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Subject: Spices, Plantation and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ×

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    EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basilicum L.)
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM, W.G. Dist. – 534 101 ANDHRA PRADESH, 2019-08-20) PRAMOD M BALIGAR; Dr. V. Sivakumar
    The present investigation on “Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)” was carried out during late Rabi season. 2018-2019 at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district with the objective of studying the effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield parameters, oil recovery, economics of cultivation and to find out the most suitable combination of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers for sustainable production of sweet basil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice. The treatments include organic manures and inorganic fertilizers i.e. T1 : 75% RDN through urea + 25% RDN through FYM, T2 : 75% RDN through urea + 25% RDN through vermicompost, T3 : 75% RDN through urea + 25% RDN through neem cake, T4 : 75% RDN through urea + 25% RDN through poultry manure, T5 : 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through FYM, T6 : 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through vermicompost, T7 : 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through neem cake, T8 : 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through poultry manure and T9 : 25% RDN through FYM + 25% RDN through vermicompost + 25% RDN through neem cake + 25% RDN through poultry manure and T10 : 100% RDF (control) (125:75:60 NPK kg/ha). Among the different treatments, plant height (79.67 cm), number of primary branches (21.11), number of leaves (1393), leaf area (15717.82 cm2 ), leaf area index (11.64) and plant spread (3300.2 cm2 ) were found significantly highest in the crop applied with 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through poultry manure, whereas number of secondary branches (85.89) was found significantly highest in the crop received with 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through neem cake. However, chlorophyll content (48.57 SPAD value) was highest in the crop applied with 100% RDF (control) (125:75:60 NPK kg/ha). Significantly maximum fresh weight of leaves per plant (195.63 g), dry weight of leaves per plant (27.59 g), fresh herbage yield per plant (701.21 g), per plot (25.24 kg) and per hectare (36.43 t), dry herbage yield per plant (145.18 g), per plot (5.23 kg) and per hectare (7.54 t) and oil yield (168.52 kg) were found in the crop applied with 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through poultry manure. However, maximum oil recovery (0.48%) was found in the crop applied with 100% RDF (control) (125:75:60 NPK kg/ha). Soil pH (7.30), organic carbon (1.42), nitrogen content (170.33 kg/ha), phosphorous content (42.92 kg/ha) and potassium content (165.75 kg/ha) in soil after harvest of crop were found significantly highest in the crop applied with 25% RDN through FYM + 25% RDN through vermicompost + 25% RDN through neem cake + 25% RDN through poultry manure. Regarding nutrient uptake by plant i.e. nitrogen (100.34 kg/ha), phosphorous (27.76 kg/ha) and potassium (108.46 kg/ha) were found significantly highest in crop applied with 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through poultry manure. The benefit cost ratio indicated that crop grown with the application of 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through poultry manure recorded the highest benefit: cost ratio (2.29). The present study indicated that crop grown with application of 50% RDN through urea + 50% RDN through poultry manure in late Rabi season recorded the maximum fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield and oil yield per hectare.
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    INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIO FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SENNA (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) cv. SONA
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE ANANTHARAJUPETA - 516 105, Y.S.R KADAPA DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, 2019-07-16) D. MASTAN VALI; Dr. K.M. YUVARAJ
    A field experiment was conducted during late Kharif, 2018-19 to study the “Influence of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) cv. Sona” at College of Horticulture, Dr.Y.S.R Horticultural University, Anantharajupeta, Y.S.R Kadapa Dist. of Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 9 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were T1-100 per cent RDN through FYM (11.25 t ha-1 ), T2-100 per cent RDN through vermicompost (5 t ha-1 ), T3-100 per cent RDN through neem cake (1.73 t ha-1 ), T4-100 per cent RDN through FYM (11.25 t ha-1 ) + Bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB), T5-100 per cent RDN through vermicompost (5 t ha-1 ) + Bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB), T6-100 per cent RDN through neem cake (1.73 t ha-1 ) + Bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB), T7-100 per cent RDN through FYM (33%)(3.75 t ha-1 ) + vermicompost (33%)(1.66 t ha-1 ) + neem cake (33%) (0.57 t ha-1 ), T8-100 per cent RDN through FYM (33%)(3.75 t ha-1 ) + vermicompost (33%)(1.66 t ha-1 ) + neem cake (33%) (0.57 t ha-1 ) + Bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB), T9-100 per cent RDN through urea. The recommended dose of fertilizers for senna is 90:50:50 NPK kg per hectare. Phosphorous and potassium fertilizers are applied in the form of single super phosphate and muriate of potash and are applied as a basal dose for all the treatments uniformly including control (100% RDN through Urea). 100 per cent nitrogen is applied as basal dose for all the treatments (organic manures) except control where, it is applied in 3 splits (50 % as basal and remaining 50 % is applied after 1st and 2nd leaf harvest in equal splits). Organic manures are applied as per the treatments one week before sowing. Recommended dose of Azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria is 2 kg each per acre. Recommended dose of FYM was applied basally for all the treatments @ 12.5 t per hectare. Recommended dose of bio-fertilizers are well mixed with FYM and after incubating for a period of one week, they are incorporated into the soil one week before sowing. Application of organic manures like FYM, vermicompost and neem cake along with biofertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB) resulted in high growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, dry matter production and leaf yield, when compared to application of organic manures without bio-fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. However, inorganic fertilizer found superior of all these parameters after second and third split application of 50 per cent nitrogen. At the same time, vermicompost + Azospirillum + PSB was found on par with inorganic treatment. Maximum crop growth rate from 90 to 115 days and from 115 to 140 after sowing was observed in the treatment T9 i.e., with the application of 100 per cent RDN through urea. However, the crop growth rate was reduced during 115 to 140 days after sowing when compared with crop growth rate at 90 to 115 days after sowing. Maximum leaf area, chlorophyll content, stem girth, leaf weight ratio and minimum days taken for 50 per cent flowering were found with the application of 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost + bio fertilizers. Highest number of pods per plant and maximum pod yield was recorded with the application of 100 per cent RDN through urea. However, it was on par with the application of 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost + bio-fertilizers. There was no significant difference among the treatments with respect to sennoside content in leaves. However, the sennoside content in pods showed significant difference with the highest value recorded in the treatment T5 i.e., with the application of 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost + bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB). Plant nutrient uptake (N) was maximum with the application of 100 per cent RDN through urea whereas, the P and K uptake was found highest with the application of 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost + bio-fertilizers. Maximum post-harvest soil fertility (N and K) was recorded in the treatment T3. Whereas, the maximum post-harvest soil fertility (P) was found with the application of 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost + bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB). Maximum benefit cost ratio was found with the application of 100 per cent RDN through urea (T9 – 2.2 : 1), followed by the treatment T4 (1.58 : 1) i.e., with the application of 100 per cent RDN through FYM + bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB). Keeping in view of all the aforesaid points, it was concluded that, highest benefit cost ratio was obtained with the application of 100 per cent RDN through urea followed by T4 i.e., with the application of 100 per cent RDN through FYM along with bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB). However, keeping in view of our mother nature, it is recommended to apply 100 per cent RDN through FYM along with bio fertilizers (Azospirillum + PSB), which not only gives the high benefit cost ratio but also protects the soil health. If the farmer himself involves in the production of their own organic manures for the field application, then the benefit cost ratio is likely to get increase because, the cost of manures contributes a major share in the total cost of cultivation.
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    EVALUATION OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L. ) GERMPLASM FOR YIELD AND QUALITY IN KRISHNA-GODAVARI ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM, W. G. Dist.-534 101 ANDHRA PRADESH, 2019-08-16) DUPPALA GOWTHAMI; Dr. K. Giridhar
    The present investigation entitled Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) germplasm for yield and quality in Krishna-Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh was conducted in the Lam farm, HRS,Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Augmented block design (ABD) with forty eight genotypes and six checks. Among 54 accessions of turmeric studied including check varieties, the genotypes, KTS-5(35.5) recorded more number of leaves, CO-1 (4) more number of tillers and CLI-339-1 was tallest. Maximum number of primary rhizomes, mother rhizomes and clump yield per plant was recorded in Kasturi (19.6, 8.8, 665.4g, respectively). Highest leaf protein content was recorded in Duggirala Red (236.2 mg/g), total Phenols in leaf in IC-211641(29.66 mg GAE /g), Protein content in rhizomes in CL-5 (80.21 mg/g), total phenol content in rhizome in NDH-96 (30.61 mg/g) Oleoresin content in TP-161 (10%) , Curcumin content in leaves and rhizomes in Megha (38.67 mg/g and 48.1 mg/g , respectively). High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation is recorded in characters like number of primary rhizomes (26.87%, 28.88%), weight of primary rhizomes (24.56%, 25.29%), clump weight (20.51%, 22.08%), total phenols in leaves (24.08%, 25.44%), total phenols in rhizomes (23.05%, 23.15%), leaf curcumin content (32.14%, 32.93%) and curcumin content in rhizomes (34.74%, 35.66%). Selection in these characters may be effective as the environment influence on these characters is limited. Out of the characters studied, all the characters have exhibited high heritability except leaf length, leaf width, length of mother rhizome and dry recovery which recorded moderate heritability. High GAM values were recorded in number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area, number of mother rhizomes, weight of mother rhizomes, number of primary AROMATIC CROPS rhizomes, weight of primary rhizomes, length of primary rhizome, clump weight, protein content in leaves and rhizomes, phenol content in leaves and rhizomes and curcumin content in leaves and rhizomes. The number of mother rhizomes per plant exerted a significant and positive correlation with fresh weight of mother rhizomes, number of primary rhizomes, fresh weight of primary rhizomes and clump weight. Path coefficient analysis projected that the positive direct effects of phenotypical level were observed in leaf length, number of mother rhizomes, length of mother rhizomes, fresh weight of mother rhizomes, number of primary rhizomes, length of primary rhizomes, width of primary rhizomes and fresh weight of primary rhizomes. Therefore, it is suggested that preference should be given to these characters in the selection programme to isolate superior lines with genetic potentiality for high curcumin yield in turmeric genotypes. The D2 statistic for 25 characters revealed significant contribution towards variability. The accessions were grouped into 4 clusters. Out of four clusters, cluster I was the largest comprising of 32 genotypes and cluster IV with 1 genotype (mono-genotypic cluster), suggesting the existence of high degree of heterogeneity among the genotypes. The maximum inter-cluster distance was found in cluster III and IV (201913), followed by cluster I and IV (106375). The minimum inter-cluster distance was recorded between the clusters I and III (24915).
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    MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) HYBRIDS
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM, WEST GODAVARI – 534 101 ANDHRA PRADESH, 2019-07-25) GORLE ROJA RAMANI; Dr. M. KALPANA
    The present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) hybrids” was carried out during 2017-19 at Horticultural Research Station, Vijayarai and ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi. The experiment was conducted with an objective of identifying divergent hybrids for crop improvement. Ten hybrids seedlings were planted in a randomized block design with three replications and the data were recorded for morphological, yield and yield attributing traits. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of sufficient amount of variability for the characters studied. Correlation coefficient analysis on yield per palm with eight characters showed highly significant positive correlation with palm height, palm girth, sex ratio, bunch number, average bunch weight, FFB yield kg per palm per year, FFB yield ton per hectare, mesocarp to fruit ratio, oil to bunch ratio. Genetic divergence was assessed among ten hybrids of oil palm for nine characters using Mahalanobis D2 statistics, grouped the hybrids into four clusters. Palm girth has maximum contribution towards divergence followed by mesocarp to fruit ratio, oil to bunch ratio, palm height, bunch number and average bunch weight. Maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster III (NRCOP-1, NRCOP- 5, NRCOP-6, NRCOP-7) followed by cluster I (NRCOP-2, NRCOP- 3, NRCOP-9, NRCOP-10). Highest cluster mean values were observed for most of the traits with the hybrids present in cluster II (NRCOP-4) and cluster IV (NRCOP-8) for most of the traits. SSR marker analysis resulted in total of 58 alleles with an average of 1.7 alleles per locus. The highest number of four alleles were registered by the primer SMG00026. The dendrogram based on SSR similarity matrices separated the ten hybrids into two main clusters. The cluster I includes NRCOP-5 and the cluster II was further grouped into two sub-clusters which includes NRCOP-2, NRCOP-1, NRCOP-4, NRCOP-3 and NRCOP-6 in one sub cluster whereas NRCOP-7, NRCOP-8, NRCOP-9, NRCOP-10 in another sub cluster. Parallelism was not found between D2 analysis and SSR analysis, the reason could be that the molecular marker analysis revealed genetic diversity based on overall genetic constitution of the test material. Based on the morphological, yield and yield components of the hybrids two hybrids NRCOP-4 and NRCOP-8 were superior. Hence, these hybrids could be used as for future breeding of biotic and abiotic programmes and also can be exploited for seed production to supply quality material to farmers.
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    STUDIES ON FOLIAR APPLICATION OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF AJOWAN (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague)
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM, WEST GODAVARI – 534 101 ANDHRA PRADESH, 2019-07-29) YARRAMREDDY RAJASEKHARA REDDY; Dr. G. Ramanandam
    An investigation on “Studies on foliar application of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague)” was carried out during rabi season, 2018-2019 at college farm, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. Eleven treatments viz., T1- NAA @ 50 ppm, T2-NAA @ 100 ppm, T3-GA3 @ 50 ppm, T4-GA3 @ 100 ppm, T5-Thiourea @ 250 ppm, T6-Thiourea @ 500 ppm, T7-28- Homobrassinolide @ 0.1 ppm, T8-28-Homobrassinolide @ 0.2 ppm, T9- Triacontinol @ 2.5 ppm, T10-Triacontinol @ 5 ppm, T11-(Control) Water spray were imposed in the form of foliar application at 30 and 45 DAT in randomized block design with three replications. Data were recorded on twenty five quantitative traits along with benefit-cost ratio. Foliar application of gibbarellicacid @ 100 ppm recorded maximum plant height, leaf area (9.53 cm2 ) and leaf area index(0.74). Foliar application of thiourea @ 250 ppm recorded the maximum values in respect of growth parameters viz., number of primary branches plant-1 (15.03), number of secondary branches plant-1 (83.40), plant spread (1793 cm2 ), fresh weight of plant (376.29 g), dry weight of plant (103.54 g), crop growth rate (1.44 g m-2 d -1 ), number of leaves (298.8), total chlorophyll content (1.48 mg g-1 ), chlorophyll-a (1.40) and chlorophyll-b (0.076). Number days taken to 50% flowering (46 d), days taken to harvest (100.20 d) were found to at the lowest with the foliar application of triacontanol @ 5 ppm both at 30 and 45 DAT. Yield and its attributing characters viz number of umbels plant-1 (228.70), number of umbellate umbel-1 (14.20), number of seeds umbellate-1 (13.50), number of seeds umbel-1 (183.60), test weight (1.56 g), seed yield plant-1 (28.50 g), seed yield plot-1 (1.42 kg), seed yield hectare-1 (1583.33 kg), harvest index (69.71), essential oil (3.64%), protein content (19.26 mg 100 g-1 ) and benefit: cost ratio(3.93) were found to at the highest with the foliar application of thiourea @ 250 ppm both at 30 and 45 DAT. Foliar spray of triacontenol @ 5 ppm was found to be at par with thiourea @ 250 ppm in respect of most of the above vegetative and yield parameters.
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    PERFORMANCE OF BASIL (Ocimum spp.) GENOTYPES IN GODAVARI ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM, W.G. Dist. – 534 101 ANDHRA PRADESH, 2019-07-16) PAVAN GOWDA M; A.V.D. DORAJEE RAO
    The present investigation on “Performance of basil (Ocimum spp.) genotypes in Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh” was carried out during kharif season, 2018-2019 at COH, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district with the objective of studying the performance of sweet basil and sacred basil genotypes, estimating the variability and heritability besides studying the character association. Observations were recorded on nine qualitative, thirty six quantitative and seven biochemical parameters in each genotype. A total of thirteen sweet basil genotypes viz., IC110267, IC201233, IC281185, IC326732, IC326771, IC336833, IC338959, IC344681, IC369247, IC381552, IC395778, IC469923 and IC469938; six genotypes viz., Cim-Ayu, Anand Collection 1, Anand Collection 2, Mysore Local, West Godavari Local and IC75030 were evaluated in randomized block design as separate experiments. An analysis of qualitative characters revealed that ‘erect’ and ‘semi-erect’ growth habits, light, dark and purple green leaf colours, ovate, sub ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblong and elliptical leaf shapes, smooth and bullate leaf surfaces, serrate and sub-serrate leaf margins, light green and purple green stem colours, sparse and dense stem pubescences, green and purple calyx colours; white and pale purple corolla colours were found in both sweet and sacred basil genotypes. Mean performance studies revealed that mean plant height, number of primary branches, number of spikes, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content, aroma and protein content were more in sacred basil whereas leaf area, leaf area per plant, total fresh weight of plant (herb yield), total oil yield per plant and seed yield per plant were more in sweet basil. The highest yielding genotypes were IC110267 (herb – 1046 g; seed - 81.48 g; oil - 3.63 g) and Anand Collection 1 (herb – 677 g; seed – 44.84 g; oil – 2.28 g) in sweet and sacred basil under local conditions. The earliest genotypes were IC326771 and West Godavari Local in respect of days taken for 50% flowering and days to harvest among sweet and sacred basil genotypes respectively. Regarding oil percentage sweet basil genotype IC395778 recorded the highest (4.44%) per cent of oil from leaves while the highest spike oil percentage (3.42%) was recorded in IC110267; and among sacred basil genotypes Anand Collection 2 recorded the highest leaf oil (3.70%); Anand Collection 1 recorded the highest (2.68%) spike oil percentage. The estimates of phenotypic variance were higher than those of genotypic variance for all the traits indicating the influence of environment in their expression. High heritability coupled with high GAM was observed for, number of secondary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, total fresh weight of plant, total dry weight of plant, fresh weight of leaves per plant, number of spikes per plant, fresh weight of spikes per plant, dry weight of spikes per plant, oil yield from leaves per plant, per cent of oil from spike, oil yield from spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike and seed yield per plant, thus indicating the preponderance of additive gene action governing the inheritance of these characters offering the best possibility of improvement through simple selection procedures in both sweet and sacred basil. Correlation coefficients among yield and its component characters are statistically computed for twenty four characters to know the direction and extent of association among them. In sweet basil, correlation analysis among quantitative traits revealed that total fresh weight of plant (herb yield) exhibited highly significant association with plant height, plant spread, number of primary and secondary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, total dry weight of plant, fresh weight of leaves per plant, leaf dry matter content, dry weight of leaves per plant, days to 50% flowering, spike length, fresh weight and dry weight of spikes per plant, oil yield from leaves per plant, per cent oil from spike, oil yield from spikes per plant and seed yield per plant. Oil yield in sweet basil was also found to associate with the same parameters except spike length and oil yield from spikes, irrespective of level of significance. Similar associations were also found in sacred basil where oil yield from leaves was not associated with leaf oil percentage. Among biochemical traits phenol content in leaf and aroma score of leaves showed significant positive association with per cent oil from leaves in both sweet basil sacred basil.
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    EFFECT OF NUTRITION, ELICITATION, EXTRACTION INTERVALS ON ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION IN HOLY BASIL (Ocimum sanctum L.)
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM Dr. Y.S.R. HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY WEST GODAVARI– 534 101, 2020-12-31) MARPU LAKSHMI MADHURI; S. SURYA KUMARI
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of nutrition, elicitation, extraction intervals on essential oil production and value addition in holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.)” was carried out at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem, Dr YSR Horticultural University, West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh during Kharif 2018-19 to 2019-20. The study was conducted to ascertain the best nutrient and elicitor levels, pre processing interval for maximum oil recovery and optimization of ocimum based herbal RTS. The study considered three graded levels of nitrogen (Nitrogen 100%, 75% and 50%) with three levels of micronutrients (copper @ 5g, zinc @ 5g, copper and zinc @ 5 g each), three elicitor levels (Salicylic acid 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm), three pre processing intervals (immediately after harvest, 24 hrs and 48 hrs) and eight blends of herbal RTS (10:5:40:45, 15:5:35:45, 20:5:30:45, 25:5:25:45, 5:10:40:45 5:15:35:45, 5:20:30:45 and 5:25:25:45) consists of ocimum, ginger, lemon and sugar. The study revealed that, quantitative parameters like plant height, number of branches per plant, fresh herb yield per plant, dry herb yield per plant and oil yield, physico-chemical parameters like leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area per plant, LAI, CGR, RGR and leaf ascorbic acid content and Nutritional parameters like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper and zinc content in plant were significant with graded levels of nitrogen, micronutrients and salicylic acid at both the cuts. Interaction of nitrogen with micronutrients, nitrogen with salicylic acid and micronutrients with salicylic acid recorded significant results in quantitative, physico-chemical and nutritional parameters at both the harvests Among the interaction effects, 100% nitrogen with copper and zinc @ 5g with salicylic acid 100 ppm recorded significant results in quantitative parameters like plant height, number of branches plant per plant, fresh herb yield per plant, dry herb yield per plant and oil yield, physico-chemical parameters like leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area per plant, LAI, CGR, RGR and leaf ascorbic acid content and nutritional parameters like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper and zinc content in plant at both the harvests. In the study on influence of the preprocessing duration intervals on essential oil extraction in ocimum, the oil yield increased with increasing drying time for the period of extraction, immediately after harvest to 24 hr and decreased with further increase in drying time to 48 hr. Topdressing with 100% nitrogen with foliar spray of copper and zinc @ 5 g each with SA 100ppm at 30 DAT and immediately after first harvest with preprocessing intervals of 24 hr drying recorded the maximum essential oil recovery and essential oil yield per ha. From the study it can be inferred that the preprocessing drying interval beyond 24 hr is not appropriate for maximum yield of essential oil in ocimum. In the study on optimization of ocimum based herbal RTS blends with ocimum, ginger, lemon and sugar syrup in different ratios, the herbal RTS blend in the ratio 20:5:30:45 recorded the highest overall acceptability of like very much with the colour of the RTS graded as liked extremely, taste and flavour graded as liked moderately. The performance of the RTS blends under ambient storage conditions was evaluated for 90 days with observations on sensory and physiochemical parameters recorded at 15 days interval to determine the period of acceptability of ocimum based herbal RTS. Among the physico-chemical parameters, TSS, total sugars and titrable acidity had gradually increased with the advancement of storage period at ambient temperature conditions. It was observed that blended beverage of Ocimum, ginger, lemon and sugar syrup in the ratio of 20:5:30:45 had acceptable acidity at 30 days of storage. pH, carbohydrates, proteins had gradually decreased with the advancement of storage period at ambient temperature conditions. The optimal blended RTS beverage of ocimum with ginger, lemon and sugar syrup in the ratio 20:5:30:45 can be stored for 30 days with acceptable quality as RTS beverage.
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    EFFECT OF PACKING MATERIAL AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON NATURAL AND VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS OF PALMYRAH (Borassus flabellifer L.)
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM Dr. Y.S.R. HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020-07-31) MERUGU CHANDRA SURYA RAO; D. VENKATA SWAMI
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of packing material and storage conditions on natural and value added products of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.)” was carried out with an objective to investigate the influence of different packing material and storage conditions on shelf life and keeping quality of natural and value added products of palmyrah during March 2018 to January 2020 at Postharvest Technology Research Station, Dr.Y.S.R Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized factorial design with two factors at unequal levels and replicated thrice. LDPE50 micron pouch, HDPE 50 micron pouch, aluminium foil pouches, PET bottle and glass bottle were the packing material and ice box, cold storage at 2o C, cold storage at 4o C, refrigerated storage and ambient conditions were the storage conditions used during the period of investigation. Results revealed that, in all the experiments physico-chemical parameters like total soluble solids (o Brix), reducing sugars (%), phenolic content (mg), titrable acidity (%), alcohol content (%), physiological loss in weight (PLW %), spoilage (%), browning (%) and moisture content (%) followed an increasing trend, whereas parameters such as pH, total sugars (%), non-reducing sugars (%), shelf life (days), fiber (%), protein (%) and starch (%) followed a decreasing trend from the initial day to the end of storage. The decreasing trend was observed for organoleptic parameters like taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. The maximum total soluble solids (10.80o Brix), reducing sugars (5.76%), total sugars (9.63%), minimum phenolic content (0.323 mg) and titrable acidity (1.116%) were recorded when palmyrah neera was packed in HDPE 50 micron pouch. Similarly, the maximum total soluble solids (10.83o Brix), reducing sugars xviii (5.75%), total sugars (9.57%), minimum phenolic content (0.322 mg) and titrable acidity (1.266%) was recorded when palmyrah neera was stored in cold storage at 2o C. The maximum total soluble solids (7.16o Brix), reducing sugars (5.41%), total sugars (8.59%), shelf life (6.10 days), minimum titrable acidity (0.418%), physiological loss in weight (3.46%), spoilage (34.7%) and browning (0.026%) were recorded when palmyrah tender fruit endosperm (nungu) was packed in LDPE 50 micron pouch. Similarly, the maximum total soluble solids (8.94o Brix), reducing sugars (5.39%), shelf life (7.50 days), minimum titrable acidity (0.429%), physiological loss in weight (3.52%), spoilage (35.15%) and browning (0.028%) were recorded when palmyrah tender fruit endosperm (nungu) was stored in cold storage at 2o C. The maximum total soluble solids (9.07o Brix), reducing sugars (5.72%), total sugars (8.30%) and minimum phenolic content (0.195 mg) of palmyrah jaggery was recorded when packed in LDPE 50 micron pouch. Similarly, the maximum total soluble solids (9.00o Brix), reducing sugars (5.75%), total sugars (8.08%) and minimum phenolic content (0.192 mg) of palmyrah jaggery was recorded when stored in cold storage at 2o C. The maximum total soluble solids (6.60o Brix), reducing sugars (10.20%), total sugars (15.23%), protein content (2.53%), fibre content (10.96%), minimum titrable acidity (1.42%) and phenolic content (15.73 mg) were recorded for palmyrah tuber flour packed in LDPE 50 micron pouch. Similarly, the maximum total soluble solids (6.63o Brix), reducing sugars (10.12%), total sugars (15.05%), protein content (2.49%), fibre content (10.45%), minimum titrable acidity (1.40%) and phenolic content (15.61 mg) of palmyrah tuber flour was recorded in cold storage at 2o C. The organoleptic score for the palmyrah neera, palmyrah tender fruit endosperm (nungu) and jaggery followed a decreasing trend during the period of storage, and the best score for taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability was recorded for products packed in LDPE 50 micron pouch and stored in cold storage at 2o C. The highest benefit cost ratios were obtained in the treatment combination of HDPE 50 micron and cold storage at 2o C in neera (2.01), LDPE 50 micron pouch and cold storage at 2o C in nungu (1.93), jaggery (1.32) and tuber flour (1.20). The present investigation revealed that, the superiority for physico-chemical, sensory parameters and benefit cost ratios of neera were recorded when packed in HDPE 50 micron pouch and stored in cold storage at 2o C whereas, for palmyrah tender fruit endosperm (nungu), jaggery and tuber flour were recorded when packed in LDPE 50 micron pouch and stored in cold storage at 2o C.
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    EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON GROWTH, GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY OF AJWAIN (Trachyspermum ammi L.)
    (COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM, WEST GODAVARI – 534 101 A.P, 2020-06-12) G. THANUJA SIVARAM; B. SRINIVASULU
    The present experiment entitled “Effect of organic manures, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and micronutrients on growth, grain yield and quality of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)” was carried out at PSMA block, College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Y.S.R. Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the individual and interaction effect of organic manures, PGPR and micronutrients on vegetative growth, yield and quality of Ajwain seed. The study also aimed to find out the interaction effect of organic manures, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and micronutrients on vegetative growth, yield and quality of Ajwain seed. The effect of organic manures, PGPR and micronutrients on nutritional uptake and soil nutrient status after harvest of the crop was also studied. Farm yard manure and vermicompost were used as organic source at 50% and 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN).PGPRs namely Azospirillum lipoferium, Bacillus megathurium and Frateuria aurantia were used for seed priming. Micronutrients namely, ZnSO4 and Fe2SO4 were applied as foliar spray @0.5% before flowering, 50% flowering and during grain formation stages. The result revealed that sole application of vermicompost and FYM showed significantly effect on par on growth, grain yield, quality aspects of Ajwain .Among the PGPRs and micronutirents, seed priming with Azospirillum lipoferium and foliar application of zinc were found significantly superior in augmenting higher plant growth, in terms of plant height, number of primary and secondary branches per plant, fresh weight of aerial parts, dry matter content per plant, number of leaves per plant and leaf area index, crop growth rate, total phenol content and chlorophyll content. While, foliar application of Fe promoted maximum crop growth rate, total phenol content and chlorophyll content. Significantly highest grain yield (1239.00 Kgha-1), yield attributing characters viz., number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of fruits per umbellet, number of fruits per umbel, number of fruits per plant, seed yield per plant, test weight, straw yield and biological yield were recorded with sole application of 50% RDN through vermicompost and FYM ,seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar application of zinc. While essential oil of the seed and other quality aspects were significantly improved bysole application of 50% RDN through vermicompost ,seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar application of zinc. With respect to two-way interaction effects, application of 50% of RDN through vermicompost along with seed priming with Azospirillum was on par with 50% of RDN through FYM along with seed priming with Azospirillum in promoting higher growth, grain yield and yield attributing characters of Ajwain. Similar effect was also found by seed priming with Azospirillum along with foliar application of zinc. Among the combined application of organic manures and micronutrients, application of 50% of RDN through vermicompost along with foliar application of zinc was found on par with application of 50% of RDN through FYM along with foliar application of zinc in promoting growth, yield and quality parameters. Whereas, highest total phenol content (4.58 mg GAEg 1 ) and chlorophyll content (7.74%) were observed by application of 50% of RDN through FYM along with foliar application of iron which was found on par with application 50% of RDN through vermicompost along with foliar application of iron.The combined application of organic manures and PGPRs could not exert significant effect on seed protein and carbohydrate content except, seed moisture content. The three-way interaction results revealed that morphological growth, grain yield and seed quality of Ajwain was significantly influenced by the combined application organic manures, PGPR and micronutrients. Application of 50% of RDN through vermicompost and seed priming with Azospirillum along with foliar application of zinc was statistically on par with application of 50% of RDN through FYM and seed priming with Azospirillum along with foliar application of zinc in promoting growth characters viz., plant height (104.96cm), number of primary and secondary branches per plant (12.55 and 72.01) , fresh weight of aerial parts (274.96 (g plant-1) ,dry matter content per plant (51.70 g plant-1), number of leaves per plant (74.73) leaf area index and crop growth (5.00 gm-2d -1) , grain yield (1336.43 Kgha-1) ,essential oil yield (44.91 Lha-1) and quality aspects namely essential oil content (3.36%), thymol content(49.21%), fixed oil content (8.99%) of Ajwain. The nutrient uptake studies in Ajwain revealed that among the organic sources, 50% of RDN through vermicompost and 50% of RDN through FYM was found superior in N,P and K uptake by both biomass and grains.Among the PGPR, seed priming with Azospirillum found significantly superior in N uptake by the plant (69.98Kg ha-1) and grains(23.48Kg ha-1). Seed priming with Bacillus megathurium (PSB) found significantly superior in promoting P uptake by the plant (35.81Kg ha-1) and grains(11.73Kg ha-1) and seed priming with Frateuria aurantia (KSB) was found significantly superior in promoting K- uptake by the plant (52.07Kg ha-1) and grains (14.94Kg ha-1) .Soil nutrient analysis after the harvest of crop revealed the higher residual nutrient content showing that lesser exhaust of nutrients and effective nutrient recoupment with the substitution of inorganics through organic source of nutrients and application of PGPR. The economic analysis of using organic manures, PGPRs and micronutrients in Ajwain revealed the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 3.33 was recorded with combined application of 50% of RDN through FYM along with seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar spray of Zn at 0.5%.