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ThesisItem Open Access Anthelmintic Resistance of Haemonchus contortus to Benzimidazoles in sheep breeds of Odisha(Department of veterinary Parasitology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Kumar, Pankaj; Mohanty, Bijayendranath; Kundu, Akshaya Kumar; Dash, Susant Kumar; Behera, Prakash Chandra; Panda, Susen Kumar; Dehuri, ManaswiniAim: The present research studies entitled “Anthelmintic Resistance of Haemonchus contortus to Benzimidazoles in sheep breeds of Odisha”was undertaken with the objectives to study the Gastro intestinal nematodes in sheep breeds of Odisha across breed, sex, age and season; Anthelminthic treatment practices for sheep in Odisha and anthelmintic resistance of Haemonchus contortus in sheep to benzimidazoles Materials and Methods: Qualitative (by Faecal egg concentration techniques) and quantitative examination (by McMasters technique) of a total of 701 dung samples collected from different sheep breeds of Odisha (Kendrapada, Ganjam and Balangir & non-descript) were collected and examined over a period of one year (January 2019 to December 2019). Gastrointestinal tracts of 87 slaughtered sheep were also examined for recovery and further identification of adult parasites following standard parasitological protocols. A questionnaire based survey on anthelmintic practices in the native tracts of Kendrapada, Ganjam and Balangir breeds of sheep was carried out involving field Veterinarians, Paravets and sheep farmers. Studies on status of anthelmintic resistance of Haemonchus contortus were undertaken by in vivo test (Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test), in-vitro test (Egg Hatch Test) and Molecular test (Allele Specific-Polymerase Chain Reaction). The data generated were analysed employing standard statistical analysis tools (ANOVA, Chi-square test) with the help of SPSS 21.0 Software. Results:An overall 61.2% copro-prevalence of G I nematodes were recorded from sheep breeds of Odisha. Amongst the different breeds, highest prevalence was observed in non descript (39.9%), followed by Balangir (20.7%), Ganjam (20.5%) and lowest in Kendrapada sheep (18.9%). Highest intensity of Strongyle ova was recorded in Balangir sheep while lowest in Kendrapada sheep. Female sheep and, sheep in age group of 6-12months recorded higher infection over males and other age groups respectively. Higher prevalence of GI nematode and EPG were recorded in monsoon season, followed by summer and winter. Coproculture showed Haemonchus contortus as thepredominant species, followed by Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum spp and Strongyloides spp. Intensity of adult Haemonchus contortus collected from slaughtered sheep was found to be highest in Bolangir and lowest in Kendrapada sheep. Highest prevalence of Knob shape (36.45%) vulvar type of female Haemonchus contortus wererecorded followed by smooth shape (32.30%) and linguiform shape (30.64%) and among linguiform, highest percentage of linguiform B (51.69%) followed by Linguiform A (40.59%) and least in linguiform C (7.73%).Breed of sheep had no correlation with development of benzimidazole anthelmintic resistance.As per answer given by respondent (Vet/Paravet and Farmers) through questionnaire, there was indiscrimate use of benzimidazoles to treat GI parasitic infestation.In home tract of Kendrapada and Ganjam, benzimidazoles drugs were routinely practiced without consulting vets/paravets.. Other causes were mass deworming, lack of proper timing of deworming, lack of rotation of anthelmintic, improper dosing, etc.Benzimidazole resistantance was recorded in Kendrapada and Ganjam sheep while Balangir sheep were susceptible. Detection of Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortusby molecular method indicated that 84.44% were converted to Heterozygous susceptable (rS) i.e. the borderline of susceptable gene frequency. Conclusions • Gastrointestinal nematodes were widely prevalent among all sheep breeds of Odisha with dominant population of Haemonchus contortus. • Kendrapadabreed might be less susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infectionwhich needs further studies in experimental animals. • There is emergence of benzimidazole resistant population of Haemonchus contortus in different sheep breeds except Balangir breed. • Higher composition of heterozygus susceptible population is a matter of concern which needs judicious use of benzimidazole anthelmintics and regular monitoring. Incorrect dosing based on visual estimation of body weight must be avoided.ThesisItem Open Access Anthelmintic efficacy of Punica granatum peels and Moringa oleifera leaves on Haemonchus contortus in-vitro(Department of Veterinary Parasitology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Senapati, Monalisha; Dehuri, Manasiwini; Mohanty, Bijayendranath; Sahoo, Gyana Ranjan; Palai, SantwanaAim: The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-helmintic efficacy of two commonly used plants Punica granatum and Moringa oleifera on Haemonchus contortus and analyse its phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of the plants in five concentration ranging from 5 mg/ml to 200 mg/ml was prepared and tested for their adulticidal and ovicidal activity through in vitro Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Egg hatch Test (EHT) for P. granatum peels and M. oleifera leaves. The Phytochemical analysis was carried out by various chemical tests and by HPTLC. Results: The results of AIT indicated that there was complete cessation of motility for all the worms tested after 6 hours and 7 hours of exposure for methanolic extract of P. granatum and M. oleifera respectively. At highest concentration, the time taken for mortality in case of pomegranate peel extract was 195.3±6.38 minutes while for Moringa leaves extract was 242.3±6.36 minutes. The ovicidal activity as determined by egg hatch test demonstrated a 100% and 98.3% inhibition of egg hatching at highest concentration that was comparable to the reference drug for methanolic extract of P. granatum and M. oleifera respectively. The ovicidal action was also revealed by log probit analysis and IC 50 values of 33.92 mg/ml was recorded for M. oleifera leaves while the IC 50 value for pomegranate peel extract was calculated to be 21.33 mg/ml. The Phytochemical screening for methanolic extracts through chemical tests revealed presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and phenols while HPTLC revealed Punica granatum peel extract contained 0.084 mg/ml of rutin, 0.83 mg/ml of gallic acid and 0.328 mg/ml of quercetin. Moringa oleifera leaf extract contained 0.058 mg/ml of rutin, 0.218 mg/ml gallic acid and 0.592 mg/ml quercetin in it. Conclusion: While both the plant extracts showed anthelmintic activity, Pomegranate peel fared better over Moringa leaves owing to its higher inhibition of egg hatching, lesser time for mortality of adult worms and lower IC 50 values. However for further validation and formulation of novel herbal anthelmintic, in vivo and toxicity studies are essential.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on bovine haemoprotozoan parasites in and around bhubaneswar(Department of Veterinary Parasitology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Shrivastava, Pratistha; Dehuri, Manasiwini; Mohanty, Bijayendranath; Mishra, Chinmoy; Biswal, Subhranshu SekharAim: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of heamoprotozoan parasites in cattle in and around Bhubaneswar with respect to age, breed and sex. Materials and Methods:A total of 106 blood samples were collected from Veterinary Clinical Complex OUAT Bhubaneswar and Animal Disease Research Institute (Phulnakhra), from both, male and female animals belonging to different age group (0-2 years, 2-4 years and 4-6 years) , different breeds (Cross-bred Jersey, Cross-bred Holstein Friesian and Indigenous). Giemsa stained thin blood smears were prepared for microscopic examination. DNA was extracted by using Phenol:Chloroform method. For Anaplasma marginale, primer targeting msp5 gene (382bp), for Theileria annulata, primer targeting Tams1 gene (572bp) and for Trypanosoma evansi, primer targeting VSG (RoTat 1.2) (110bp) gene were used. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also carried out for positive PCR products. Results: An overall prevalence of 48.11% was observed through microscopic examination, out of which the prevalence of Theileria annulata, Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma evansi were reported to be 26.42%, 10.38% and 3.77% respectively. Prevalence of mixed infection was documented to be 7.55% (4.71%; T.annulata and A. marginale, 2.8%;T.annulata and T. evansi). PCR assay revealed an overall prevalence of 73.58%, out of which the prevalence of Theileria annulata (target gene- Tams1), Anaplasma marginale (target gene- msp5), Trypanosoma evansi (target gene- VSG RoTat 1.2) and mixed infection were 37.74%, 17.92%, 5.66% and 12.26% respectively. The mixed infection observed consisted of 8.5% T.annulata and A. marginale while 3.8% of cases were infected with T.annulata with T. evansi. Age-wise the prevalence was significantly higher in the age group of 2-4 years (37.74 %) as compared to 0-2 years of age (16.98 %) and 4-6 years of age (18.87 %). Sex-wise the prevalence was significantly higher in female (61.32%) as compared to male (12.26%). Breed-wise the prevalence was significantly higher in Cross-bred Jersey (50%) as compared to Cross-bred Holstein Friesian (16.98%) and Indigenous cattle (6.60%).The resulting sequences were submitted to Genbank and following accession id were allotted: Trypanosoma evansi - OL550059, Theileria annulata - OL604429, Anaplasma marginale - OL550058. The sequences showed 98-100% homology to sequences from India and abroad published in GenBank of NCBI. The Phylogenetic analysis also revealed association with isolates from India, Asia and European countries. Conclusion: The present study showed the higher prevalence of Theileria annulata compared to other haemoparasites like Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma evansi.Cross bred Jersey, females and 2-4 years cattle are more susceptible to tick borne diseases. Screening of carrier animals is important to diagnose the disease at an early stage. PCR assay showed high sensitivity and specificity than microscopy in detecting the haemoparasites.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild herbivores of similipal tiger reserve, odisha(Department of Veterinary Parasitology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Sahoo, Rakesh Kumar; Mohanty, Bijayendranatha; Biswal, Sangram; Karna, Dillip Kumar; Dehuri, ManaswiniAim: Gastrointestinal parasites cause severe morbidity and mortality threatening the wildlife health and biodiversity conservation. The present investigation has an objective to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild herbivores of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha. Material and methods: A total of 670 dung samples were collected from 4 major species of wild herbivores which includes Asian elephants (130), spotted deer (180), barking deer (180), sambar (180) in 3 different locations such as Upperbarakamda, Devasthali and Jenabil of Similipal Tiger Reserve. Qualitative coprological examination was done by direct smear method, centrifugal sedimentation technique, floatation by saturated solution of MgSO4 and quantitative coprological examination was done to detect the Egg Per Gram (EPG) by McMaster technique in the laboratory of Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT. Coproculture and micrometry was conducted for generic identification of nematode larva. Results: Out of 670 dung samples, 349 samples were found to be positive for gastrointestinal parasites with an overall prevalence of 52.1%. The parasitic prevalence was recorded as highest in spotted deer (57.2%) followed by sambar (42.8%), Asian elephant (30.8%) and barking deer (29.5%). Five species of gastrointestinal helminths such as strongyles (35.6%), amphistomes (23.3%), Trichuris spp. (11.7%), Fasciola spp. (3.8%) and Strongyloides spp. (1.7%). There was no evidence of cestode, gastrointestinal protozoa as well as mixed parasitic infection were not detected. Among the three locations Devasthali showed highest prevalence (55.1%) followed by Upperbarakamda (52.1%) and Jenabil (48.1%). The prevalence of strongyles was observed highest in Asian elephants (26.3%), barking deer (20.1%) and sambar (26.7%) whereas amphistome recorded highest prevalence in spotted deer (22.2%). The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was significantly higher during monsoon season (73.2%) than premonsoon (56.8%) and post monsoon season (54.3%). Strongyle recorded highest prevalence in Asian elephants and barking deer throughout all the three seasons as taken while amphistomes showed highest prevalence in spotted deer and sambar during premonsoon and monsoon season. The prevalence of Trichuris spp., Fasciola spp. and Strongyloides spp. were observed comparatively lower than strongyle and amphistome throughout all the seasons as taken. The mean intensity of strongyle was found to be significantly higher in monsoon season as compared to premonsoon and post monsoon season in case of spotted deer, barking deer and sambar while in Asian elephants the difference in mean intensity was not significant across the seasons. Coproculture revealed the larva of Oesophagostomum spp. in Asian elephant and larva of Haemonchus spp. in spotted deer, barking deer, sambar of Similipal Tiger Reserve. Conclusion: The present study gives an overall idea on prevalence of strongyle, Trichuris spp., amphistome and Fasciola spp. in wild herbivores of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha with seasonal variation in their rate of prevalence and intensity of infection. The findings recorded during the present investigation can be useful while planning the healthy management of different herbivore species in Similipal Tiger Reserve.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep & goats with respect to varied ecology of Banki Sub-division of Odisha(Department of Veterinary Parasitology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Sarangi, Krushna Keshab; Mohanty, Bijayendranath; Karna, Dillip Kumar; Acharya, Aditya Prasad; Hembram, AnantaAim: The present study entitled “Studies on gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep and goats with respect to varied ecology of Banki Sub-Division of Odisha” was carried out to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep & goats with respect to age, sex, season and varied ecological conditions of Banki Sub-Division. Material and Methods: Qualitative (sedimentation and floatation technique) and quantitative (McMasters technique) examination of dung samples collected from 121 sheep and 187 goats belonging to different age, sex and ecological conditions during different seasons were carried out for a period of one year (from August,2019 – July, 2020). The detection of egg parasites was done from copro-culture as per established morphological characteristics. Results: 66.11% sheep and 64.70% of goats were detected positive for single or mixed infection with gastrointestinal helminthes. Overall prevalence of strongyle was observed to be highest among all gastrointestinal helminthes in sheep (47.10%) and goats (45.98%). In sheep, highest prevalence (24%) of amphistome in the age group of 3-9 months and strongyle nematodes in age group of 3-9 months (56%) was recorded. In goats, highest prevalence of amphistomes was recorded in age group < 3 months (20%). The influence of age on amphistomosis in sheep was found statistically significant (p<0.05). Strongyle infection was highest in goats aged 3-9 months (47.5%). The prevalence of strongyles (50%) was seen more in male than female sheep and that of amphistome infection was equal in both sexes. Male goats were having prevalence of amphistomes (10.8%) higher where as females were studded with higher strongyle infection (46.7%). Amphistome and strongyle load were highest in rainy (13.88%) and (55.6%) respectively in sheep. In goats, amphistomosis in summer (16.9%) and strongyle infection in rainy (51.6%) were highest. The seasonal influence on prevalence of amphistomosis in goats was found statistically significant (p<0.01). From the vicinity of Lake Anshupa highest prevalence of amphistomes (15%) and strongyles (52.5%) in sheep were noticed. Goats from normal habitat showed higher prevalence of amphistomes (20.8%) and those from bank of river Mahanadi revealed highest load of strongyles (53.4%). Mixed infection was noticed with a less prevalence rate in both sheep and goats. Highest intensity of GI nematode was recorded in sheep aged 3-9 months (247.33±59.44) and in goats that was observed in the age group 3-9 months (253.43±52.95). Four species of strongyle nematode larvae were detected which were Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Bunostomum spp. The population density of Haemonchus spp. was found to be predominant. Conclusion: Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in 66.11% sheep and 64.70% goats recorded in the present study is quite considerable with respect to morbidity and economic loss to small ruminant farming community. Strongyle infection especially Haemonchus contortus was found predominant in both the host species which has detrimental effect to health of these animals. The study did not revealed any significant variation in prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism with respect to varied ecological conditions of Banki SubdivisionThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREVALENCE OF THEILERIA ANNULATA IN TICK VECTORS INFESTING CATTLE OF COASTAL ODISHA(Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 2018) Dehuri, Manaswini; Panda, M.R.The present study entitled “Studies on prevalence of Theileria annulata in tick vectors infesting cattle of Coastal Odisha” was carried out from March 2016 to February 2017. A total of 3014 cattle from different villages in 16 blocks of four districts of coastal Odisha (Cuttack, Puri, Jagatsinghpur and Khurda) were screened for presence of tick infestation. The cattle of either sex, varying age groups (< 1 year and >1 year), different breeds as well as different health condition were included. Adult semiengorged ticks were dissected and salivary gland were collected and subjected to DNA extraction. Nested PCR was carried out by targeting the Tams1 gene of Theileria annulata, utilizing two sets of primers (N516F, N517R and Ta14136iF, Ta249R) in order to detect the parasite. The PCR products were then sequenced and blast analysis was carried out. The overall prevalence of ticks in the coastal districts was found to be 39.48%. The ticks encountered during the study were; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (62%) which was most abundant followed by Hyalomma anatolicum (31%) and Rhipicephalus sp (7%). There was higher prevalence in females, upgraded breeds, cattle with poor body condition and young cattle. There was significant difference between the tick count of different ticks infesting cattle of the four districts while no significant difference could be found between different districts. There was also significant difference between the various seasons with regards to tick count in the four coastal districts. The abundance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks were high during monsoon while Hyalomma ticks were more prevalent during pre monsoon. The correlation of environmental factors on overall tick infestation revealed a high correlation (r= 0.820) between the mean monthly tick burden and average monthly rainfall as well as minimum temperature (r=0.865) with statistical significance (p< 0.01). The molecular diagnosis of Theileria annulata. revealed an overall prevalence of 14.78% in tick vectors. A higher presence with significance were recorded for Theileria annulata in female ticks (12.74 %) over their male counterparts (11.48). A total of four Tams1 PCR amplicon were randomly selected and the obtained sequence results were confirmed as Theileria annulata. Our study confirmed the presence of causative agent of bovine tropical theilerosis and the risk of cattle to contract the disease. A positive correlation of rainfall and minimum temperature with tick as well as disease prevalence suggests control measures to be applied on the onset of monsoon to control tick and tick borne diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Canine Ectoparasites with Special Reference to Prevalence of Acaricide Resistance in Ixodid Ticks in and around Bhubaneswar(Orissa Univesrity of Agriculture and Technology; Bhubaneswar, 2015) Jena, Pradeep Kumar; Mohanty, B.N"Aim and objectives: To study the prevalence of flies, fleas, lice, ticks and mites infestation among stray and pet dogs with respect to breed, sex and age and to assess the possible development of acaricide resistance in ixodid ticks commonly prevalent among dogs against deltamethrine, cypermethrine and amitraz in vitro . Materials and methods: A total of971 (640 pet and 331 stray) dogs examined for ectoparasitic infestation following standard parasitological techniques for their identification based on their morphology and morphometry. Studies on acaricide resistance in most prevalent ixodid ticks in dogs against commonly used acaricides i.e deltamethrin and cypermethrin at the concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1 %, 0.2% and amitraz at the concentrations of 0.1 %, 0.2%, 0.3% were undertaken by using three different methods viz. tea bag, filter paper impregnation and immersion method. Observations and Results: Present studies revealed an overall prevalence of 52.42%. Overall prevalence of ectoparasites was more (69.18%) among stray dogs than pet dogs (43.75%). The number of tick infestation cases was maximum (20.08%) followed by mites (7.11%), fleas (5.87%) and lice (3.81%). The rate of variation in prevalence of ticks and mites between pet and stray dogs were statistically significant (p<0.05 and pThesisItem Open Access Studies on incidence of Babesiosis in stray and pet dogs in and around Bhubaneswar(Orissa Univesrity of Agriculture and Technology; Bhubaneswar, 2015) Panda, Charchika; Dehuri, Manaswini"Canine babesiosis is a vector borne disease caused by intra-erythrocytic apicomplexan parasites Babesia canis (large form) and Babesia gibsoni (small form), throughout the globe. The objective of the study was to detect the incidence rate of babesiosis infection in stray & pet dogs in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The diagnostic efficacy of Babesiosis infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been compared with microscopy examination. In the current study, a total of 198 blood samples were collected and examined from stray & pet dogs with a history of persistent high fever, anorexia, depression presented at TYCC, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during a period of one year (August 2014 to June 2015). Examination of Giemsa-stained peripheral thin blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 8.07% (16/198) for canine babesiosis encompassing 3.53% (7/198) of large Babesia and 4.54% (91198) of Babesia gibsoni. However, molecular diagnosis revealed 19.19% (38/198) samples positive for babesiosis infection out of which 3 dogs are clinically normal as evident by the presence of 450 bp amplicon. 4 PCR positive samples were randomly choosen for sequencing. Out of which 3 positive samples revealed 100% similarity with the B. canis vogeli having accession numbers KT246303, KT246306, KT246307& I sample showed 100% similarity with B. canis having accession number KT24630S. Out of 4 sequenced samples one sample that showed double bands in the gel corresponds to 450 bp amplicon size & 520 bp amplicon size, higher than the one observed in Babesia spp. and showed 99% similarity with Hepatozoon canis having accession number KT246304. This showed that, mixed infection by both of the species was present The season wise incidence study of Babesia spp. revealed highest incidence (24.39%) in the summer season followed by 20.93% in rainy season & 12.32% in winter. The age wise incidence of babesiosis revealed highest incidence (22.22%) in the <1 years age group, followed by 18.30% incidence in dogs of>1 years age group. The sex wise incidence study revealed 16.43% incidencein females as compared with 20.8 per cent in males. The maximum incidence was noticed in Labrador breed i.e., 35.71% followed by German Shepherd breed i.e. 30.76% followed by Spitz (25%), Pug (20%), Non-descriptive (16.32%), Great Dane (11.11%), Rottwiller (9.09%), Mixed (8.33%) respectively. There was no significant variation (P < 0.05) in the incidence of babesiosis during different season and in different age groupS, sex and breeds. The most common haematological alterations include anaemia (57.14%), decrease in WBCs count and neutrophils along with an increase in monocyte count. Leukocytes abnormalities include neutropenia in 28/359 (80%) of dogs, lymphocytosis in 23/35 (65.71%) of dogs, and monocytosis in 23/35 (65.71%) of the dogs. Thrombocytopenia is the most consistent hematologic abnormality observed in 100% of the affected dogs."ThesisItem Open Access Studies on acaricidal activity of different plant extracts on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with reference to Deltamethrin(2018-09-26) Dalei, Manas Kumar; Dehuri, Dr. ManaswiniTo assess the acaricidal activity of ethanolic extracts of Leaves of Azadirachta indica, whole plant of Argemone mexicana, fruits of Datura stramonium and flowers of Calotropis gigantea with reference to Deltamethrin. Materials and methods: The plant materials were collected from the field, gardens and road sides. After proper identification, they were washed and shade dried for 3 weeks. Dried plant materials were then finely pulverized using a grinder and sieved through a mesh (2mm size). Extraction of plant material was done by Soxhlet extractor using ethyl alcohol as solvent. Plant extracts were diluted in distilled water making 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml solution. Freshly collected engorged female ticks of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were used in AIT and adult tick mortality, reproductive index (RI) and percentage inhibition of oviposition were calculated using the findings. Ticks were reared in BOD incubator for larvae production. The larvae are used in larval packet test using different concentrations of plant extracts and the larval mortality were calculated. The data were analyzed by statistical analysis using SPSS Software version 20 and LC50 values were determined by using log probit method. Results: From the present in vitro study, it was found that 100mg/ml concentration of A. indica showed significant mortality of 86% followed by 50mg, 25mg, and 12.5mg/ml respectively. There was significant increase in RI as the concentration of the extracts decreased ranging from 0.038-0.073. A significant percentage inhibition of oviposition was also reported. In case of A. mexicana mortality with significant variation ranged from 10 to 73.33% The RI increased significantly as the concentration of the extracts decreased from 100mg/ml to 12.5mg/ml. Datura stramonium showed significant mortality rate (66.67%) at the concentration of 100mg/ml. There was increase in reproductive index (0.149 to 0.217) with decrease in concentration while IO% increases with increase in concentration. Our research indicated a mortality of 56.67%, RI (0.17-0.25), IO of 66%, larval mortality (60.33%) for flower of Calotropis gigantea. The larval motility for A.indica, A.mexicana, D.stramonium and C.gigantea at highest concentration was 75.67%, 70.67%, 65% and 60.33% respectively. From the regression equation, the LC50 values were found to be 29.21mg/ml, 46.77mg/ml, 61.66 mg/ml and 83.18 mg/ml for ethanolic extracts of leaves of A. indica, whole plant of A. mexicana, fruits of D. stramonium and flowers of C. gigantea respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained during the current study, it can be concluded that the plant extracts under consideration yielded varying degrees of acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Amongst the four extracts, the leaves of Azadirachta indica revealed the highest activity followed by whole plant extract of Argemone mexicana, fruits of Datura stramonium and flowers of Calotropis gigantea. Further studies are needed to identify the active ingredients as well as toxic effects present in the plants which caused the mortality of ticks.
