the feasibility of dietary incorporation of both probiotics i.e. sporogenes and S. cerevisiae in the feed of Silver barb at the rate of 4% (2% each) for better growth and optimum gut microbial flora.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of herbal ingredient on growth and breeding performance of Gold fish-Carassius auratus(Post-Graduate Department of Aquaculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Tandi, Miss. Alaka; Patra, Sushanta Kumar; Nanda, Saumyendra Kumar; Tripathy, Manoj Kumar; Kund, Ganesh ChandraA 90 days (December 2019 to February 2020) experiment was carried out to study the impact of herb Ashwagandha Withania somnifera incorporated diets on growth and reproductive performance of Goldfish Carassius auratus. Three experimental diets of the herb Withania somnifera with different incorporation levels 1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5% respectively in T1, T2, and T3 were tested against the T0 (control diet-with no herb) to find out the suitable incorporation level of the herb in gold fish production. The feeds with 30% protein level were prepared manually by using locally available ingredients. The experiment was conducted in triplicate following ‘completely randomized design’. The fishes, measuring mean length 6.46±0.09cm & weight 10.16±0.03g, were randomly distributed in 12 glass aquaria @10 individuals/aquarium (of size 2×1×1 ft3 each) in 40 litres water. The fishes were initially acclimatized for 30 days in the present condition and weaned with the test diet for 7days before start of the feeding trial. The fishes were fed daily @4% of the body weight for the entire period and given twice in a day. 30% water exchange was performed everyday. Statistical tools like ANOVA and CRD were used in data analysis and interpretation. Water quality parameters measured were temperature (26.1 to 28.5°C), DO (6 to 6.9 mg/l), pH (7.6 to 8), free carbon dioxide (0.31 to 0.44mg/l), and alkalinity (123 to 137 mg/l). The statistical tools, two-way ANOVA indicated there is no significant variation (p>0.05). These values of water quality parameters fall within the suitable limits for goldfish production. Growth parameters like increment in length, weight gain, SGR, FER, PER and survival rate were measured. All the above growth parameters except feed conversion ratio reflected higher values in 2.5% herbal incorporation fed group followed the values obtained in 3.5%, 1.5% and in control. Feed conversion ratio (1.95) was least in 2.5% incorporation level feed. The FCR between the control and test diets varied significantly during the experiment (P<0.05). Highest survival rate (86.67%) was observed in group fed with 2.5% and 3.5% feed followed 70% and 60% in 1.5% fed group and control group. The survival rate in the treated aquariums was higher than the control. The reproductive performance parameters recorded are final gonad weight, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate and hatching rate. All the above reproductive parameters reflected higher value in 2.5% fed group followed by the group fed with 3.5%, 1.5% and in control group. So, it is concluded that all herbal incorporated feed performed well than the control feed. Among the herbal feeds, T2 (2.5% incorporation level) stood the best with respect to growth, reproduction and survival in goldfish Carassius auratus.ThesisItem Open Access Standardisation of stocking density of koi (Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus ) in an aquaponic system(Post-Graduate Department of Aquaculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Subhasmita, Chinmayee; Tripathy, Manoj Kumar; Nanda, Saumyendra; Patra, Sushanta Kumar; Sahu, BrundabanA 60 days trial was carried out to standardize stocking density of koi (Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus) in an aquaponics with spinach based hydroponic system. Standardization of stocking density was done based on the growth rate and yield as well as economic efficiency of the system. In the present study, fishes were stocked with three different stocking densities i.e. 200nos./m³, 300nos./m³ and 400nos./m³ as T1, T2 and T3 respectively in triplicates with spinach as plant component in hydroponic beds at 40plants/m². In control (T0) koi fishes were stocked @ 200nos./m³ with triplicates, where no aquaponics was done. Various physical and chemical parameters of water like temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, alkalinity, free CO2, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were analyzed during the experiment at 15 days interval using different standard methods and it was observed that all these parameters were in the optimum range throughout