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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of concentrate mixture supplementation on the growth performance of grazing goats in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Mishra, Chinmay Kumar; Mishra, S.K.; Panda, N.; Sahoo, G.; Karna, D.K.; Sethy, K.The research work on “Effect of concentrate mixture supplementation on the growth performance of grazing goats in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha” was conducted by Animal Nutrition Department, Bhubaneswar. Data of animal husbandry activities in three villages, namely Managad, Basantpur and Jharpokharia of Bangriposi and Saraskana block of Mayurbhanj district, Odisha were recorded by using a structured questionnaire. 23 numbers of top fodders were identified and collected for proximate analysis. Metabolic status of the kids and does were assessed before feeding period. The experiment was continued in two phases. In fist phase, 40 kids were randomly divided in 4 groups supplemental feeding was done for 60 days. The detailed experimental groups were: T1: Grazing (Famers practice with no supplementation), T2: Grazing + 15g mineral mixture supplementation, T3: Grazing + 50g concentrate mixture supplementation and T4: Grazing + 100g concentrate mixture supplementation. In second experiment, 20 pregnant does (15-20 days before kidding) were selected and divided into two groups. The feeding period continued for 15-20 days before and 15 days after kidding. The treatment groups were as follows: T1: Grazing (Famers practice with no supplementation) and T2: Grazing + 200g concentrate mixture supplementation. In the first experiment, initial body weight and fortnightly body weights of kids were recorded. In second experiment, the birth weights of kids were recorded. Subsequently fortnightly body weight of kid was recorded The survey data revealed that the overall percentage of goat farmers belonging to schedule caste (43.33%) was higher than that of schedule tribe (26.66%) and other caste (30%). The overall goat population (34.82%) was next to poultry population (53.42%). The land holding pattern of marginal farmers (percent) rearing goats was 93.33%. Goats were reared in extensive system without any supplementation. The serum glucose (mg/dl), cholesterol (mg/dl), protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), globulin (g/dl), urea (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl) and phosphorus(mg/dl) were in the range of 34.79- 54.08, 64.52- 109.33, 4.63-7.26, 2.06 - 3.97, 2.00- 3.42, 22.63- 48.12, 8.23 - 10.65 and 3.12- 4.24, respectively and the percentage animals below normal levels of serum glucose, cholesterol, protein, albumin, globulin, calcium and phosphorus were 62.5, 12.5, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 50.0 and 75.0, respectively. The levels of the adult female goats of the surveyed area for serum glucose (mg/dl), cholesterol (mg/dl), protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), globulin (g/dl), urea (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl) and phosphorus(mg/dl) were in the range of 35.71- 61.07, 63.22- 112.84, 3.67 - 7.10, 1.64- 3.96, 1.98- 3.22, 35.65-65.44, 8.54-8.81 and 3.52- 3.76, respectively. The proximate composition of top fodders viz. dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract content of the top fodders of the survey area ranged from 13.58-37.65, 7.65-15.32, 8.91-31.54, 1.60-6.50, 7.20-15.60 and 44.90-72.04 percent on dry matter basis, respectively. As regard to body weight gain of kids on concentrate mixture supplementation, significantly (P0.05) difference was observed in body weight. Net profit per kid due to live weight gain was Rs. 29.0/- in T2, Rs. 99.75/- for T3 and Rs. 103.0/- for T4 group. The cost benefit ratios were 0, 1.54, 2.28 and 1.66 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The supplemental concentrate feeding to does had no significant effect on birth weight and weight of kids up to 30 days of age. From this experiment, it may be concluded that supplementation of concentrate mixture @ 50g/ head/ day to kids (2-4 months of age) improved the body weight gain with better cost benefit ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of amla (Emblica officinalis) on performance and antioxidant status in commercial broiler chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Sandeep, Bamudi Sai; Panda, N.; Behura, N.C.; Sethy, K.; Sahoo, P.R.; Sathapathy, S.The aim of current experiment is to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of Amla on growth performance, FCR, feed intake, hematology, serum biochemical, antioxidant and immunity parameters in Black Rock birds in comparative parallel study with equivalent synthetic vitamin C. In total One hundred forty (140) day old Black Rock chicks were randomly distributed into seven (7) dietary treatments with two replicates having ten (10) birds in each replicate. The dietetic treatments were: T1 (Control group): Basal diet; T2: Basal diet + 0.5% amla powder; T3: Basal diet + 1% amla powder; T4: Basal diet + 2% amla powder; T5: Basal diet+ Equivalent synthetic vitamin C as present in 0.5% amla powder; T6: Basal diet + Equivalent synthetic vitamin C as present in 1% amla powder; T7: Basal diet + Equivalent synthetic vitamin C as present in 2% amla powder The experiment was scheduled for 7 weeks in two phases with starter (day-1 to 3rd wk) and finisher ration (4th to 7th wk) during mid-January to march having average THI value 76.64. Although no significant difference was observed in body weight and feed intake but significantly better FCR was noticed in all the supplemented groups than control group except T4 and T5 groups which was fed 2.0% amla powder and 0.5% amla equivalent synthetic Vit-C respectively. No substantial changes observed in serum biochemical parameters at 3rd and 7th weeks except significant reduction in triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in higher levels of amla supplemented groups at 7th week. Significant elevations of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Catalase) was noticed in higher levels of amla and highest dose of Vit-C added dietetic groups in a dose dependent manner except GPX showing no significant changes at 3rd and 7th weeks. Lipid peroxidation was significantly declined among higher levels of amla and Vit-C supplemented groups at 7th week but showing non-significant at 3rd week. The antibody titer of HI against RD vaccination was significantly greater in higher levels of amla and Vit-C supplemented groups at 7th week while non-significant at 3rd week. Significantly more response was observed in higher levels of amla and highest dose Vit-C added dietetic groups at 3rd week and 7th week during CBH test at 24 hrs of PHAP inoculation. There was no significant variations observed in haematology, carcass characteristics and organ parameters among all the dietetic treatments throughout experimental period. From the above experimental study, the following conclusion could be stated that supplementation of 1% amla (10gm/kg basal diet) powder to basal diet improved FCR, antioxidant enzyme activity, immunity and declined serum lipid profile. Synthetic Vit-C needs double the dose of natural form of vit-C to exert same effect on FCR, antioxidant and immunity.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of dietary garlic supplementation on growth performance and gut health in broiler chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Biswal, Swetapatra; Mishra, S.K.; Behura, N.C.; Samantray, D.P.; Sethy, K.; Acharya, A.P.One hundred day old colour synthetic broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five dietary treatments. The dietary treatments for this experiment were: T1: Basal diet, T2: Basal diet+ Probiotic, T3: Basal diet + Garlic powder (0.5% of Basal diet), T4: Basal diet + Garlic powder (0.75% of Basal diet) and T5: Basal diet + Garlic powder (1% of Basal diet. Weekly body weight and weekly feed consumption were recorded. Serum biochemical, haematological, cellular immunity, histopathology and carcass characteristic were performed at 35th day. The faecal bacterial load was performed at 14th and 28th day of experiment and intestinal bacterial load at 35th day. The bioactive compounds present in garlic were estimated by using FT-IR and GCMS. No significant (P>0.05) difference in average weekly body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR of experimental birds of different treated groups. The carcass characteristics, organ weight, hematological parameters, weight of lymphoid organs, CBH response, serum biochemical parameters did not differ significantly but significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in the serum triglyceride, SGOT and SGPT levels. The total plate count (log10 cfu/ml) in the faeces of birds at 14th day of experiment of group T1 group was found to be significantly higher than that of garlic and probiotic fed groups. The total plate count and E coli count in faeces at 28th day and intestine (35th day) of birds in garlic supplemented groups were found to be significantly lower than the control group. The total plate count and E.coli count in the faces (28th day) and intestine (35th day) of the birds of 0.75% and 1.0% levels of garlic feeding had no significance between the treated groups. The total return or margin of receipt over feed cost of T4 group was higher and was almost same as that of T2 group. The FTIR peak values and functional groups of garlic extract showed the presence of O-H bond representing carbohydrate amino acids, C-H bond representing aromatic compounds, C=O bond representing mainly protein and C=H bond representing mainly lipids, C=S bond representing sulphur compound and C-C bond mainly iodo compound. The bioactive compound presents in garlic were Pentadecane, Sulfurous acid, 2-ethylhexyl hexyl ester. Tetradecane, 3,6-Dimethyldecane, Trisulfide, di-2-propenyl, 2-(Allylthio)acetonitrile, 2,5-Furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-, Tetraethyl4,4'-(1,3-phenylene)bis(1,4- dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate), Butenedioic acid, 2-methyl-,, 2- Propenamide, N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Bromazepam, 2-Propenamide, N-(1,1- dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)- Acrylamide, N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)- 3-Butyn-1-ol and 2-Propenamide, N,N-dimethyl. From this experiment, it may be concluded that supplementation of garlic at 0.75% in colour synthetic broiler ration reduced the gut microbial load and reduced the cost of production.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of supplemental organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunity in broiler birds(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Sedhurathinam, V.; Panda, N.; Behura, N.C.; Ray, P.; Nayak, R.K.; Das, D.P.The present experiment is planned to study the effect of supplemental organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunity of broiler birds. A total of 160 day old Redcornish chicks were randomly distributed into 8 dietary treatment groups with two replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were: T1 (Control group): Basal diet; T2: Basal diet with 0.2 ppm of organic chromium (OL-0.2); T3: Basal diet with 0.6 ppm organic chromium (OM-0.6); T4: Basal diet with 1.2 ppm of organic chromium (OH 1.2); T5: Basal diet with 0.2 ppm of inorganic chromium (InL-0.2); T6:Basal diet with 0.6 ppm inorganic chromium (InM-0.6); T7: Basal diet with 1.2 ppm of inorganic chromium (InH-1.2) and T8: Basal diet with 0.2ppm organic chromium+0.2 ppm inorganic chromium (OL-0.2+InL-0.2). The supplementation was continued in the summer months for 7 weeks. The average THI value during the experimental period was 86.74. Growth parameters like body weight, feed intake, FCR, serum biochemical, antioxidant enzymes and immunity parameters of broilers were estimated. There was significant improvement in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio by supplemental chromium. Higher body weight and better feed conversion ratio was seen in OL-0.2 and OL-0.2+InL-0.2 groups in comparison with control and inorganic supplemented groups. Significant reduction of glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels by supplemental Cr. But there was no significant effect on albumin, globulin and total protein values. By increasing dosage of both organic and inorganic chromium significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation activity of broiler birds. Higher lipid peroxidation activity was seen in OH and InH groups. But chromium supplementation did not have any significant effect on GPX activity and catalase activity of broiler birds. Significantly higher CBH response was seen in all the chromium supplemented groups and organic and mixed supplemented groups showed higher response than inorganic groups. The titre against ND virus was significantly higher in both organic and inorganic chromium supplemented groups. Among the supplemented groups OM-0.6 and OH-1.2 groups have better titre value when compared to control and inorganic chromium supplemented groups. From the above experiment it was found that supplementation of organic chromium @ 0.2 ppm to the heat stressed coloured birds improved body weight, FCR, immunity and antioxidant statusThesisItem Open Access Effect of nano zinc supplementation on the performance of broiler chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Jena, Debabrata; Sethy, K.; Behura, N.C.; Mishra, S.K.; Behera, K.; Sathapathy, S.To assess the role of nano zinc on BW gain, FCR, blood chemistry, immunity, stress response and carcass quality, One hundred fifty numbers of day old Red Cornish broiler chicks were randomly divided into 05 groups consisting of 30 birds in ach. Each group consists of three replicates with 10 birds in each. The dietary treatments were T1 (Control group), where as T2, T3, T4, and T5 were treated with 20, 40, 60 and 80 ppm of nano Zn. The feeding schedule was prestarter (1-14), starter (15-21) and finisher (22-35days) in deep litter system and fed as per BIS, 2007. At the end of 5th wk, the inclusion of nano-Zn in Red Cornish broiler birds’ diet at different levels showed improved body weight of the birds compared to unsupplemented group. At 5th week of age cumulative feed intake was similar (P>0.05) among the treatments. However, best performance was observed at 60 ppm (T4) and 80 ppm (T5) treatments. At 5th week of age cumulative feed intake was similar (P>0.05) among the treatments. At 3rd, 4th and 5th week of age, nano –Zn supplemented birds have better FCR than control group. Addition of nano Zn improved the blood glucose, total protein and globulin concentration than control. Increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and low MDA concentration was observed in nano-Zn supplemented Red Cornish birds compared to control birds. Antibody titer measured against Ranikhet disease vaccine and CBH response against PHA-P was significantly higher in nano Zn treated Red Cornish birds than control. The weight of organs viz., Kidney, liver, gizzard, brain and heart expressed as percentage of live weight at the end of 35th day revealed similar (P>0.05) findings among the treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that, Supplementation of nano Zinc @ 60 ppm in feed of Red Cornish broiler chicken improved the BW gain, FCR, antioxidant status and immunity of birds.ThesisItem Open Access Response of anoestrus crossbred cows to Murraya koengii (curry leaf) and Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf supplemented diet(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Panigrahi, Rajesh Kumar; Mishra, S.K.; Behura, N.C.; Sethy, Kamdev; Mishra, P.C.; Rout, N.C.An on farm trial was conducted to study the “Response of anoestrus crossbred cows to Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) and Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaf supplemented diet”. History collected and per rectal examination of all the cows were done to assess the reproductive status of the animals. Forty crossbred anoestrus cows/heifers were randomly distributed in four treatment groups. The dietary treatments were: T1: farmers practice, T2: Farmers practice+ bael leaves (50gms/ animal) + curry leaves(50gms/ animal), T3: Farmers practice+ bael leaves (100gms/ animal) + curry leaves(100gms/ animal) and T4: Farmers practice+ bael leaves (150gms/ animal) + curry leaves(150gms/ animal). The experimental animals were fed with supplemental leaf for five days and observed up to 60 days. Survey revealed, 51.78 percentages of animals were found to have reproductive disorders. In both crossbred cows (61.53%) and heifers (84.21%), the incidence of anoestrus was higher. The DM intake, DCP supply, TDN supply, DCP requirement and TDN requirement among the treated groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The 0 day and 60th day body weight and average daily gain in body weight of all the treated groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The serum biochemical and hematological profile of animals at 0 and 60th day did not differ significantly. The progesterone and estrogen levels of animals at 0 day had no significant difference. The estrus response (%) of groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 50, 40, 50 and 90 percent, respectively. The average days for onset of estrus (days) within the experimental period were 28.20±4.55, 29.25±1.03, 27.40±5.09 and 22.00±2.94 days in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The percentages animals conceived within 0-60 days experimental period were 20, 20, 40 and 50 in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The overall percentage of conception in experimental animals in all the groups was 32.5%. The bioactive compound present in Aegle marmelos leaves were Caryophyllene 4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene (C15H24), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester n-Hexadecanoic acid (C17H34O2), Methyl stearate n Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C19H38O2) and Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C16H32O2). The bioactive compound present in curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) were 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl- (C5H9NO), 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate (C7H14O2), D Allose (C6H12O6), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C17H34O2), Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C16H32O2), Dotriacontane (C32H66), Tetracontane (C40H82), Tetratetracontane (C44H90) and Petrapentacontane (C35H72).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nano-selenium supplementation on gut health and performance of broiler chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Pati, Swarupananda; Sethy, K.; Behura, N.C.; Panda, N.; Samantaray, D.P.; Acharya, A.P.To assess the role of nano-selenium on gut health, production, blood biochemical parameters, immunity, stress response, carcass quality and Se content of broiler birds, One hundred fifty numbers of day old Black Rock broiler chicks were randomly divided into 05 groups consisting of 30 birds in ach. Each group consists of three replicates with 10 birds in each. The dietary treatments were: T1 (Control group), where as T2, T3, T4, and T5 were treated with 0.0375, 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30 ppm of nano Se. The experiment was pre starter (1-14), starter (15-21) and finisher phase (22-35 days) in deep litter system and fed as per BIS, 2007. At the end of 5th wk, Log10 values of intestinal E. coli count and intestinal Salmonella count were significantly (P0.05) among all the treatments. Best numerical FCR of 2.31 was observed in the treatment T4 that received 0.15 ppm nano-Se, which had statistically similar (P>0.05) FCR value to T5 having nano Se concentration 0.30 ppm. Blood chemistry was similar (P>0.05) among treatments. The GPx and SOD concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher and lower MDA concentration was found in treated groups. HA value against R2B vaccine and CBH value were significantly (P<0.05) higher in nano Se treated Black Rock. Se bioavailability was comparatively higher in nano Se treated Black Rock. Therefore, it may be interpreted that nano-Se at 0.15 ppm in water improved the gut health, BW gain, antioxidant activity, immunity status and Se bioavailability in Black Rock broiler birdsThesisItem Open Access Effect of supplementation of Ashwagandha root powder and vitamin E on performance of the chicken(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Nana, Patil Sagar; Panda, N.; Mohanty, G.P.; Sethy, K.; Das, D.120-day old coloured broiler chicks were randomly distributed in 6 treatment groups as follows, T1 (Control), T2 (BD + ARP 0.5%), T3 (BD + ARP 1%), T4 (BD + Vitamin E 100mg), T5 (BD + ARP 0.5%+ Vitamin E 100mg) and T6 (BD+ ARP 1%+ Vitamin E 100mg). Weekly body weight, body weight gain and weekly feed intake were recorded. Serum biochemical (21stand 49th day of experiment), haematological (21stand 49th day of experiment), cellular immunity, carcass characteristic and antioxidant enzyme were analysed during experiment. The bioactive compounds present in ashwagandha root powder were estimated by using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy. The identified functional groups of FTIR analysis peak values and functional groups of ashwagandha root powder showed the presence of C-(O)-NH2 represents mainly amide group, C-H represents mainly alkanes and alkyls, N-H represents mainly amine group, CH2-OH mainly alcohol group, C-OC ether group and C-F, C-Br, C-Cl, C-I represents alkyl halide groups. No significant differences were observed in average weekly body weight, body weight gain, and FCR of experimental birds of different treated groups. However, feed intake during the experiment increased significantly in last two weeks of experiment in treated groups. The carcass characteristics, organ weight, haematological parameters, CBH (Cutaneous Basophilic Hypersensitivity), serum biochemical parameters did not differ significantly but significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in the organ weight, serum glucose and cholesterol levels at 49th day of experiment. From the above experiment it may be concluded that feeding of ashwagandha root powder and/or vitamin E did not have any significant effect on the growth performance and immunity of the coloured birds. As the THI (Temperature Humidity Index) during the experiment was 85.75 to 88.66 with an average of 87.05. further study is required to evaluate the effect of Ashwagandha and vitamin E in Summer season when THI value may exceed above 90-95.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Black Bengal goat with feeding of Groundnut haulm(Department of Animal Nutrition, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Mohapatra, Prabhupiyush; N., Panda; B., Sahoo; Sethy, K.; Pradhan, K.C.The research was carried out to study the effect of feeding groundnut haulm on growth performance, utilization of nutrients, haemato-biochemical profile as well as feed conversion efficiency of Black Bengal goat. Eighteen (n=18) male Black Bengal goats of identical body weight and age were randomly divided into three groups of 6 animals each following standard statistical design. The trial continued for a duration of 90 days. Animals in T1 group (control) were fed basal diet (Fodder with 300g of concentrate mixture/day), the animals of T2 were fed with groundnut haulm replacing 30% of fodder and in T3 the goats were fed groundnut haulm replacing 60% of fodder. The total body weight gain was higher in T2 (6.19 kg) and T3 (6.00 kg) than T1 (5.00 kg). The average daily gain also followed the same trend. i.e., significantly higher gain was observed in T2 (68.76g) and T3 (66.63g) than control (55.57g). The total dry matter intake from feed in T1, T2 and T3 group was 710.50, 763.00 and 756.33 (g/day), respectively. The digestibility trial was conducted during the last week of the research for 6 days. The dry matter and organic matter digestibility (%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 and T3. Similarly, treatment group T2 showed higher crude protein digestibility of 76.64% as compared to T1 (74.20%). Digestibility of crude fibre and nitrogen free extract did not show any variation. The nutrient intake (g/day) in form of CP, DCP, TDN and DOM showed no significant variation across different dietary groups during the digestibility trial. However, higher (P<0.05) CP and DCP intake (%) was seen in T3 than T1 and T2. While intake of TDN (%) in T2 was greater (P<0.05) than both T1 and T3. Haematological parameters such as Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV and MCH showed no significant difference throughout the experimental period. Similarly, no significant variation was seen in the blood biochemical indices such as glucose, serum total protein, globulin, albumin, (A:G) ratio, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, SGPT and SGOT between different treatment groups. The feed conversion efficiency of T1, T2, and T3 were recorded to be 12.77, 11.13 and 11.32, respectively. From the economics of production, it was found that the net profit/animal was highest in T2 (Rs.1290.86) followed by T3 (Rs.1218.60) and T1 (Rs.837.25). From this experiment taking the growth performance and economics into considerations, it may be concluded that feeding of groundnut haulm by replacing 30% of the total fodder intake equivalent to 18% of total dry matter intake to Black Bengal goat can be practised without any adverse effect. By this the unutilized groundnut haulm can be suitably utilized as a fodder for goat.