experimental trial period. Among various growth parameters of fish, weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, daily increment, daily growth index, FER and PER were observed higher in T1 followed by T2, T3 and least was in T0. The result showed that with increase in stocking density up to 400nos./m3 also survival rate remained same as that in lower stocking densities. Hence, yield of the fishes was found to be more in T3. Growth parameters of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) such as plant height, height gain, percentage height gain, leaf length, leaf width, plant growth rate and yield during the experimental period were recorded higher in T3 followed by T2 and T1. Throughout culture period, in the experiment, highest growth of spinach was recorded in highest fish density and this may be due to the availability of more fish waste and nutrients accumulated in the system for plants with higher stocking densities of fish. Economic evaluation of the study showed higher benefit cost ratio inT3(1.53) where Koi were stocked @400/m3 with spinach @40/m2 followed by T2 (1.49) , T1 (1.14) which may be due to the higher stocking density of fish which helps in more yield of both fish and plant. Hence, it can be suggested that an aquaponic system with 400 nos. of koi/m³ in combination with spinach at 40/m² is economically viable for farming practices. Further, more research can be done to increase the stocking density of both fish and plant to get maximum profit from this intensive aquaponic system with sustainable strategies.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different carbon sources on water quality, growth performance and survival of Amur carp in Biofloc system(Post-Graduate Department of Aquaculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Sarita, Miss K; Sial, Nabakishore; Nanda, Saumyendra; Sahu, Brundaban; Kund, Ganesh ChandraAn experiment was conducted for 90 days in 200 liters FRP tanks to evaluate the growth performance, survival and water quality parameters of Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) reared in different carbon sources such as tapioca starch, jaggery, and cornstarch in biofloc based aquaculture system. The experiment was carried out following a completely randomized design where 120 of Amur carp were randomly distributed in 12 experimental tanks in triplicates. The carbon-nitrogen ratio was maintained 20:1 throughout the experimental period in biofloc tanks. No carbon source was added in control with periodical water exchange and siphoning. The mean body weight of fish during the stocking was 3.56 ±0.01 g, 3.57±0.02 g, 3.57±0.02 g, and 3.56±0.02g respectively in T0, T1, T2, and T3. At the end of the experiment, the highest growth reported in jaggery treated tank, i.e., T2(19.87±0.54 g), lowest in tapioca starch T0 (10.26±0.59 g). The higher average daily growth was recorded from T2 (0.18g), followed by T3 (0.17g), T1 (0.11g), and T0 (0.07g) at 90 days of culture. The highest SGR found in T2 (2.38%) followed by mean higher SGR (1.91%), higher PER(3.89), higher FER(0.89), lowest FCR (1.12), which showed a significant difference between the control and treated tanks (P<0.05) during the experiment. It is caused due to quick dissolving ability and more nutritive floc production. The highest survivability (100%) found in cornstarch treated tanks. This is because of optimal floc production and the absence of sticky nature in floc, unlike jaggery. The treatment means which differ significantly is done by computing the critical difference (CD) found to be 0.9. The difference between the treatment means T0 and T1, T0 and T2, T0 and T3, T1 and T2, T1 and T3, T2, and T3 is more than the CD value indicating the significant difference between these treatments. During the 90days of the experimental period, the water temperature ranged between 24°C to 27°C without any pronounced variation. In the present study, pH varied from 7.1(T2) to 8.5(T3), and the DO was ranged between 5.8mg/l(T2) to 7.63 mg/l(T0). The alkalinity varied from 100 ppm(T1) to 148ppm(T2) and total ammoniacal nitrogen varied from 0.00ppm(T0) to 0.80ppm(T2). The highest nitrite concentration found in 0.07ppm(T3) and nitrate were 9.70ppm(T2). A significant difference was found in all water quality parameters within the treatments and replications, was examined through two-way ANNOVA at a 5% level of significance. The present investigation found out results showed that all the essential water quality parameters except temperature, even if varied significantly within the experimental days and among the treatments, still fall within a suitable range to become conducive to fish growth and survival. Key words:
